The Internet and the World Wide Web

• A growing number of Internet users are using • Single connection

smartphone or tablet
• Single connection risk solution
• Smartphones are typically only the access
• Communicate using multiple channels
method in developing countries
(packets)
HISTORY OF INTERNET-CAPABLE • 1969 Advanced Research Projects Agency
MOBILE PHONES (ARPA)
• First introduced in late-1990s • Packet network connected four computers
• Slow, unreliable service, no keyboards • ARPANET: earliest network (became the
• 2001: Treo, Blackberry introduced Internet)

• 2009: All major phone manufacturers had • Academic research use (1970s and 1980s)
products
NEW USES FOR THE INTERNET
• 2011-2013: Lower price phones targeted
• Defense Department network: the original
developing markets
goal
• Computer network
• To control weapons systems; transfer
• Technology allowing people to connect research files
computers
• 1970s: other uses
• Internet (capital “I)
• E-mail (1972)
• Interconnected global computer networks
• Networking technology
• internet (small “i”)
• Remote file transfer and computer access
• Group of interconnected computer networks
• Mailing lists
• Basic technology structure
• 1979: Usenet (User’s News Network)
• Supports networks, the Internet, and e-
• Read and post articles
commerce
• Newsgroups (topic areas)
• World Wide Web (Web)
• Limited Internet use
• Subset of Internet computers
• Research and academic communities
• Includes easy-to-use interfaces
• 1979 – 1989
ORIGINS OF THE INTERNET
• Network applications improved and tested
• Early 1960s
• Defense Department’s networking software
• Defense Department nuclear attack concerns
• Gained wider academic and research
• Powerful computers (large mainframes) institution use
• Leased telephone company lines
The Internet and the World Wide Web

• Common communications network • Network access providers

benefit recognized
• Sell Internet access rights directly to larger
• Security problems recognized customers
• 1980s: personal computer use explosion
• Use Internet service providers (ISPs)
• Academic and research networks merged
• Sell to smaller firms and individuals

COMMERCIAL USE OF THE • Internet hosts: directly connected computers

INTERNET
• Internet growth
• National Science Foundation (NSF)
• One of the most significant technological
• Provided funding and social accomplishments of last
• Prohibited commercial network traffic millennium

• Businesses turned to commercial e-mail • Nearly every country involved

providers
• Used by millions of people
• Larger firms-built networks (leased
telephone lines) • Billions of dollars change hands yearly
• 1989: NSF permitted two commercial e-mail • There are 5.35 billion people using the internet
services (MCI Mail and CompuServe) in 2024, equating to 66.2 percent of the world's
• Commercial enterprises could send e-mail population. Internet users have grown by 1.8
percent over the past years, with 97 million new
• Research, education communities sent e- users coming online for the first time during
mail directly to MCI Mail and CompuServe 2023.

GROWTH OF THE INTERNET THE INTERNET OF THINGS

• Devices can be connected to the Internet

• 1991
• Controlled remotely
• Further easing of commercial Internet
activity restrictions • Examples: sensors, switches, optical
scanners
• 1995: Privatization of the Internet
• The Internet of things
• Operations turned over to privately owned • Term used for these connected devices
companies
• Estimated size is nine billion
• Internet based on four network access
• Projected to reach 35 billion by 2020
points (NAPs)
The Internet and the World Wide Web

PACKET-SWITCHED NETWORKS • May arrive out of order

• Local area network (LAN) • Destination computer

• Network of computers located close • Collects packets

together
• Reassembles original file or e-mail
• Wide area networks (WANs) message

• Networks of computers connected over CIRCUIT VS PACKET

greater distances

• Circuit

• Combination of telephone lines and closed

switches connecting them to each other

• Circuit switching

• Centrally controlled, single-connection ROUTING PACKETS

model
• Routing computers
• Single electrical path between caller and
receiver • Decide how best to forward each packet

• Works well for telephone calls • Also known as routers, gateway computers,
border routers
• Does not work as well for:
• Gateway from LAN or WAN to Internet
• Sending data across large WAN and
interconnected network (Internet) • Border between organization and the
Internet
• Circuit-switched network problem
• Routing algorithms
• Connected circuit failure
• Programs on routing computers
• Causes interrupted connection and data
loss • Determine best path for packet

• Solution • Routing algorithms applied to routing table

(configuration table) information
• Packet switching; move data between
two points • Routing table (configuration table)
information
• Packet-switched network
• Includes lists of connections
• Packets
• Provides rules for:
• Small pieces labeled electronically
(origin, sequence, and destination address) • Specifying connection to use first

• Travel along interconnected networks • Handling heavy packet traffic and

network congestion
• Can take different paths
The Internet and the World Wide Web

• Variety of rules and standards for creating VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK

packets (VPN)

• Hubs, switches, and bridges • Connection via public networks and

protocols
• Devices that move packets
• Uses IP tunneling (encapsulation) system
• Routers connect networks
• Private passageway through public Internet
• Translate packets into standard format
• Secure transmission
• Internet backbone
• Encapsulation
• Routers and telecommunication lines
between Internet’s main collecting points • Encrypts packet content, places inside
another packet
ROUTER-BASED ARCHITECTURE OF
THE INTERNET • IP wrapper: outer packet

• VPN software installed on both computers

• “Virtual” since connection seems permanent

• Actually, a temporary connection

INTRANETS AND EXTRANETS

• Intranet

• An Internet within the boundaries of the

organization

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE NETWORKS • Interconnected private networks

• Public network
• Extranet
• Public availability
• An Internet that extends beyond the
• Private network organization and incorporates networks of
• Private, leased-line connection outside entities

• Physically connects intranets to one another • Technologies (public networks, private

networks, or VPNs)
• Leased line

• Permanent telephone connection between • Independent of organizational boundaries

two points
INTERNET PROTOCOLS
• Advantage: security
• Protocol: collection of network data rules
• Drawback: cost
• Includes transmission rules
• Scaling problem: adding companies
The Internet and the World Wide Web

• Computers must use same protocol • Base 2 (binary) number system

• ARPANET: Network Control Protocol • Computers use for internal calculations

(NCP)
• Digit: 0 or a 1 (on or off condition)
• Proprietary architecture (closed
architecture) • Four billion different addresses (232 =
4,294,967,296)
• Manufacturer creates own protocol
• Router breaks message into packets
• Open architecture (Internet core)
• Contains source and destination IP address
• Uses common protocol
• Dotted decimal notation
• Four key message-handling rules
• Four numbers separated by periods
• Contributed to the Internet’s success
• IP addresses range: 0.0.0.0 to
TCP/IP 255.255.255.255

• Refers to the two pervasive protocols used • Byte (8-bit number)

today
• Called an octet (networking applications)
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• Binary values: 00000000 to 11111111
• Controls message or file disassembly into
packets before Internet transmission • Decimal equivalents: 0 to 255

• Controls packet reassembly into original • Three organizations assign IP addresses

formats at destinations
• ARIN Whois server
• Internet Protocol (IP)
• Returns IP address list owned by an
• Specifies addressing details for each packet organization

• Labels packet with origination and • New devices creating high demand for IP
destination addresses addresses

IP ADDRESSING • Subnetting

• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) • Use reserved private IP LAN (WAN)

addresses
• Used since 1981
• Provides additional address space
• IP address

• 32-bit number identifying computers

The Internet and the World Wide Web

• Private IP addresses • Standardization and rules are essential

• IP numbers not permitted on Internet • Two common protocols

packets
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Network Address Translation (NAT) device
• Specifies mail message format
• Converts private IP addresses into normal
IP addresses • Describes mail administration e-mail
server
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
• Describes mail transmission on the
• Replaces IPv4 Internet

• Addresses predicted to be exhausted in • Post Office Protocol (POP)

2015
• Sends mail to user’s computer; deletes
• IPv4 and IPv6 not directly compatible from server

• IPv6 major advantages • Sends mail to user’s computer; does not

delete
• Uses 128-bit number for addresses
• Asks if new mail arrived
• Number of available addresses: 34 followed
by 37 zeros
• Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
• More complex notation system (MIME)

ELECTRONIC MAIL PROTOCOLS • Set of rules for handling binary files

• Electronic mail (e -mail) • Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)

• Formatted according to common set of rules • Same basic POP functions

• Client/server structure • Additional features that support user access

to email from any computer
• E -mail server
• One disadvantage: storage of e-mail
• Computer devoted to e -mail handling messages on e-mail server
• Stores, forwards e -mail messages

• E -mail client software

• Reads and sends e -mail

• Communicates with e -mail server software

The Internet and the World Wide Web

WEB PAGE REQUEST AND DELIVERY EMERGENCE OF THE WORLD WIDE

PROTOCOLS WEB

• Web client computers • Web

• Web client software (Web browser • Software running on Internet-connected

software) computers

• Sends Web page file requests to other • Generates network traffic

computers (Web servers)
• Web software: largest single traffic
• Web server computer category

• Web server software • Outpaces: e-mail, file transfers, and

other data transmission traffic
• Receives requests from many different
Web clients • Web resulted from new ways of thinking
about information storage and retrieval
• Client/server architecture
• Key technological Web elements
• Combination: client computers, server
computers • Hypertext

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • Graphical user interfaces

• Internet Web page file delivery rules THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERTEXT

• Web page request using Web browser • 1945: Vannevar Bush: The Atlantic Monthly
article
• User types of protocol name
• Visionary ideas: future technology uses
• Followed by “//:” characters before the (Memex)
domain name
• 1960s: Ted Nelson described hypertext
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Page-linking system
• Combination: protocol name, domain
name • Douglas Engelbart: experimental hypertext
system
• Locates resources (Web page) on another
computer (Web server) • 1987: Nelson published Literary Machines

• Outlined project Xanadu global system

• Online hypertext publishing and commerce

The Internet and the World Wide Web

• 1989: Tim Berners-Lee • Graphical user interface (GUI)

• Proposed hypertext development project • Presents program control functions, output

to users, and input from users
• Provided data-sharing functionality
• Pictures, icons, and other graphical
• Developed hypertext server program code elements

• Hypertext server THE WORLD WIDE WEB (CONT’D.)

• Stores Hypertext Markup Language • World Wide Web: Berners-Lee’s name for
(HTML) files system of hyperlinked HTML documents

• Computers connect and read files • Quick acceptance in scientific research

community
• Web servers (today)
• 1993: first GUI program (Mosaic)
• Hypertext servers used on the Web
• Read HTML
• HTML
• Used HTML hyperlinks for page-to-page
• Set of codes (tags) attached to text navigation
• Describes relationships among text • First Web browser widely available for
elements personal computers
• Hypertext link (hyperlink) • Easy way to access Internet information
• Points to another location • Provided by functional system of pages
connected by hypertext links
• Same or another HTML document
• Profit-making potential
GRAPHICAL INTERFACES FOR
HYPERTEXT • Netscape Communications founded in 1994
• Web browser • Netscape Navigator Web browser (based on
Mosaic)
• Software, e.g., Mozilla Firefox or MS
Internet Explorer • Microsoft: Internet Explorer (most widely
used)
• Users read (browse) HTML documents
• Mozilla Firefox: Netscape Navigator
• Move from one HTML document to another
descendant
• Text formatted with hypertext link tags in
• Number of Web sites
file
• More rapid growth than the Internet itself
The Internet and the World Wide Web

COMMONLY USED DOMAIN NAMES

THE DEEP WEB

• Non-permanent Web pages can be created

based on customized response to user’s search

• Example: search for “online business” book

on Amazon.com

• Deep Web: information that is stored in

databases and is accessible to users through Web
interfaces MARKUP LANGUAGES AND THE WEB

• Potentially trillions of Web pages available • Text markup language

using deep Web
• Specifies set of tags inserted into text
DOMAIN NAMES
• Markup tags (tags)
• Dotted decimal notation difficult to
remember • Formatting instructions Web client
understands
• Domain names
• HTML
• Sets of words assigned to specific IP
addresses • Most used Web markup language

• Example: www.sandiego.edu • Subset of older Generalized Markup

Language (SGML)
• Contains three parts separated by periods
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Top-level domain (TLD): rightmost part
• Derived from SGML
• Generic top-level domains (gTLDs)
• Mark up shared information
• Sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
• Meta language
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN) • User creates markup elements extending
XML usefulness
The Internet and the World Wide Web

• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE

• Maintains Web standards • Hypertext elements

• Extensible Hypertext Markup Language • Text elements related to each other

(XHTML)
• HTML
• HTML version 4.0 reformulation as XML
application • Prevalent markup language to create Web
documents
DEVELOPMENT OF MARKUP
LANGUAGES • W3C HTML Working Group page

• Detailed HTML versions; related topic

information

• HTML extensions

• Features that work in specific Web browsers

• HTML version 5.0 includes audio and video

features within the markup language itself

• HTML tags
MARKUP LANGUAGES
• Interpreted by Web browser
• Generalized Markup Language (GML)
• Format text display
• Creates standard electronic document
formatting styles • Enclosed in angle brackets (<>)

• SGML: version of GML • Opening tag and closing tag

• Adopted by International Organization for • Format text between them

Standardization (ISO)
• Closing tag
• Software application independent
• Preceded by slash within angle brackets
• Nonproprietary; platform-independent (</>)

• Offers user-defined tags • User may customize tag interpretations

• Not suited to rapid Web page development; • Tags: generally written in lowercase letters
costly to maintain; requires expensive tools;
hard to learn • One-sided tags

• Require opening tag only

The Internet and the World Wide Web

• Two-sided tags • Style sheet

• Optional closing tag • Instructions stored in separate file

• Closing tag position very important • Referenced using HTML style tag

• Opening tag may contain one or more • May be included in Web page’s HTML file
property modifiers
EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE
• Further refine tag operation (XML)

• Other frequently used HTML tags • Web design tool

• Graphics and tables • For presenting or maintaining information

lists, data
• HTML links
•Includes data-management capabilities
• Hyperlinks on interlinked pages form a
“web” •HTML cannot provide

• Linear hyperlink structure • XML different from HTML

• Reads Web page in serial fashion • XML: not a markup language with defined
tags
• Works well when customer fills out form
• XML: tags do not specify text appearance on
• Hierarchical hyperlink structure page

• Uses an introductory page (home page, start • Advantages of XML list presentation
page) linking to other pages
•More effectively communicates the meaning
• Site map often available for hierarchical sites of data

• Anchor tags • Strength of XML

SCRIPTING LANGUAGES AND STYLE •Users may define their own tags (weakness as
SHEETS well)

• Object tag • Solution to user tag definitions

• Embeds scripting language code on HTML • Data-type definitions (DTDs) or XML

pages schemas

• Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) • 2001: W3C released set of rules for XML
documents
• Provide more control over displayed page
format • XML vocabulary: set of XML tag
definitions
The Internet and the World Wide Web

• XML files not intended to display in browser CONNECTIVITY OVERVIEW

• Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) • Common connection options

contains formatting instructions
• Voice-grade telephone lines, various types
• XML parsers: format XML file for device of broadband connections, leased lines,
screen wireless

HTML AND XML EDITORS • Distinguishing factor

• HTML document creation • Bandwidth

• General-purpose text editor or word • Amount of data traveling through

processor communication line per unit of time

• Special-purpose HTML editors available • Net bandwidth

• Web site design tools • Actual speed information travels

• Create and manage complete Web sites • Symmetric connections

• Upload entire site from PC to Web • Provide same bandwidth in both

server directions

• Example: Adobe Dreamweaver • Asymmetric connections

• XML files • Provide different bandwidths for each

direction
• Created with text editor or programs
• Upstream bandwidth (upload bandwidth)
• Example: XML Spy
• Amount of information from user to the
INTERNET CONNECTION OPTIONS Internet in each amount of time

• Internet • Downstream bandwidth (download,

downlink bandwidth)
•Set of interconnected networks
• Amount of information from the Internet to
• Organizations connect computers using a user in each amount of time
network
VOICE-GRADE TELEPHONE
• Internet access providers (IAPs) or ISPs CONNECTIONS
•Provide Internet access to individuals, • Used in early days of Web
businesses, other organizations
• Plain old telephone service (POTS)
•Offer several connection options
The Internet and the World Wide Web

• Uses existing telephone lines, analog LEASED-LINE CONNECTIONS

modem
• More expensive technologies
• Bandwidth between 28 and 56 Kbps
• Classified by equivalent number of telephone
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) protocol lines included

• Higher grade of service • DS0 (digital signal zero)

• Use DSL modem (type of network switch) • Carries one digital signal (56 Kbps)

• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) • T1 line (DS1)

• First technology developed using DSL • Carries 24 DS0 lines (1.544 Mbps)
protocol suite
• T3 (DS3): 44.736 Mbps
BROADBAND CONNECTIONS
• Large organizations require very high
• Broadband: connection speeds > 200 Kbps bandwidth

• Asymmetric digital subscriber line • NAPs and Internet backbone routing

(ADSL) computers

• DSL protocol providing broadband • Frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode

range service (ATM)

• High-speed DSL (HDSL) • Optical fiber (instead of copper wire)

• More than 768 Kbps symmetric • Bandwidth determined by fiber-optic cable

bandwidth class

• Cable modems • OC3 (optical carrier 3): 156 Mbps

• Transmission speeds to server: 300 Kbps • OC12: 622 Mbps

to 1 Mbps
• OC48: 2.5 Gbps
• Connection bandwidths vary
• OC192: 10 Gbps
• Subscribers compete for shared resource
WIRELESS CONNECTIONS
• DSL: Private line with no competing traffic
• Previous satellite microwave transmissions
• Rural connection option issues: voice-grade
lines • Download speeds of 500 Kbps

• Data-grade lines in most urban and • Upload handled by POTS modem connection
suburban locations
The Internet and the World Wide Web

• Today: POTS modem connection not WIRELESS ETHERNET (WI-FI)

required
• Also called 802.11n
• Use microwave transmitter for uploads (150
Kbps) • Wireless access point (WAP)

• Many wireless network types now available • Transmits packets between Wi-Fi-equipped
computers and other
• Internet-capable mobile phones, smart
phones, game consoles, and notebook devices within range
computers
• Bandwidth of 450 MBps
PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS
• Range of 500 feet
• Also called piconets
• Bandwidth and range affected by
• Bluetooth construction materials through which signal
must pass
• Designed for use over short distances
• Capable of roaming
• Low-bandwidth technology (722 Kbps)
• Shifting from one WAP to another
• Advantages:
• No user intervention
• Devices consume very little power
• Hot spots
• Devices can discover one another and
exchange information automatically • WAPs open to public

•Ultra-Wideband (UWB) FIXED-POINT WIRELESS

•Provides bandwidth up to 480 Mbps • Used in rural areas without cable service

•Connections over short distances (30 to 100 • System of repeaters

feet)
• Forward radio signal from ISP to customers
•Future personal area networking
applications • Repeaters

•ZigBee • Transmitter-receiver devices (transceivers)

•Range: 30 to 300 feet • Uses mesh routing

•Applications in home energy management • Directly transmits Wi-Fi packets through

short-range transceivers (hundreds or
thousands)

• Located close to each other

The Internet and the World Wide Web

MOBILE TELEPHONE NETWORKS • Web pages tagged (using XML) with

meanings
• Broadcast signals to/receive signals from
antennas • Uses software agents (intelligent
programs)
• Three miles apart in grid
• Read XML tags, determine meaning of
• Short message service (SMS) protocol words in their contexts

• Send and receive short text messages • Resource description framework (RDF)

• Third generation (3G) wireless technology • Set of XML syntax standards

• 2 Mbps download/800 Kbps upload speeds • Development of Semantic Web will take
many years
• Fourth generation (4G) technology
• Start with ontologies for specific
• Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide subjects
Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) • Most popular social networks
worldwide as of February 2025, by
• Significance in mobile commerce
number of monthly active users (in
millions)
INTERNET2 AND THE SEMANTIC WEB

•Internet2

•Replacement for original ARPANET

laboratory

•Experimental networking technologies test

bed

•High end of the bandwidth spectrum (10

Gbps)

•Used by universities, medical schools,

CERN

•Focus: mainly technology development

• Semantic Web

• Goal: blending technologies and

information into a next-generation Web