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Page From Machinerys-Handbook

The document explains the concepts of ratio and proportion, defining extremes and means, and providing rules for finding unknown terms in a proportion. It includes practical examples demonstrating how to apply these rules in real-world scenarios, such as calculating time and material requirements. Additionally, it introduces inverse proportion, illustrating how changes in one variable affect another.

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Ibrahim Kasar
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2 views1 page

Page From Machinerys-Handbook

The document explains the concepts of ratio and proportion, defining extremes and means, and providing rules for finding unknown terms in a proportion. It includes practical examples demonstrating how to apply these rules in real-world scenarios, such as calculating time and material requirements. Additionally, it introduces inverse proportion, illustrating how changes in one variable affect another.

Uploaded by

Ibrahim Kasar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6 RATIO AND PROPORTION

The first and last terms in a proportion are called the extremes; the second and third, the
means. The product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means. Thus,
25:2 = 100:8 and 25 × 8 = 2 × 100
If three terms in a proportion are known, the remaining term may be found by the follow-
ing rules:
The first term is equal to the product of the second and third terms, divided by the fourth.
The second term is equal to the product of the first and fourth terms, divided by the third.
The third term is equal to the product of the first and fourth terms, divided by the second.
The fourth term is equal to the product of the second and third terms, divided by the first.
Example:Let x be the term to be found, then,
12 × 3.5 42
x : 12 = 3.5 : 21 x = ------------------- = ------ = 2
21 21
1⁄ × 42 1 3
1⁄ : x = 14 : 42 4 - = --- × 3 = ---
x = ---------------
4
14 4 4
5 × 63 315
5 : 9 = x : 63 x = --------------- = --------- = 35
9 9
7⁄ × 4 1⁄2- = 14
1⁄
4 : 7⁄8 = 4 : x 8 - = 3------
x = ------------
1⁄ 1⁄
4 4

If the second and third terms are the same, that number is the mean proportional between
the other two. Thus, 8 : 4 = 4 : 2, and 4 is the mean proportional between 8 and 2. The mean
proportional between two numbers may be found by multiplying the numbers together and
extracting the square root of the product. Thus, the mean proportional between 3 and 12 is
found as follows:
3 × 12 = 36 and 36 = 6
which is the mean proportional.
Practical Examples Involving Simple Proportion: If it takes 18 days to assemble 4
lathes, how long would it take to assemble 14 lathes?
Let the number of days to be found be x. Then write out the proportion as follows:
4:18 = 14:x
( lathes : days = lathes : days )
Now find the fourth term by the rule given:
× 14- = 63 days
x = 18
-----------------
4
Ten linear meters (32.81 feet) of bar stock are required as blanks for 100 clamping bolts.
What total length x of stock would be required for 912 bolts?
10:100 = x:912 32.81:100 = x:912
( meters:bolts = meters:bolts ) ( feet:bolts = feet:bolts )
or
× 912- = 91.2 m 32.81 × 912 = 299.2 ft
x = 10
-------------------- x = ----------------------------
100 100
Inverse Proportion: In an inverse proportion, as one of the items involved increases, the
corresponding item in the proportion decreases, or vice versa. For example, a factory
employing 270 men completes a given number of typewriters weekly, the number of work-
ing hours being 44 per week. How many men would be required for the same production if
the working hours were reduced to 40 per week?

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