Naming Compounds Notes

• Let’s Review!
⁃ An element is made up of entirely the same atom therefore cannot be broken down
any further.
⁃ Compounds are pure substances composed of 2 or more ions and/or atoms
⁃ Compounds can be broken down into other substances.
• Chemical Bonding
⁃ Joining atoms to form new substances
⁃ This is a chemical change, the new substances will have different properties than the
original elements.
⁃ Chemical bonding involves valence electrons
• Chemical Bonding
⁃ Chemical bonding involves valence electrons
⁃ Atoms are most stable with a full outer valence shell. (normally 8 e- (for H, He, Li and
Be it is 2))
⁃ Bonding is when atoms share or transfer electrons in order to get to a full valence
shell.
⁃ Three kinds of chemical bonds: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic
• Ionic Bonds
⁃ Ionic Bonding: a transfer of electrons (something gains, something loses)
⁃ The attraction of the oppositely charged ions forms the bond
⁃ electromagnetic force (opposites attract)
⁃ Occurs between metals (cations) and nonmetals (anions)
• Ionic Bonds
⁃ Compounds with ionic bonds are ionic compounds
⁃ Form networks, not molecules
⁃ when large amounts get together, they stack in a crystal arrangement
⁃ Ionic compounds are brittle, have high melting points, and tend to dissolve in water
(soluble)
⁃ Examples include salt, baking soda, rust
⁃ If you dissolve ions in water, they will break into parts, some with a positive charge,
some with a negative charge
⁃ This difference in charge is why IONIC COMPOUNDS conduct electricity
⁃ Electrolyte: anything dissolved in water that increases conductivity
• Covalent Bonds
⁃ Covalent Bonding: sharing of electrons
⁃ Usually between nonmetals
⁃ Covalent Compounds are made of molecules.
⁃ Covalent compounds can be solids, liquids or gases
⁃ Covalent compounds have low melting points, do not dissolve in water or produce
charged particles when they do dissolve → so they DO NOT conduct electricity
by themselves
⁃ Examples include glass, rubbing alcohol, nitroglycerin, and natural gas
Metallic Bond
⁃ Bonds between metals
⁃ Sharing and transfer of electrons
⁃ Metallic bonds occur only with atoms of the same metal, not with others
⁃ Ca can bond with other Ca atoms, but not Ba
• Metallic Bond
⁃ In metallic bonds, the valence electrons become community property, traveling
anywhere they want to throughout the metal’s packed structure.
⁃ The outermost energy levels overlap, and the electrons are free to move from atom
to atom
⁃ This “Sea of Electrons” is why metals are such good conductors of electricity and
heat.
• Remember:
⁃ Valence electrons are the ones that want to react
⁃ Metals have fewer valence electrons, so they will give up 1, 2, or 3 electrons (cations)
⁃ Nonmetals have more valence electrons, they will gain 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons
(anions)
• Naming Ionic Compounds
⁃ Ionic bonds are between metals and nonmetals
⁃ The name of an ionic compound consists of the names of the ions in the compound
⁃ The metal is always named FIRST, and the nonmetal LAST
• Naming Ionic Compounds
⁃ The cation (metal) name will remain the same
⁃ The anion (nonmetal) name will change
⁃ drop the ending and add “-ide”
⁃ For example –
⁃ F-,Cl-, O2-, C4-
⁃ Fluoride, chloride, oxide and carbide
⁃ Ions of chlorine and sodium give you
⁃ Sodium chloride
⁃ (metal) (nonmetal)
• Determining Formula of Ions
⁃ Ions have different charges
⁃ Ionic compounds want to have an overall charge of 0 (this makes them neutral and
stable)
⁃ Total positive charge = total negative charge
⁃ For example:
⁃ Na+ and O2-
⁃ 2 sodium for every one oxygen
⁃
Na2O
• Determining Formula of Ions
• Example: BORON OXIDE
⁃ Write the symbols of both elements (cation 1st, anion 2nd)
⁃ Write the valence of each as a superscript
⁃ Drop the positive and negative signs
⁃ Crisscross the superscripts so they become subscripts
⁃ Reduce when possible (not possible here)
• Let’s Practice!
⁃ Al3+ and O2- =Chemical formula: Al2O3 , Aluminum oxide
⁃ K+ and Cl- =Chemical formula: KCl, Potassium chloride
⁃ 2+ 2-
Sr O =Chemical formula: Sr2O2 → SrO , Strontium oxide
⁃ The subscripts don’t effect the name if there is only one possibility
• Determining Formula of Ions
⁃ Transition metals have a varying number of valence electrons, meaning they can have
different charges
⁃ For example
⁃ Iron can form Fe2+ or Fe3+, said as Iron (II) and Iron (III)
⁃ Cu+ and Cu2+, Copper (I) and Copper (II)
⁃ The roman numeral represents the CHARGE of the ion
⁃ Compounds with transition metals must still have an overall charge of ZERO
⁃ You can use the ionic formula to determine the charge of the transition metal ion
⁃ If you are given CuCl2, what would be the charge on the copper atom?
⁃ Copper would have a 2+ charge because of the “2” subscript after chlorine
• Covalent Naming
⁃ Covalent bonds involve shared electrons, so there are no charges
⁃ You still drop the ending of the second (MOST NEGATIVE) atom and replace it with
the suffix “-ide”.
⁃ Ionic names ignored the subscript numbers.
⁃ Covalent does not
⁃ Prefixes are used in the name, they tell you how many atoms of the element are in
the compound
⁃ You cannot reduce these formulas!
• Examples
⁃ CO…carbon monoxide
⁃ CO2 …carbon dioxide
⁃ NI3 …nitrogen triiodide
⁃ P4O6 …tetraphosphorus hexoxide
⁃ I4O9 …tetriodine nonoxide
⁃ S2F10 …disulfur decafluoride
⁃ IF7 …Iodine heptafluoride
⁃ Si2Cl6 …disilicon hexachloride