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CHAPTER 9:STRINGS
9.1 DECLARATION AND INITIALIZATION
Strings are sequences of characters but in Java strings are implemented as objects.
There aretwoways of creating a string in Java:
1. Using string literal - A new string object is created by using double quotation marks like
tring str1 = “Hello world!” ;
S
String empty_str = “”; #this is an empty
string
singastringliteraltocreateastringismorememoryefficientforJavasinceitchecksthestringconstantpool
U
afterastringobjectiscreated.Ifthestringisalreadypresentinthestringconstantpool,thenonlythereference
tothestringisreturnedandifthestringdoesnotexistonlythenanewstringobjectiscreated.Youcanconsider
the string constant pool as a special memory location.
2. U singthenewkeyword,i.e.,usingtheStringclassconstructor-Anewstringobjectiscreatedbyusingthe
Stringclassconstructors.Thereare13constructorsintheStringclasswhichcanbeusedtocreateastring
object. The most common ones are
tring str2 = new String(“Hello world!”);
S
String empty_str = new String(); #this is an empty string
char [] character_array = {‘H’, ‘e’, ‘l’, ‘l’, ‘o’, ‘ ‘, ‘w’, ‘o’, ‘r’, ‘l’, ‘d’,
‘!’};
String str3 = new String(character_array);
Using the new keyword creates a new String object each time in the heap memory.
Let’s write these 4 lines of code and see how the string objects are stored in the diagram below.
tring s1 = “Java is fun”;
S
String s2 = “Java is fun”;
String s3 = new String(“Java is fun”);
String s4 = new String(“Java is fun”);
hen s1 iscreated,thereisnoStringliteral“Javaisfun”inthestringconstantpoolandsoitisaddedthere.
W
Whens2iscreated,thestring“Javaisfun”isalreadypresentinthepoolandhenceitsreferenceisonlyreturned
tos2,andthatiswhys1ands2bothpointatthesameStringobject.Buts3ands4arecreatedusingtheString
constructor and so both created new String objects which reside in the heap and both have separate locations.
9.2 STRING INPUT
We need to import the Scanner class in order to take a string input from the user. Let’s see an example.
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import java.util.Scanner;
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new
Scanner(System.in);
String user_input = sc.nextLine();
System.out.println(user_input);
}
}
Notice that we used sc.nextLine() totakeastringinputbecausenextLine()takestheinputuntilanewlineis
e ncountered i.e. a \n is encountered.
9.3 STRING ESCAPE SEQUENCE
I f we want to create strings which would incorporate single or double quotation marks then we need an escape
sequence to create such strings i.e. \. Let’s see an example:
tring s = “I love \‘Java\’ very
S
much”;
System.out.println(s);
Theoutputoftheabovecodeis“Ilove‘Java’verymuch.Trytheabovecodebyreplacingthesinglequotations
ith double quotes.
w
9.4 STRING LENGTH
Wecanfindthesizeofastringi.e.wecanfindhowmanycharactersarepresentinastringusingthelength()
ethod like:
m
tring s = “I love Java”;
S
System.out.println(s.length())
;
The output of the above code is 11 since there are 11 characters in str5 including the spaces.
9.5 STRING INDEXING
Each character in a string can be accessed using its position in the string. These positions are called index
umbers and are numbered from 0 to length of the string -1.
n
String s = “Programming is fun”;
inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
11 1
1
1
1
1
1
x 0 2 3 4 5 6 7
P r o g r a m m i n g i s f u n
It can be seen that the first element can be found in index=0 and the last element can be found in index=
length-1.
I nordertoaccessaparticularelementfromthestring,wecanusethemethodcharAt().Thismethodtakesan
indexnumberasanargumentandreturnstheparticularelementinthatposition.Let’sextractthecharacters‘P’
at index=0, ‘n’ at index=17 and ‘g’ at index 10.
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tring s = “Programming is fun”;
S
char first_character = s.charAt(0);
char last_character = s.charAt(s.length() -
1);
char random= s.charAt(10);
System.out.println(first_character);
System.out.println(last_character);
System.out.println(random);
9.6 CHARACTER ARRAY
eknowthatstringsareasequenceofcharactersandeachcharacterhasanindexnumberdefiningitsposition
W
inthestring.AcharacterinJavaisrepresentedusingsinglequotationmarks.Astringcanbeconvertedintoan
array of its characters using thetoCharArray()methodlike :
tring s = “This is a string” ;
S
char [] char_array =
s.toCharArray();
System.out.println(char_array);
The above code will convert the string s to a character array.
9.7 MU
TABILITY OF STRINGS
I ntheprevioussection9.3,wesawhowwecanaccesstheelementsinastring.However,wecannotmodifya
stringbecauseinJava,stringsareimmutable.Thismeansthatwecannotmodifytheelementswhichmakeup
the string. If we want to modify a string then a new string needs to be created which would contain the
modifications, leaving the original string unchanged.
9.8 STRING CONCATENATION
We can connect multiple strings together by using the + operator between them. This process is called
c oncatenation where a new string is created by chaining one/more strings together.
tring s1 = “I love Java ” ;
S
String s2 = “programming ” ;
String s3 = s1 + s2 + “very
much”;
System.out.println(s3);
he output of the above code is:I love Java programmingvery much. The output is a new string which is stored
T
in s3. Let’s see another example:
tring s1 = “CSE”;
S
int num = 110;
String output = s1 + num
System.out.println(output)
;
ere, notice that we are concatenating an integer toastringusingthe+operator.Inthiscasetheoutputisa
H
stringCSE110.Thismeansthat,whereveranoperandofthe+operatorwillbeastring,theJavacompilerwill
automatically convert the other operand to a string representation and then contact it to create a new string.
Let’s see another example:
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tring semester = “Fall ” ;
S
int y1 = 20;
String output = semester + y1 +
23;
System.out.println(output);
ere,theoutputis:Fall2023.Notehowoperatorprecedencecausestheconcatenationofthestring“Fall”tothe
H
integer20atfirstwhichcreatesthestring“Fall20”andthenthisstringisconcatenatedtotheinteger23which
creates the output string “Fall2023”.
adwewritten:Stringoutput=y1+23+semester,thentheoperatorprecedencewouldcausetheintegerin
H
y1andtheinteger23tobeaddedusingthe+operatortoproduceaninteger43andthenthisintegerwouldbe
concatenated to the string “Fall” to produce a string “43Fall”. Try this out yourself.
9.9 COMPARING STRINGS
● e quals()-Thismethodcheckswhetherthecontentsoftwostringsareidenticalornot.Itreturnstrueif
two strings contain the same elements and false otherwise. Let’s see an example:
tring s1 = “Let us code”;
S
String s2 = “Java”;
String s3 = “Let us code”;
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2))
;
System.out.println(s1.equals(s3))
;
Here,theoutputofthefirstprintstatementisfalsesincetheelementsofs1ands2areidenticalandtheoutputof
the second print statement istruesince the elementsof s1 and s3 are identical.
Note: equals() method is case sensitive and so the strings “Let us code” and “LetusCode”willyieldfalse.
owever, another methodequalsIgnoreCase()will ignorethe case differences and will yield true.
H
● = = operator - The == operator in Java checks whether two string objects have the same
reference/location or not. Let us see an example:
tring s1 = new String(“Let us
S
code”);
String s2 = new String(“Let us
code”);
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));
System.out.println(s1 == s2);
ere,theoutputofthefirstprintstatementistruesincetheelementsofs1ands2areidenticalandtheoutputof
H
the second print statement is false sinces1ands2refertodifferentstringobjectsstoredindifferentmemory
locations (Refer to the heap memory where string objects are stored when created using the new keyword).
● c ompareTo() - This method compares two strings lexicographically. It returns 0 if both strings are
equal with identical characters in the samepositions.Itreturnsapositiveintegerifthefirststringis
lexicographically greater than the second string and it returns a negative integerifthefirststringis
lexicographically smaller than the second string. Let’s see a few examples.
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tring s1 = “Java”;
S
String s2 = “Java”;
String s3 = “Jade”;
String s4 = “Lava”;
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s2))
;
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s3))
;
System.out.println(s1.compareTo(s4))
;
Thefirstoutputis0sinceboths1ands2areidentical.Thesecondoutputis18since“v”is18morethan“d”
lexicographically. The third output is -2 since “J” is 2 less than “L” lexicographically.
9.10 SEARCHING A CHARACTER IN A ST RING
Sometimesweneedtofindtheindexnumberofacharacterinastring.Thereare2methodswhichhelpustodo
this:
● indexOf()-Thismethodtakesacharacter/substringasanargumentandfindsthepositionofthefirst
occurrence of the character/substring in the string.
● lastIndexOf() - This methodtakesacharacter/substringasanargumentandfindsthepositionofthe
last occurrence of the character/substring in the string.
Let us see an example:
tring s1 = “random string”;
S
System.out.println(s1.indexOf(‘n’));
System.out.println(s1.lastIndexOf(‘n’))
;
System.out.println(s1.indexOf(“ring”))
;
he output of the first printstatementis2sincethefirstoccuranceofthecharacter‘n’isinindex=2andthe
T
outputofthesecondprintstatementis11sincethelastoccuranceofthecharacter‘n’isinindex=11.The3rd
output is 9 since the substring “ring” is found from index=9.
9.11 STRING SLICING
hesubstring()methodhelpsustosliceastringinordertocreateasubstring.Ifwementiononlythestarting
T
positionstart_index,thenitproducesanewsubstringstartingatthestart_indextotheendofthestring.Ifwe
mentionboththestart_indexandtheend_index,thenitproducesanewsubstringstartingatthestart_indexand
ending at theend_index.Let us see an example:
tring s1 = “Java Programming is
S
fun”;
String sub1 = s1.substring(5);
String sub2 = s1.substring(5,12);
System.out.println(sub1);
System.out.println(sub2);
he output of the first print statement is Programming is fun andtheoutputofthesecondprintstatementis
T
program. Notice that the end_index is exclusive which means the substring will stopattheindexbeforethe
end_indexand not include the character at theend_indexitself.
9.12 MO
DIFYING A STRING
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e know that strings are immutable but we havebeenusingdifferentstringmethodstoproducenewstrings
W
which contain the modifications.Ifwewanttoreplaceacharacterorasubstringwithadifferentcharacteror
substringthenwecanusethereplace()method.Thismethodcreatesanewstringwhichcontainsthereplaced
character or the substring. Let’s see an example:
tring s1 = “marathon”;
S
String new_s1 = s1.replace(“a”, “e”);
String new_s2 = s1.replace(“mara”,
“py”);
System.out.println(new_s1);
System.out.println(new_s2);
heoutputofthefirstprintstatementismerethon.Wecanseethatalltheoccurrencesof“a”havebeenreplaced
T
by “e”. The output of the second print statement is python. We can see that the substring “mara” has been
replaced by the substring “py”.
9.13 TRIMMING AND SP LITTING A ST RING
● trim()- This method removes any leading and trailingwhitespaces and returns a new string as a result.
Let’s see an example :
tring s1 = " Java ";
S
String s2 = s1.trim();
System.out.println(s2);
The output of the above code isJavawithout the whitespaces before and after the word “Java”.
● split()- Thismethodconvertsastringtoastringarrayonthebasisofagivenparameterasdelimiter.Let’s
see an example :
tring s1 = "Java is fun";
S
String [] s1_array = s1.split(“
”);
tring s2 = "Java,is,,fun";
S
String [] s2_array =
s2.split(“,”);
9.14 CASE CONVERSION
We can convert uppercase alphabetical characters to lowercase and vice versa using two methods.
● toLowerCase() - This method converts all uppercase letters to lowercase in a string and returns a new
modified string.
tring s1 = "Java Programming is
S
FUN";
String lower_s1 = s1.toLowerCase();
System.out.println(lower_s1);
The output of the above code isjava programming isfunwhere all characters are presented in lowercase.
● toUpperCase() - This method converts all lowercase letters to uppercase in a string and returns a new
modified string.
tring s2 = "i love to CODE";
S
String upper_s2=
s2.toUpperCase();
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System.out.println(upper_s2);
The output of the above code isI LOVE TO CODEwhereall characters are presented in uppercase.
9.15 DATA CONVERSION IN STRINGS
● valueOf()- This method of String class is used toconvert other data types to String type.
int digit = 85;
float decimal = 54.643F; //F represents
float
char letter = ‘A’;
tring s1 = String.valueOf(digit);
S
System.out.println(s1);
tring s2 = String.valueOf(decimal);
S
System.out.println(s2);
tring s3 = String.valueOf(letter);
S
System.out.println(s3);
The variable s1 will contain a string representation of 85 (“85”), the variable s2 will contain a string
r epresentation of 54.643 (“54.643”) and the variable s3 will contain a string representation of ‘A’ (“A”).
9.16 ASCII VALUES
AllkeyboardcharactershaveuniqueUnicodevalues.RefertothisASCIIcodetabletoseetheunicodevalues
c orresponding to each character:https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pattis/15-1XX/common/handouts/ascii.html.
ometimes we need to work with ASCII values of strings or characters. In that case we needtoconvertan
S
elementinastringintoitscorrespondingUnicodevalue. WecanusethecodePointAt()methodwhichtakesan
index of a string as a parameter and returns the Unicode value of the element in the given index.
tring s1 = "Hello World!";
S
int unicode_val =
s1.codePointAt(0);
System.out.println(unicode_val);
Theoutputoftheabovecodeis72whichistheUnicodevalueofindex=0element,thatis,“H”.Trytofindthe
nicode value of “W” by yourself.
U
e can also use these Unicode values toconvertuppercaseletterstolowercaseandviceversa.Visitthelink
W
aboveandchecktheUnicodevalueofuppercase“A”.You’llseethatit's65.Now,checktheUnicodevalueof
lowercase“a”.You’llseethatit’s97.Thedifferencebetweenthetwovaluesis32.Thatmeansifweadd32to
theUnicodevalueof“A”wewillgettheUnicodevalueof“a”andifwesubtract32fromtheUnicodevalueof
“a” we will get the unique value of “A”. If we cast the Unicode value using (char) then we will get the
corresponding character. This will followforallalphabetsfrom“A”to“Z”andfrom“a”to“z”.Let’sseean
example:
tring upper_s1 = “CODE”;
S
int unicode_upper =
upper_s1.codePointAt(2);
int unicode_lower = unicode_upper + 32;
char lower_letter= (char)unicode_lower;
System.out.println(lower_letter);
heoutputoftheabovecodeisthecharacterd.TheUnicodeatindex=2(uppercase‘D’)of“CODE”is68andif
T
weadd32toit,wewillget100whichistheUnicodevalueoflowercase‘d’andhenceconvertingthevalueto
character using char casting gives us the letter ‘d’.
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9.17 CHECKING SU
BSTRING EXISTENCE
● contains() - This method checks whether a substring is present in a string or not. It returns true if the
substring exists in the string andfalseotherwise.
tring s1 = "I love Java programming";
S
Boolean res1 = s1.contains("Java");
Boolean res2 = s1.contains("love Java
");
Boolean res3 = s1.contains("p");
Boolean res4 = s1.contains("java");
System.out.println(res1);
System.out.println(res2);
System.out.println(res3);
System.out.println(res4);
Theoutputofthefirstthreeprintsaretruesince“Java”,“loveJava“and“p”allthesesubstringsexistins1but
the output of the last print isfalsesince “java”with lowercase “j” does not exist in s1.
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9.18 WO
RKSHEET
. Write a Java program that takes a string as input and reverses it.
A
Sample input 1:
Programming
Sample output 1:
gnimmargorP
B. W riteaJavaprogramthattakesastringasinputandcountsthenumberofvowels(a,e,i,o,u)present
in the string.
Sample input 1:
Programming
Sample output 1:
3
C. W rite a Java program that takesastringasinputandchecksifitisapalindrome.Apalindromeisa
word, phrase, number,orothersequenceofcharactersthatreadsthesamebackwardasforward.The
program should output "Palindrome" if the string is a palindrome and "Not a Palindrome" otherwise.
Sample input 1:
ABCDCBA
Sample output 1:
Palindrome
Sample input 2:
Nepal
Sample output 2:
Not a Palindrome
. Write a program which takes a string as input and returns the number of characters in the string.
D
Sample input 1:
Programming
Sample output 1:
11
. Input a word into a String. Print each character on a line by itself.
E
Sample input 1:
Program
Sample output 1:
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
F. Y ourtaskistoinputawordintoaString.ThenprintcodeforeachcharacterintheStringusingthe2nd
method discussed above.
Sample input 1:
Pro
Sample output 1:
P : 80
r : 114
o : 111
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G. P rintthestatisticsofoccurrenceofeachcharacteronalinebyitself.Assumethatuserwillonlygive
CAPITAL letters. So, you will have to count values of CAPITAL letters only.
Sample input 1:
BALL
ample output 1:
S
A which is 65 was found 1 time(s)
B which is 66 was found 1 time(s)
L which is 76 was found 2 time(s)
. Input a word into a String.
H
Print the word.
Print the word again after adding “==THE END==” at the end of the word.
Then print the word again.
Your whole program may contain the word “String” at most two times.
Sample input 1:
Programming
Sample output 1:
Programming
Programming==THE END==
Programming
I. Answer the following theoretical questions:
● What is string immutability in Java? Explain why strings are immutable and discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of immutability.
● Discuss the significance of the “equals()” method versus the “==” operator when comparing
strings in Java.
● What is the purpose of the “substring()” method inJava?Explainhowitcanbeusedtoextract
substrings from a larger string.
● Describe the process of converting a string to a numeric value in Java. Explain the use of the
“parseInt()” and “valueOf()” methods for this purpose.
● WhataresomecommonmethodsavailableintheStringclassinJava?Provideexamplesofhow
these methods can be used.
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