Os module 1

User View: This perspective focuses on how users interact with the operating system through
application programs. It abstracts the complexities of the hardware and presents a simplified
interface, making it easier for users to perform tasks.2

System View: This perspective emphasizes how the operating system manages hardware resources
and interacts with the system's components. It involves understanding the underlying processes and
resource management that occur behind the scenes to support user applications.

System View:

- Focuses on the internal workings and management of the computer system

- Concerned with resource allocation, process management, memory management, and security

- OS is seen as a resource manager and allocator

User View:

- Focuses on the interaction between the user and the computer system

- Concerned with providing a convenient, efficient, and user-friendly interface

- OS is seen as a platform for running applications and providing services to users

Evulation of os

1. Early Batch Systems (1950s-1960s): The first OS were batch systems, which processed jobs in
batches without user interaction.

2. Time-Sharing Systems (1960s-1970s): Time-sharing OS allowed multiple users to interact with the
system simultaneously, improving resource utilization and responsiveness.

3. Personal Computers (1970s-1980s): The rise of personal computers led to the development of
single-user OS like MS-DOS and Apple's Mac OS.
4. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) (1980s-1990s): GUIs revolutionized OS design, making them more
user-friendly and intuitive. Examples include Windows and macOS.

5. Modern OS (1990s-present): Modern OS have become more complex, with features like:

- Multitasking and multiprocessing

- Networking and internet connectivity

- Security and user authentication

- Advanced GUIs and user interfaces

- Support for diverse hardware platforms (e.g., mobile, embedded systems)

6. Mobile and Embedded Systems (2000s-present): The proliferation of mobile devices and
embedded systems has led to the development of specialized OS like Android, iOS, and Linux-based
systems.

Single and multi processor

Definitions:

Single Processor System:

A computer system that uses only one CPU to execute all instructions and perform tasks.

Example: Most basic desktop computers or laptops.

Multiprocessor System:

A computer system that uses two or more CPUs to process instructions simultaneously, allowing for
better performance and multitasking.

Example: High-performance servers, supercomputers, and some advanced PCs.

🔸 Difference Between Single Processor and Multiprocessor Systems:

Feature Single Processor System Multiprocessor System

Number of CPUs One Two or more

Processing Speed Slower (tasks done one at a time) Faster (parallel processing)

Task Handling One task at a time Multiple tasks at the same time

Cost Cheaper More expensive

System Complexity Simple Complex (requires coordination)

Feature Single Processor System Multiprocessor System

Reliability Less reliable (if CPU fails, system fails) More reliable (backup CPUs may work)

Personal computers, embedded Servers, data centers, scientific

Use Case
systems computing

Real time system view

Definition:

A Real-Time System is a computer system that responds to inputs or events within a specific time
limit. The correctness of the system depends not only on the logical result of computation but also
on the time at which the results are produced.

Key Idea: “Do the right thing at the right time.”

Characteristics of Real-Time Systems:

 Time-bound: Must meet deadlines.

 Deterministic: Predictable behavior.

 High reliability & availability.

 Often embedded in devices.

Types of Real-Time Systems:

Type Description Example

Hard Real-Time Airbag system in a car,

Missing a deadline is a system failure.
System pacemaker

Soft Real-Time
Missing a deadline is tolerated occasionally. Video streaming, online games
System

Firm Real-Time Deadline miss is not fatal, but the result is

Stock trading system
System useless.
Distributed System: A collection of independent computers or nodes that work together to achieve a
common goal, appearing as a single, cohesive system to users, and communicating with each other
through a network.

Distributed Systems: A collection of independent computers that appear to be a single, cohesive

system to users. Key characteristics include:

1. Decentralization: Multiple nodes or computers work together.

2. Autonomy: Each node operates independently.

3. Distribution: Nodes are geographically dispersed or connected over a network.

4. Communication: Nodes exchange information to achieve a common goal.

Distributed systems offer benefits like:

1. Scalability

2. Fault tolerance

3. Improved performance

4. Resource sharing

Examples include:

1. Cloud computing

2. Peer-to-peer networks

3. Distributed databases

4. Grid computing

Distributed systems are used in various applications, such as:

1. Large-scale data processing

2. Scientific simulations

3. Real-time systems

4. Social networks
A Handheld System is a small, portable computing device designed to be held and operated in one
hand. These systems are lightweight, battery-powered, and typically have a touchscreen or small
keyboard for user interaction.

Key Features:

 Portable and compact size

 Battery-operated for mobility

 Touchscreen or small keypad input

 Wireless communication (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Cellular)

 Limited processing power compared to desktops/laptops

Operating System Structure

An Operating System (OS) is the software that manages computer hardware and software resources
and provides common services for computer programs. The structure of an OS describes how it is
organized internally.

Operating System Services: These are functions provided by the OS to manage computer hardware
resources and provide a platform for running applications. Some common OS services include:

1. Process Management: Creating, scheduling, and terminating processes.

2. Memory Management: Allocating and managing memory for running programs.

3. File System Management: Providing a file system for storing and retrieving files.

4. Input/Output (I/O) Management: Managing input/output operations between devices and

programs.

5. Security: Providing mechanisms for controlling access to computer resources.

6. Networking: Managing communication between the computer and other devices on a network.

7. Interrupt Handling: Handling interrupts generated by hardware devices.

8. Resource Allocation: Managing allocation and deallocation of system resources.

Command Line Interface (CLI)

Definition:

A Command Line Interface is a text-based interface where users type commands to interact with the
operating system.

Advantages:

 Uses fewer system resources.

 Allows precise control and automation through scripting.

 Faster for experienced users.

Disadvantages:

 Difficult to learn for beginners.

 No visual aids like icons or menus.

 Commands must be memorized.

2. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Definition:

A Graphical User Interface is a visual interface that allows users to interact with the operating system
using windows, icons, menus, and pointers.

Advantages:

 Easy to learn and use.

 Intuitive and user-friendly.

 Supports multitasking visually.

Disadvantages:

 Requires more system resources.

 Can be slower for expert users to perform complex tasks.

 Less flexible for automation.

3. System Calls

Definition:

System Calls are the programming interface through which user applications request services from
the operating system’s kernel.

Advantages:

 Provides controlled and secure access to hardware and OS services.

 Enables programs to perform functions like file operations and process management.
  Acts as a bridge between user programs and OS.

Disadvantages:

 Complex to use directly by users.

 System calls introduce overhead due to mode switching between user and kernel.