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Complete Chapter9 Phase Diagrams Notes

Chapter 9 covers phase diagrams, focusing on the equilibrium states of alloy systems, including the Cu-Ni and Fe-C diagrams. It explains the significance of phase diagrams in predicting microstructure and properties of alloys, detailing phases, solubility limits, and transformations during cooling. The chapter also discusses metal fabrication processes and the effects of temperature and composition on phase stability.

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25 views3 pages

Complete Chapter9 Phase Diagrams Notes

Chapter 9 covers phase diagrams, focusing on the equilibrium states of alloy systems, including the Cu-Ni and Fe-C diagrams. It explains the significance of phase diagrams in predicting microstructure and properties of alloys, detailing phases, solubility limits, and transformations during cooling. The chapter also discusses metal fabrication processes and the effects of temperature and composition on phase stability.

Uploaded by

Abdoقران Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Complete Study Notes: Chapter 9 –

Phase Diagrams
Slide 1: ISSUES TO ADDRESS…
- What is the equilibrium state when combining two elements?
- Given composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni) and temperature (T):
- How many phases form?
- What is the composition of each phase?
- What is the amount of each phase?

Slide 2: What is a Phase Diagram?


- Graphical representation of phase stability vs. temperature and composition.
- Typically T (y-axis) vs. composition (x-axis) at constant pressure.

Slide 3: Importance for Alloys


- Strong link between microstructure and properties.
- Used in solidification, heat treatment, and property prediction.

Slide 4: Components & Phases


- Component: Elements or compounds in the alloy.
- Phase: Homogeneous region with uniform properties.

Slide 5: System, Solutions, Mixtures


- System: Specific set of components.
- Solid Solution: Single-phase alloy.
- Mixture: Multiple phases.

Slide 6–7: Phases and Homogeneity


- Single-phase = Homogeneous
- Multi-phase = Heterogeneous

Slide 8: Phase Equilibrium


- Stable state at constant T and pressure.
- p-T diagram example for water.

Slide 9–10: Solubility Limit


- Max solute in solvent for one phase.
- Beyond this = second phase forms.

Slide 11: Effect of T and C


- Changes in T or composition can cause phase transitions.
Slide 12–20: Cu-Ni Binary Phase Diagram
- Isomorphous system: complete solubility in solid and liquid.
- Regions: Liquid, Solid (α), and Liquid + Solid.
- Rules:
1. Use T and C₀ to find phase region.
2. Use tie line to find Cα and CL.
3. Use lever rule to calculate phase fractions.
- Microstructure: Liquid → α + L → α on cooling.
- Mechanical: Solid solution strengthening; TS and YS ↑, ductility ↓.

Eutectic Systems (Slides 21–25)


- Cu–Ag system: limited solubility.
- Eutectic point: L → α + β at Cᴇ = 71.9% Ag, Tᴇ = 779°C.
- Hypoeutectic: primary α + eutectic.
- Eutectic: 100% eutectic (α + β).
- Hypereutectic: primary β + eutectic.

Microstructure Evolution (Slides 26–31)


- Detailed explanation of hypoeutectic and hypereutectic.
- Pearlite: layered α + Fe₃C from eutectoid reaction.
- Lever rule applied to eutectic systems.

Intermediate Phases (Slides 32–35)


- Intermetallics (fixed composition) vs. solid solutions.
- Examples: Cu–Zn (β′ phase), Mg–Pb (Mg₂Pb compound).

Fe–C Diagram: Pure Iron and Phases (Slides 36–40)


- α-ferrite: BCC, magnetic, soft, <0.022 wt% C.
- γ-austenite: FCC, non-magnetic, more C solubility (up to 2.14%).
- δ-ferrite: BCC, high-T, not room-temp stable.
- Cementite: Fe₃C, 6.70% C, hard, brittle, appears with pearlite.
- Critical temps: A₁ = 727°C, A₃ ≈ 830°C (for 0.4% C), Acm = 1147°C.

Hypoeutectoid Steel (Slides 41–45)


- C < 0.76% → forms proeutectoid α above 727°C.
- At 727°C: remaining γ → pearlite (α + Fe₃C).
- Microstructure: proeutectoid ferrite + pearlite.
- Lever rule used to find % ferrite and % pearlite.

Clarifications (Cementite & Temps)


- Cementite = always 6.70% C (fixed), not variable.
- Exists from room temp up to 1147°C (above = decomposes).
- Under real-world conditions, can transform to graphite.

Transformations & Undercooling (Slides 56–60)


- Undercooling = cooling below transformation temp without immediate change.
- Slow cooling → coarse pearlite.
- Moderate → fine pearlite.
- Fast → bainite.
- Rapid → martensite.

Martensite (Slides 61–64)


- Forms by shear without diffusion.
- FCC γ → BCT martensite (trapped C causes distortion).
- Extremely hard but brittle.

Tempered Martensite (Slides 65–66)


- Reheat martensite (200–600°C) → Fe₃C precipitates, stress relief.
- Reduces hardness slightly, improves toughness.

Summary of Transformations (Slide 67)


- Table of transformations from γ depending on cooling rate.

Metal Fabrication (Slides 76–81)


- Forming: Hot (soft, no hardening) vs Cold (strain hardening).
- Casting: Sand, investment, die casting.
- Powder metallurgy: press and sinter.
- Annealing: relieves internal stress, restores ductility.

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