1 Ethics & Human Interface

Syllabus
• Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, Determinants and Consequences of Ethics in - Human Actions;
Dimensions of Ethics; Ethics - in Private and Public Relationships.
• Human Values: Lessons from the Lives and Teachings of Great Leaders, Reformers and Administrators;
Role of Family Society and Educational Institutions in Inculcating Values.

• "Ethics is the cornerstone of a civilised society, guiding us to act with integrity and fairness."
• "Without ethics, success is empty and fleeting."
• "Ethics is not a barrier, but a bridge to a better world."
• "Ethics is the armour of the soul."
• "Doing the right thing is more important than doing the thing right."
• "In the race for success, ethics is the compass that keeps us on the right path."
• "A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world." - Albert Camus
• “In just about every area of society, there’s nothing more important than ethics”- Henry Paulson
• There is no religion higher than Truth and Righteousness.” ~ Mahatma Gandhi

Introduction
• Aristotle: "Ethics is the study of the good life and the virtues that enable us to live that life."
• Immanuel Kant: "Ethics is the study of the moral law and our obligations to obey it."
• John Stuart Mill: "Ethics is the study of the right and wrong of actions and the rules and principles that
govern them."
• Sigmund Freud: "Ethics is the science of the good and evil in human conduct."
• Martin Luther King, Jr.: "Ethics is the art of making choices that are by moral principles."
Source of Ethics
Ethics, or the principles that govern behaviour, derive from various
sources that have shaped societies and individuals over time. There
are the following sources of Ethics -
1. Religion
• Religion is one of the oldest foundations of ethical standards,
prescribing what is right and wrong. Religious teachings
profoundly influence societal norms and individual
behaviour.
• Example:
o The principle of Ahimsa (non-violence) from Hinduism,
Buddhism, and Jainism plays a crucial role in promoting
peace and ethical behaviour.

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 o In Islam, the practice of Zakat requires Muslims to give a portion of their wealth to charity,
promoting ethical behaviour in wealth distribution and support for the underprivileged.
2. Legal System
• The legal system of any country acts as a guiding source for human behaviour, ensuring that the rules
laid down by these laws are strictly followed.
• Example: The Prevention of Corruption Act, of 1988 aims to combat corruption in government
agencies and public sector businesses, promoting ethical governance and accountability.
3. Human Conscience
• Conscience helps individuals differentiate between good and bad, setting standards that conscientious
people find acceptable.
• Example:
o Irom Sharmila's hunger strike against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Manipur
reflects her conscience-driven commitment to human rights and ethical governance.
o Whistleblowers in various industries act on their conscience to expose unethical practices, such
as the revelations by Frances Haugen about Facebook's internal practices.
4. Culture
• Culture, a pattern of behaviours and values considered ideal or acceptable, is transferred from one
generation to another, defining what is ethical within a society.
• Example:
o The practice of Namaste as a respectful greeting reflects deep cultural values of humility and
respect, promoting social harmony and ethical interpersonal conduct.
o In Japan, the cultural tradition of "Omotenashi" emphasises hospitality and treating guests with
the utmost respect, influencing ethical standards in the service industry.
5. Family System
• The family system imparts traditional or cultural values related to family structure, function, roles,
beliefs, attitudes, and ideals, becoming a source of ethics.
• Example: Parents teaching their children the importance of honesty and integrity shapes their ethical
development, often reflected in their behaviour at school and in social interactions.
6. Thinkers and Philosophers
• Thinkers and philosophers serve as role models, aiding societies in their quest for new virtues and
ethical understanding.
• Example:
o Swami Vivekananda's teachings on universal brotherhood and selfless service continue to inspire
ethical behaviour in social and individual actions.
o Philosophers like John Rawls, with his theory of justice as fairness, influence modern ethical
considerations in policy-making and law, promoting concepts like equality and fairness.
7. Educational Institutions
• Schools and universities play a crucial role in imparting ethical values through curricula and codes of
conduct.
• Example:
o The introduction of value education programs in CBSE schools aims to instil moral values and
ethical behaviour in students from a young age.
o Business schools incorporating ethics courses into their MBA programs, like Harvard Business
School, prepare future leaders for ethical challenges in their careers.

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8. Professional Codes of Conduct
• Professional organisations establish codes of conduct outlining ethical standards for their members.
• Example: The Medical Council of India (MCI) Code of Ethics outlines ethical standards for medical
practitioners, including patient confidentiality and the provision of competent medical care.
9. Media and Public Discourse
• Media and public discourse shape and reflect societal values, influencing public perceptions of what is
ethical.
• Example: Investigative journalism by outlets like The Indian Express exposes corruption and unethical
practices, holding public figures accountable and promoting transparency and integrity.
Importance of Ethics
1. Provides Moral Map
• Ethics offers a framework for navigating complex
issues, ensuring clarity and direction.
• Example: Satyagraha Movement led by Mahatma
Gandhi provided a moral map to resist colonial rule
through non-violence and civil disobedience. This
ethical approach unified the Indian population under
a common, morally driven cause.
2. Helps to Resolve Moral Issues
• Ethics offers tools for addressing and thinking
through moral dilemmas.
• Example: Permission for passive euthanasia under stringent guidelines by the Supreme Court of India
in the Aruna Shanbaug Case after much deliberation, resolving a significant moral and legal issue.
3. Ensures Individual and Social Good
• Ethics guides human conduct, aiming for the betterment of individuals and society
• Example: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives of companies like Infosys and Tata Group
ensure individual and social good. Their programs in education, healthcare, and environmental
sustainability benefit both employees and communities.
4. Attainment of Highest Good: Summum Bonum
• Ethics aims for the highest good, leading to ultimate happiness and fulfilment.
• Example: ISKCON’s Food for Life program aims at the highest good by providing nutritious food to the
needy, promoting physical well-being and mental peace.
5. Resolves Ethical Dilemmas
• Ethical values guide us through challenging situations.
• Example:
o The big dams like the Narmada Dam project in India posed ethical dilemmas regarding
environmental conservation versus developmental benefits.
o The ethical dilemmas of corporate responsibility and accountability were starkly highlighted in the
Bhopal Gas Tragedy. Ethical principles demanded justice and compensation for the victims, leading
to prolonged legal and societal efforts to address the tragedy.
6. Frees from Bias and Prejudices
• Ethics helps dismantle misconceptions and biases, promoting fairness.

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 • Example: The Decriminalization of Section 377: The ethical stand against bias and prejudice led to the
historic Supreme Court verdict decriminalising homosexuality in India. This judgment freed many from
societal prejudices and promoted inclusiveness.
7. Effective Decision Making
• Ethics guides just and inclusive decision-making processes.
• Example: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) ensures that environmental decisions are made ethically,
balancing development with ecological preservation. Cases like the M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (2009)
highlight effective decision-making aimed at societal and environmental well-being and reiterated the
need for stringent measures and regular monitoring.
ABSENCE OF ETHICS LEADS TO:
Individual Level
• Moral Degradation: Without ethics, individuals may engage in dishonest, harmful, or illegal behavior,
leading to a loss of personal integrity and trustworthiness.
Social Level
• Erosion of Social Fabric: Ethical lapses in society can result in increased crime, corruption, and a
breakdown of communal relationships, reducing overall social cohesion and trust.
Political Level
• Corruption and Misgovernance: In the absence of ethical conduct, political leaders may prioritize personal
gain over public service, leading to corruption, inefficiency, and a loss of public confidence in government
institutions.
Adherence to Human Rights
• Violation of Rights: Without a strong ethical framework, there is a higher likelihood of human rights
abuses, discrimination, and exploitation, as the principles of justice and equality are ignored.
Bureaucratic Level
• Inefficiency and Nepotism: A lack of ethics in bureaucracy can lead to favoritism, bribery, and a disregard
for merit, resulting in inefficiency, poor public service delivery, and mistrust in administrative processes.
International Level
• Global Instability: Absence of ethical behavior on the international stage can lead to unfair trade practices,
exploitation of weaker nations, and conflicts, undermining global peace and cooperation.
Accountability
• Lack of Responsibility: Without ethics, accountability diminishes, leading to unchecked power, misuse of
resources, and a failure to take responsibility for actions, which can perpetuate systemic failures.
Environmental Level
• Environmental Degradation: Unethical practices often disregard environmental protection, leading to
pollution, depletion of natural resources, and long-term ecological damage, endangering future
generations.
Evaluation of Ethical Conduct
Ethical conduct involves respecting the rights of participants and ensuring the minimisation of potential harm.
There are following principles which influence the evaluation of whether an action is ethical or unethical -
Key Principles:
1. Free Will: A choice is evaluated as ethical or unethical when it is chosen freely from available options.
Example:

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 • A person who chooses to volunteer at a homeless shelter of their own choice is acting ethically
because they are exercising their free will. However, if their employer forces them to volunteer, the
ethical nature of the action is compromised because it is not a choice made freely.
• Similarly, A person voluntarily donating to charity is considered ethical because they have freely
chosen to do so. However, if someone is coerced into donating, it cannot be evaluated as ethical or
unethical because they lack free will.
2. Knowledge: Ethical decisions require knowledge of the consequences of one's actions.
Example:
• A baby breaking a jar is not considered unethical because the baby lacks the knowledge of the
action’s consequences. In contrast, an adult deliberately breaking a jar would be considered unethical
due to the awareness of its consequences.
• A person who donates to a charity believing it will help people in need is acting ethically due to their
knowledge and intention to do good. Conversely, if someone donates to a scam charity unknowingly,
their action is not unethical, as they lack the knowledge of the fraud.
3. Fear: Actions performed under fear for one's life are subject to legal scrutiny but not necessarily ethical
scrutiny.
Example: Killing someone in self-defence is often considered legally justifiable but is not subject to the
same ethical scrutiny because the action is driven by fear for personal safety.
4. Pathological Status: Individuals suffering from mental disorders may lack knowledge and free will, thus
their actions are not subject to ethical scrutiny.
• A husband with schizophrenia mistreating his wife is not evaluated ethically because his mental
disorder impairs his ability to understand and control his actions.
5. Habit: Behaviours ingrained from childhood through cultural practices may not be judged ethically in a
different cultural context.
Example: Japanese people are trained to apologise profusely for minor mistakes. An American in Japan
not following this practice is not considered unethical because it is not a habit ingrained in American
culture.
Conclusion:
The evaluation of ethical conduct is nuanced and context-dependent. It requires considering factors such as
free will, knowledge, fear, pathological status, habitual behaviours etc. Understanding these principles helps
in making informed judgments about ethical and unethical behaviour in various situations.
Scope of Ethics
• Personal Ethics: Individual moral beliefs and values that guide personal behaviour.
• Professional Ethics: Standards and practices within professional fields to ensure integrity, responsibility,
and fairness.
• Social Ethics: Norms and principles that govern societal interactions and communal well-being.
• Environmental Ethics: Ethical considerations regarding the environment, emphasizing sustainability and
conservation.
• Global Ethics: Ethical principles that apply to international relations and global issues, such as human
rights, peace, and justice.
Nature of Ethics
• Ethics Exists in all Human Societies: Ethics is a universal phenomenon found in all human societies. Every
society has its own set of moral codes and ethical standards that guide behavior. For example, concepts of

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 honesty, respect, and fairness are found in varying forms across cultures, indicating the presence of ethics
globally.
• Exclusively for Human Beings: Ethics is considered unique to human beings due to our advanced cognitive
abilities, which allow us to reflect on our actions and their moral implications. For instance, humans can
debate the morality of artificial intelligence or genetic engineering, a level of ethical consideration not seen
in other species.
• Ethics Standards Differ from Society to Society: While ethics is universal, the standards and norms differ
across cultures. What is considered ethical in one society may not be in another. For example, arranged
marriages are ethically accepted in some cultures but viewed critically in others, illustrating the cultural
variability of ethical standards.
• Ethical Principles are Universal in Nature: Despite cultural differences, certain ethical principles are
universal, such as the prohibition of murder or theft. These principles are rooted in the common
understanding of human well-being and justice. For example, the principle of not causing unnecessary
harm to others is widely accepted across different societies.
• Ethics is a Normative Science: Ethics prescribes how people ought to behave. It sets standards for right
and wrong conduct. For example, medical ethics outlines how healthcare professionals should treat
patients with dignity and confidentiality, guiding their professional conduct.
• Ethics is Different from Morality: While ethics and morality are related, they are distinct. Morality refers
to personal beliefs about right and wrong, often influenced by culture, religion, or personal experiences.
Ethics, on the other hand, is a systematic and rational examination of these moral beliefs. For instance, an
individual's moral belief might be against lying, but ethical analysis can explore the complexities and
consequences of truth-telling in different situations.
• Ethics is a Science of Values: Ethics studies values, including what is good, bad, right, or wrong. It seeks to
understand and systematize these values to guide human conduct. For example, business ethics evaluates
corporate practices, aiming to align business operations with societal values such as fairness, transparency,
and social responsibility.
Dimension of Ethics
Ethics is a broad field with several branches, each addressing different types of questions about morality and
ethical behaviour. Here are the four primary branches of ethics along with the types of questions they deal
with:
1. Descriptive ethics - What do people think is right?
2. Meta-ethics - What does "right" even mean?
3. Normative (prescriptive) ethics - How should people act?
4. Applied ethics - How do we take moral knowledge and put it into practice?

Descriptive Ethics Applied Ethics

• Descriptive ethics is the study of people's beliefs • Evans and Macmillan (2014, p.27) define
about morality. It seeks to explain the moral and applied ethics as “theories of ethics concerned
ethical practices and beliefs of different societies with the application of normative ethics to
and cultures. particular ethical issues.”
• It deals with what people truly think (or are led to • Nature: Applied ethics involves the
think) is right or bad, and as a result, it upholds philosophical examination of specific concerns
human activities that are acceptable or not in private and public life that require moral
acceptable or penalised by custom or law. judgment.

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• It provides a factual account of moral beliefs and • Focus: It addresses controversial topics
practices, offering insight into how different cultures such as war, animal rights, and capital
perceive and enact ethical behaviour. punishment.
o Approach: It is a value-free approach, meaning it • It applies the conceptual tools of
does not judge the morality of practices and beliefs metaethics and normative ethics to
but simply describes them as observed in different resolve these issues.
groups or cultures. Examples:
o Nature: It focuses on what people actually believe • Bioethics: Deals with issues like
is right or wrong, rather than what they should euthanasia, abortion, and research on
believe. human embryos.
Example: • Business Ethics: Covers topics such as
• Attitudes Towards Marriage: Polygamy is acceptable good corporate governance and the
and practiced in some cultures, while monogamy is the protection of whistleblowers.
standard in others.
• Approach to Aging: In Japanese culture, elderly
individuals are highly respected and cared for within the
family, whereas in some Western cultures, there is a
greater reliance on retirement homes and professional
care facilities.
Normative Ethics Meta Ethics
• Normative ethics is concerned with establishing norms, It examines what ethics itself means, rather
standards, or criteria for ethical behaviour. It studies than addressing specific ethical issues.
what people should or should not do. Unlike normative ethics, which prescribes
• It establishes guidelines for how people ought to how people should act, meta-ethics
behave, providing a framework for determining the examines what we mean when we talk about
rightness or wrongness of actions. It prescribes ethical what is right or wrong.
behaviour based on established moral principles. Meta means about the things itself. So, Meta
• Purpose: To prescribe how people ought to act and ethics is ethics about ethics i.e. Evaluation of
behave in society. Ethics itself. eg.
• Nature: It is prescriptive, focusing on principles that • What is meant by a wrong action?
determine ethical actions. It deals with moral standards • Why is stealing immoral?
and how they are justified. • Why charity is moral?
• Common theories: Utilitarianism, deontology, and Example:
consequentialism are examples of normative ethical In case of Santhara practise by Jain, Meta
theories. ethics studies the reason for such beliefs
• Examples: more profoundly.
o Giving to Charity is Good, but Not Ethically
Mandatory:
▪ This reflects the normative belief that
while charity is a virtuous act, it is not a
moral obligation.
o Murder is Wrong: This principle is a normative
ethical standard that prescribes that taking
another person's life is unethical.

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Applied Ethics
Applied ethics encompasses the practical application of moral principles across various domains of human
activity.
1. Bioethics:
• Bioethics is the study of ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine. It involves the
application of ethical principles to healthcare, medical research, and biotechnology.
• From debates on contentious issues like abortion and euthanasia to ethical considerations in organ
donation and healthcare rationing, bioethics navigates complex moral terrain.
• With the emergence of biotechnology, topics such as cloning, gene therapy, and the ethical
implications of space exploration expand the scope of bioethical inquiry.
Principles
• Autonomy: Autonomy refers to the right of individuals to make informed decisions about their own
lives and bodies. In healthcare, this means respecting patients' decisions about their treatment.
o Example: A patient diagnosed with cancer decides to refuse chemotherapy after being fully
informed about the potential outcomes and risks. Healthcare providers must respect this
decision, even if they believe the treatment would be beneficial.
• Beneficence: Beneficence involves acting in the best
interest of the patient or research subject. It requires
healthcare providers to promote the well-being of
others and to provide benefits while balancing
potential risks.
o Example: A doctor recommends a flu vaccine to a
patient because it is in the patient's best interest
to be protected against the influenza virus,
thereby promoting the patient's health and
preventing illness.
• Non-Maleficence: Non-maleficence means "do no
harm." It obligates healthcare professionals to avoid
causing harm to patients and to prevent harm
whenever possible.
o Example: A surgeon decides against performing an unnecessary surgery on a patient because the
risks of complications outweigh any potential benefits, thereby avoiding harm to the patient.
• Justice: Justice in bioethics involves fairness in the distribution of healthcare resources and
treatments. It requires that all individuals are treated equally and that there is equitable access to
medical care.
o Example: During a flu epidemic, a limited supply of vaccines is distributed based on need and risk
factors (such as age, health conditions, and exposure risk) rather than socioeconomic status,
ensuring fair access to the vaccine.
• Confidentiality: Confidentiality entails keeping personal and medical information private and sharing
it only with those who have a legitimate need to know.
o Example: A nurse does not disclose a patient's HIV status to others without the patient's consent,
protecting the patient's right to privacy and confidentiality.

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 • Informed Consent: Informed consent involves providing patients with all necessary information
regarding a medical procedure or treatment, including risks, benefits, and alternatives, so they can
make an educated decision.
o Example: Before enrolling in a clinical trial, a participant is given detailed information about the
study's purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits, and they voluntarily agree to
participate by signing a consent form.
• Fidelity: Fidelity means maintaining trust and keeping promises. It involves being honest and faithful
to commitments made to patients.
o Example: A doctor follows through on a promise to call a patient with their test results as soon as
they are available, maintaining the patient's trust in the healthcare provider.
• Application:
o The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in India governs the ethical and legal aspects
of abortion. Bioethicists in India engage in discussions about reproductive rights, fetal viability,
and the ethical considerations surrounding abortion procedures.
o In vitro fertilization (IVF) raises ethical questions regarding the status of embryos and the
selection process for implantation. Bioethicists engage in discussions about the rights of embryos
and the ethical implications of genetic selection in assisted reproductive technologies.
2. Political Ethics:
• Political ethics deals with ethical issues in politics and governance, including corruption, abuse of
power, and the ethical responsibilities of political leaders.
• More coverage in class.
• The Representation of the People Act, 1951 in India governs the conduct of elections and sets ethical
standards for political parties and candidates.
• Ethics in Political Decision-making: Political ethics guides decision-making processes in government,
ensuring that decisions are made with ethical considerations in mind. This includes considering the
impact of decisions on different segments of society and ensuring that decisions are fair and just.
• Examples: The ethical dilemma of whether to accept donations from corporations or lobbyists
challenges political leaders' integrity and commitment to serving the public interest. Political ethicists
work to promote ethical behaviour and accountability in politics.
3. Environmental Ethics
• Environmental ethics is the study of moral principles guiding our relationship with the natural
environment. It addresses the ethical responsibilities of humans toward the environment and non-
human entities.
• It tackles moral dilemmas surrounding environmental protection. From advocating for sustainable
development and biodiversity conservation to addressing human-animal conflicts and promoting non-
harming to animals, environmental ethics guides ethical decision-making in ecological matters.

Principles
• Respect for Nature: Respecting nature involves recognizing the intrinsic value of the natural world,
independent of its utility to humans. This principle emphasizes the moral worth of all living beings and
ecosystems.
o Example: A company chooses to preserve a forested area rather than clear-cutting it for timber,
acknowledging the forest's inherent value and the right of the plants and animals within it to
exist.

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• Sustainability: Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It promotes the responsible use of resources to
ensure long-term environmental health.
o Example: A city implements a recycling program and invests in renewable energy sources like
solar and wind power to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources and minimize
environmental impact.
• Interconnectedness: This principle recognizes the interconnectedness of all elements in an
ecosystem. It emphasizes that changes to one part of the environment can have widespread and often
unpredictable effects.
o Example: Farmers adopt integrated pest management practices instead of chemical pesticides,
understanding that preserving beneficial insects helps maintain a balanced and healthy
ecosystem.
• Stewardship: Stewardship involves taking responsibility for managing and caring for the environment.
It entails protecting natural resources and ensuring their proper use and conservation.
o Example: A government enforces strict pollution controls on industries and invests in
reforestation projects, acting as a steward of the nation's natural resources and biodiversity.
• Justice and Equity: Environmental justice ensures that all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, or
socioeconomic status, have equal access to a healthy environment. It addresses the fair distribution of
environmental benefits and burdens.
o Example: A community organization fights against the placement of a hazardous waste facility in
a low-income neighborhood, advocating for the residents' right to a safe and clean living
environment.
• Precautionary Principle: The precautionary principle advises that action should be taken to prevent
harm to the environment when there is scientific uncertainty. It suggests erring on the side of caution
to protect ecological systems.
o Example: Legislators ban the use of a chemical suspected of causing severe environmental
damage, even though conclusive scientific evidence is still pending, to avoid potential irreversible
harm.
• Respect for Biodiversity: This principle involves recognizing the importance of maintaining the
diversity of species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is essential for ecosystem stability, resilience, and
overall health.
o Example: Conservationists work to protect endangered species and their habitats, such as
creating wildlife reserves and implementing breeding programs, to preserve biodiversity.
• Holistic Perspective: A holistic perspective considers the environment, integrating social, economic,
and ecological factors in decision-making processes. It promotes comprehensive approaches to
environmental issues.
o Example: Urban planners design green cities that incorporate parks, green roofs, and sustainable
transportation systems, balancing economic development with environmental preservation and
social well-being.
• Application
o The Chipko movement and legal interventions such as the Uttarakhand High Court's recognition
of the Ganga River as a legal entity highlight the intersection of ethics and environmental justice.
o The legal battle over the preservation of the Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot in India, raises
ethical questions about environmental conservation versus economic development.

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 Environmental ethicists advocate for sustainable land-use policies and the protection of fragile
ecosystems.
4. Technology Ethics: Technology ethics encompasses specific ethical principles that guide the responsible
development, deployment, and use of technology. Here are some key principles, each illustrated with an
example:
Principles
• Privacy: Respect for user privacy involves protecting personal information from unauthorized access
and misuse.
o Example: A health app anonymizes user data before storing it and ensures that sensitive health
information cannot be traced back to individual users, protecting their privacy.
• Security: Ensuring the security of technology systems and data protects against unauthorized access,
breaches, and cyber threats.
o Example: An e-commerce platform uses encryption for transactions and regular security updates
to protect customer payment information from hackers.
• Transparency: Transparency requires clear communication about how technology works, what data is
collected, and how it is used.
o Example: A smartphone app provides users with clear information on what data it collects (e.g.,
location, contacts) and how this data will be used, allowing users to make informed decisions.
• Accountability: Accountability means that creators and operators of technology are responsible for
the impacts of their products and services.
o Example: A social media company takes responsibility for the spread of misinformation on its
platform by implementing stricter content moderation policies and fact-checking mechanisms.
• Fairness: Fairness ensures that technology is accessible and does not discriminate against any group.
o Example: An AI-based hiring platform is tested for biases to ensure it evaluates candidates solely
based on their qualifications, without favoring or disadvantaging candidates based on race,
gender, or age.
• Beneficence: Beneficence involves creating technology that benefits individuals and society,
promoting well-being.
o Example: A non-profit organization develops an educational app that provides free access to
quality learning resources for children in underprivileged areas, enhancing educational
opportunities.
• Non-Maleficence: Non-maleficence means avoiding harm through the use of technology.
o Example: A self-driving car manufacturer rigorously tests its vehicles to ensure they are safe and
do not pose risks to passengers, pedestrians, or other road users.
• Informed Consent: Informed consent involves ensuring that users understand how technology works
and the implications of its use before they agree to use it.
o Example: A genetic testing service provides comprehensive information about what the tests can
reveal, the limitations of the results, and potential privacy concerns before users agree to
participate.
• Sustainability: Sustainability involves creating technology in ways that minimize environmental impact
and promote long-term ecological health.
o Example: A tech company designs its products with recyclable materials and invests in renewable
energy sources to power its data centers, reducing its overall environmental footprint.

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 • Respect for Autonomy: Respect for autonomy ensures that technology supports users' ability to make
their own decisions without undue influence.
o Example: A fitness tracker app provides users with data on their physical activity and health
metrics without using manipulative techniques to push them towards specific products or
services.
These principles guide the ethical creation and implementation of technology, ensuring it is used responsibly
and benefits society while protecting individual rights and promoting fairness and accountability.

5. Media Ethics
• Media ethics scrutinises ethical standards in journalism and information dissemination. Preventing
information monopolies, upholding pluralism, and maintaining objectivity are key concerns.
• More coverage in class.
• Examples:
o Recent scandals like the TRP manipulation by some media houses and the media's role in
influencing public opinion in cases like the Aryan Khan drug case underscore the importance of
ethical conduct in media.
o The coverage of sensitive issues such as communal violence or caste-based discrimination in
Indian media requires adherence to ethical standards. Media ethicists assess the balance between
freedom of speech and responsible journalism, ensuring accurate and unbiased reporting.
6. Digital Media Ethics
• Digital media ethics addresses ethical challenges arising from digital news media. Issues like
plagiarism, digital manipulation of images or videos, invasion of privacy, and the spread of fake news
pose ethical dilemmas.
• Digital media ethicists advocate for policies to combat fake news, protect user privacy, and promote
digital literacy among the Indian populace.
• Examples: The spread of misinformation and hate speech on social media platforms during communal
riots or elections poses ethical challenges.
o Deepfake technology and biases in facial recognition systems are examples of emerging ethical
concerns in the digital sphere.
Normative Ethics Theories
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that evaluates the morality of actions based on their outcomes.
The central idea is that an action is morally right if it produces the greatest amount of good for the greatest
number of people.
1. Consequentialism: The rightness or wrongness of an action is determined solely by its consequences.
2. Utility: The measure of the good or happiness produced by an action.
3. Maximization: The aim is to maximize overall happiness or utility.
Types:
• Act Utilitarianism: Evaluates each individual action based on whether it maximizes happiness.
• Rule Utilitarianism: Evaluates the rules governing actions, believing that adherence to rules that generally
maximize happiness leads to better outcomes.
Examples:
• Healthcare: Allocating limited resources to treatments that benefit the most people.
• Public Policy: Implementing laws and policies that promote the overall well-being of society.

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Criticism:
• Can justify morally questionable actions if they result in greater overall happiness.
• Difficult to measure and compare the utility of different actions.
DEONTOLOGY
Deontology is a normative ethical theory that focuses on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions
themselves, rather than their consequences. It emphasizes duties and rules.
1. Duty-Based Ethics: Actions are morally obligatory, permissible, or forbidden based on a set of rules or
duties.
2. Intrinsic Value: Certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their outcomes.
3. Universalizability: Moral rules should be applicable universally, meaning if an action is right for one
person, it should be right for everyone in similar circumstances.
Philosophers:
• Immanuel Kant: Advocated for the "categorical imperative," which is a principle stating that one should
act only according to maxims that can be universalized.
Examples:
• Honesty: Always telling the truth, regardless of the consequences.
• Justice: Treating people fairly and respecting their rights, even if it leads to less overall happiness.
Criticism:
• Can be rigid and inflexible, failing to account for situations where breaking a rule might lead to better
outcomes.
• May lead to conflicting duties, making it difficult to determine the right course of action.
VIRTUE ETHICS
Virtue ethics is a normative ethical theory that emphasizes the development of virtuous character traits
(virtues) and moral virtues as the basis for moral behavior, rather than focusing on rules or consequences.
1. Character-Based Ethics: The focus is on what kind of person one should be, rather than on specific actions.
2. Virtues: Positive character traits, such as courage, honesty, compassion, and wisdom, that enable
individuals to flourish and live a good life.
3. Eudaimonia: Often translated as "flourishing" or "well-being," it is the ultimate goal of human life
according to virtue ethics.
Philosophers:
• Aristotle: Advocated for the "Golden Mean," which is the balance between excess and deficiency in
character traits.
Examples:
• Courage: Acting bravely in the face of fear or adversity.
• Compassion: Showing empathy and concern for others' well-being.
Criticism:
• Lacks clear guidance on specific actions, making it less practical in resolving moral dilemmas.
• The definition and prioritization of virtues can vary between cultures and individuals, leading to
subjectivity.
Comparison of Theories:
• Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences and aims to maximize overall happiness.
• Deontology emphasizes duties and rules, considering some actions inherently right or wrong.
• Virtue Ethics centers on the character and virtues, seeking to cultivate a good and flourishing life.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

Determinants of Ethics
• Religion: Religion provides a moral framework based on divine commandments or spiritual teachings,
influencing ethical behavior and decision-making.
Examples:
o Ten Commandments in Christianity: Guidelines such as "Thou shalt not kill" and "Thou shalt not
steal" shape ethical conduct.
o Five Precepts in Buddhism: Ethical principles such as abstaining from killing and stealing guide
followers' actions.
• Culture: Culture encompasses the beliefs, customs, and practices of a society, shaping individuals'
perceptions of right and wrong.
Examples:
o Hospitality in Middle Eastern cultures: Emphasizes the ethical duty to be hospitable to guests.
o Respect for Elders in many Asian cultures: Cultural norms dictate showing respect and care for older
family members.
• Judiciary: The judiciary interprets and enforces laws, ensuring justice and ethical conduct within a legal
framework.
Examples:
o Court Rulings: Decisions that uphold human rights, such as rulings against discrimination.
o Judicial Review: Ensuring laws align with ethical standards and constitutional principles.
• Constitution: The constitution of a country sets out fundamental principles and rights, providing a basis
for ethical governance and legal systems.
Examples:
o Bill of Rights in the US Constitution: Protects individual freedoms and rights, guiding ethical behavior
in governance.
o Directive Principles in the Indian Constitution: Outline ethical obligations of the state to ensure social
and economic welfare.
• Role Models: Role models, including public figures and leaders, influence ethical behavior by exemplifying
virtuous conduct.
Examples:
o Mahatma Gandhi: His principles of non-violence and truthfulness inspire ethical behavior.
o Nelson Mandela: His dedication to justice and equality serves as an ethical guide.
• Conscience: Conscience is an individual's internal sense of right and wrong, guiding personal ethical
decisions.
Examples:
o Moral Dilemmas: Choosing to return a lost wallet based on an internal sense of honesty.
o Ethical Reflection: Feeling guilt or pride after making ethical or unethical decisions.
• Family and Teachers: Family and teachers play a crucial role in instilling ethical values and principles during
early development.
Examples:
o Parental Guidance: Teaching children to be honest and respectful.
o Educational Influence: Teachers promoting integrity and fairness in the classroom.
• Law: Laws provide formal rules and regulations that define acceptable behavior and enforce ethical
standards in society.
Examples:

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

 o Anti-corruption Laws: Legislation aimed at preventing bribery and promoting ethical governance.
o Environmental Laws: Regulations that enforce ethical responsibility towards environmental
protection.
• Society: Society, as a collective entity, influences ethical behavior through social norms, expectations, and
collective values.
Examples:
o Community Standards: Social pressure to conform to ethical behavior, such as honesty and
cooperation.
o Public Opinion: Societal condemnation of unethical practices, such as corporate fraud or
environmental harm.
Ethics in Private and Professional Relationships
Human beings are social animals, and our interactions naturally lead to the formation of relationships. Gandhi
emphasised that “for achieving a nonviolent and truthful society, it is important to have a good
relationship”. These relationships are founded on four key principles: Respect, Understanding, Acceptance,
and Appreciation.
Personal Relationships
Private relationships encompass interactions with family, friends, and close personal partners, where ethical
behaviour is foundational for trust, respect, and mutual well-being. These relationships are deeply influenced
by cultural values, traditions, and societal norms.
Importance of Ethics in Private Relationships
1. Leads to Living a Good Life: Ethical behaviour in private relationships helps individuals navigate difficult
times and contributes to a fulfilling and balanced life. Example: A person who consistently treats their
partner with respect and honesty is likely to experience a more harmonious and supportive relationship,
which contributes to overall well-being.
2. Right Decision Making: Ethical principles guide individuals to make fair and just decisions, especially during
conflicts of interest. Example: When faced with a family dispute over inheritance, a person guided by
fairness and integrity will make decisions that consider the well-being of all parties involved, rather than
acting out of self-interest.
3. Character Development: Upholding values like honesty, integrity, and equality helps in building a strong
and virtuous character. Example: Regularly practising honesty in interactions with family members fosters
a reputation of trustworthiness and strengthens one's moral character.
4. Ethical Lessons for Children: Children learn their first ethical lessons from observing the behaviour of their
family members. Ethical living within the home sets a foundation for their future conduct. Example: A child
who sees their parents resolving conflicts through dialogue and mutual respect is likely to adopt similar
approaches in their own relationships.
5. Acceptance in Public Life: Ethical behaviour in private relationships enhances a person's acceptance and
reputation in public life. Example: An individual known for treating their spouse and children with kindness
and fairness is more likely to be respected and trusted in their community and professional circles.
6. More Tolerance for Imperfection: Ethical relationships foster a higher tolerance for imperfection due to
mutual trust, love, and dependence. Example: A person who understands and forgives their partner's
occasional mistakes, instead of reacting harshly, builds a stronger, more resilient relationship based on
mutual support and understanding.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

Ethics in Public Relationships
Ethics in public relationships pertain to the conduct of individuals in their interactions within society,
professional environments, governance, and leadership roles. In the Indian context, these relationships are
shaped by cultural norms, historical precedents, and societal expectations. Ethical behaviour in public
relationships is essential for trust, transparency, and the overall functioning of society.
The core values such as advocacy, honesty, selflessness, expertise, openness, accountability, fairness etc are
necessary to guide human actions and are vital to the integrity of any profession.
Seven Principles of Public life by Nolan Committee:
The Nolan Committee, also recognised as the Committee on Standards in Public Life, was formed in the United
Kingdom in 1994 with the aim of investigating and proposing solutions concerning ethical standards in public
affairs. The committee's efforts resulted in the formulation of seven guiding principles referred to as the 'Nolan
Principles.' These principles are widely utilised to uphold transparency, honesty, and responsibility among
public officials.
The Nolan Committee established seven principles to guide public life, emphasising ethical standards for
individuals in public office. These principles are Selflessness, Integrity, Objectivity, Accountability, Openness,
Honesty, and Leadership.
1. Selflessness: Public office holders should act solely in terms of the public interest, putting the welfare of
the public above personal gain. Ex –
• Donating Organs: A person who willingly donates their organs to save the lives of others
demonstrates selflessness. Despite the potential risks and discomfort involved in the donation
process, they prioritise the well-being of others over their convenience or safety.
• Sindhutai, hailed as the "Mother of Orphans," is a dedicated social worker who has spent her life
caring for abandoned children. Through her relentless dedication, she has brought hope and a
brighter future to countless lives, embodying the essence of selflessness.
• Volunteering in Disaster Relief: Those who selflessly volunteer in disaster-stricken areas, offering aid
and support to affected communities, demonstrate remarkable selflessness. They dedicate their time
and resources to helping survivors, often travelling to disaster zones and working tirelessly to assist.

2. Integrity: It is the practice of being honest and showing a consistent and uncompromising adherence to
moral and ethical principles. Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

 other obligation to outside individuals or organisations that might influence them in the performance of
their official duties.
Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside
individuals or organizations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties.
Example–
• Mahatma Gandhi and Abraham Lincoln were exemplary leaders who were famous for their integrity.
Both in times of crisis adhered to their values like Lincoln sticking to the abolition of slavery and Gandhi
towards non-violence
3. Objectivity: Decisions are made on merit and based on the best evidence available, without bias or
favouritism. It means making decisions based on established facts and figures rather than personal opinion
or bias.
In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts or
recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.
Ex –
• Sam Manekshaw, key architect of India’s 1971 victory against Pakistan, famously told Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi that the Army wasn't ready for war in April 1971 and requested a few months to prepare.
Gandhi accepted, and Manekshaw delivered a swift, remarkable victory.
• Justice Venkatachaliah exhibited objectivity in his judicial decisions, notably in the Kesavananda
Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) case. He affirmed that specific elements of the Constitution remain
untouched by Parliament's amending authority, irrespective of external political influence.
4. Accountability: Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and
must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office. Ex –
• Emperor Ashoka, after the Kalinga War, held himself accountable for his actions and adopted
Buddhism.
• Common Cause vs. Union of India (2018): Emphasized the accountability of the government in
ensuring transparency and accountability in the allocation of natural resources.
• Max Weber warns that without accountability, bureaucracy can become overpowering, akin to
Frankenstein's monster.
5. Openness: Information should be disclosed openly and transparently to the public unless there are clear
and lawful reasons for withholding it. Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the
decisions and actions they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only
when the wider public interest clearly demands. Ex-
• Akbar the Great promoted open dialogue and religious tolerance through his court.
• The implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act in India promotes openness in government
operations and decision-making.
6. Honesty: Public office holders must be truthful and transparent in their dealings, ensuring honesty in all
their actions. It can be defined as “being trustworthy, loyal, fair and sincere”. An honest person is free of
deceit, is truthful and sincere and does not tell a lie.
Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties and to
take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest.
Examples-
• Ashok Khemka, an IAS officer, is known for his honesty and whistleblowing on corruption. Despite
facing numerous transfers and political pressure, Khemka consistently exposed corruption in land deals

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

 and other administrative matters. His commitment to honesty and integrity, even in the face of
adversity, highlights the importance of ethical behavior in public service.
• Harishchandra: Known for his unwavering commitment to truth, he is a legendary figure in Indian
culture symbolizing honesty, even in the face of adversity.
7. Leadership: Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership and
example, demonstrating ethical behaviour in their conduct. Ex –
• Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi led her troops with courage during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• Ela Bhatt, founder of SEWA (Self-Employed Women’s Association), demonstrated leadership in
empowering women workers.
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel led the integration of princely states into India.

Relations between Private and Public Relationships

• Interconnectedness: Public and private ethics are interconnected because individuals' personal ethical
beliefs and values often shape their behaviour and decision-making in public roles and settings. Conversely,
societal norms and expectations, which are influenced by public ethics, can impact individuals' private
ethical choices.
• Example:
o Mahatma Gandhi's personal commitment to nonviolence and truth influenced his public role as a
leader of the Indian independence movement. His adherence to ethical principles like Satyagraha
(truth-force) inspired a nation and shaped the course of history.
o The #MeToo movement sparked by allegations of sexual harassment and assault against prominent
figures, led to a re-evaluation of societal norms around gender relations and workplace conduct. This
societal shift influenced individuals' private ethical choices regarding respect, consent, and
accountability.

• Influence on Individuals: Public ethics can influence individuals' private ethical conduct by shaping their
perceptions of what is morally acceptable or unacceptable. For example, laws and regulations enacted
based on public ethical principles may influence individuals' behaviour by setting standards for acceptable
conduct and deterring unethical actions through legal consequences.
o Example: The introduction of stringent anti-corruption laws in India, such as the Prevention of
Corruption Act, has influenced individuals' private ethical conduct by setting clear standards for
acceptable behaviour and deterring corrupt practices in both public and private sectors.

• Conflicts of Interest: Conflicts of interest can arise when individuals' private interests or relationships
conflict with their public duties or responsibilities. Managing conflicts of interest ethically requires
individuals to prioritize the public good over personal gain and to disclose any potential conflicts to avoid
compromising the integrity of their decision-making.
o Examples- The Supreme Court of India has set precedents by requiring judges to recuse themselves
from cases where there is a potential conflict of interest. This ensures impartiality and upholds the
integrity of the judiciary, even in cases involving influential individuals or sensitive matters.
• Legal and Ethical Considerations: While laws and regulations establish legal standards for behaviour in
both public and private domains, ethical considerations may go beyond legal requirements. Ethical

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 decision-making involves considering not only what is permissible under the law but also what is morally
right and just, taking into account the potential impact on stakeholders and society as a whole.
o Example- Issue of marital rape

Overall, the relationship between public and private ethics underscores the importance of promoting ethical
behaviour and accountability at all levels of society, recognizing the interconnectedness between individual
actions, organizational practices, and broader societal values and norms. By upholding ethical principles in
both public and private spheres, individuals and institutions can contribute to the creation of a more just,
equitable, and sustainable society.

Difference between Ethics in Private Relations and Ethics in Public Relations

Parameters Ethics in Private Relations Ethics in Public Relations
This refers to personal relationships, This involves the management of
interactions, and conduct in an communication and relationships between an
individual's personal life. It includes organization (or individual) and the public. It is a
Scope
relationships with family, friends, and professional domain concerned with
other individuals in one's personal maintaining a positive image and fostering
network. mutually beneficial relationships.
Involves personal and often intimate Involves relationships between organizations
connections. Ethical considerations in and the public, including clients, customers,
Nature of private relations revolve around trust, stakeholders, and the broader community.
Relationship loyalty, honesty, and respect within Ethical considerations in public relations include
personal relationships. transparency, honesty, and integrity in
communication.
Individuals have a higher degree of Involves considerations of organizational
autonomy and privacy in their personal interests, transparency, and the public's right to
Autonomy &
lives. Ethical behavior involves information. The autonomy and privacy of
Privacy
respecting the boundaries and privacy individuals may be secondary to the
of others. organization's need for transparency.
Self Interest Public Interest/ Organisation interest
Ex. Going a Tourist place along with Ex. Budget making Process of the Central
Motive friends government, Teamwork to launch Public welfare
scheme
Enforcement of ethical behavior is Ethical conduct is subject to external scrutiny.
often internal, relying on personal Violations of ethical standards can lead to legal
Enforcement values, conscience, and the dynamics consequences, damage to reputation, and
of the interpersonal relationships professional consequences for individuals and
involved. organizations.

In summary, ethics in private relations are concerned with personal interactions, guided by individual values
and societal norms, while ethics in public relations involve professional standards and considerations in
managing relationships between organizations and the public. While both involve ethical considerations, the
contexts, standards, and enforcement mechanisms differ significantly.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

Ethics and Religion
Ethics and religion are two intertwined yet distinct domains that often shape individuals' moral values, beliefs,
and behaviour. Both ethics and religion guide how to live a virtuous and meaningful life, but they do so through
different mechanisms and perspectives.

Aspect Ethics Religion

Definition A system of moral principles that governs A system of beliefs and worship centered
behavior. around a higher power or deity.
Basis Rational and philosophical reasoning. Faith, divine revelation, and religious texts.
Source Human experience, reason, and societal Sacred texts, traditions, and religious
norms. authorities.
Universality Can be secular and universal, applicable Often specific to particular religious
to all. communities.
Flexibility Adaptable and can evolve with societal More rigid and tied to longstanding traditions
changes. and doctrines.
Examples Ethics of justice: ensuring fair treatment Ten Commandments: "Thou shalt not kill."
for all.
Application Applied in diverse contexts like law, Applied in rituals, worship, and religious
business, and personal conduct. observances.
Moral Derived from reason and collective Derived from divine command and religious
Authority human wisdom. teachings.
Purpose Promotes well-being, fairness, and harm Promotes spiritual growth, salvation, and
prevention. adherence to divine will.
Sanctions Social disapproval, legal penalties, or Divine judgment, religious penalties, or
personal guilt. excommunication.

Ethics and Law

Ethics and law intersect and influence each other in many ways; while law sets the minimum standards of
behavior enforced by the state, ethics involves higher standards of behavior guided by moral principles. For
example, in India, the law mandates that public servants must not engage in corruption, which is a legal
standard
• Legally, the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 provides the framework for the protection of animal species
and management of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in India. It strictly prohibits the hunting and
trafficking of endangered species.
• Ethically, there is a deep-seated reverence for nature and wildlife in Indian culture, influenced by
principles of non-violence and respect for living beings as seen in traditions like Jainism and Hinduism.
This ethical belief supports and extends beyond the legal protections, where communities voluntarily
engage in conservation efforts and advocate for the protection of all forms of life, not just those
categorized as endangered by law.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

 Aspect Ethics Law
Meaning Ethics refers to moral principles that Law is a system of rules created and enforced
govern a person's behavior or the through social or governmental institutions
conducting of an activity. to regulate behavior.
Basis Derived from societal norms, cultural Established through statutes, regulations,
backgrounds, and philosophical and legal precedents set by judiciary.
theories.
Enforcement Self-regulated and adhered to by Enforced by governmental institutions like
personal choice or societal pressure. courts, police, etc.
Focus Emphasizes personal values and Focuses on maintaining order and delivering
morality. justice.
Flexibility Ethics are subjective and can vary greatly
Laws are specific and are meant to provide a
between cultures and individuals. consistent framework applicable to all within
a jurisdiction.
Consequences Ethical breaches often result in personal Legal violations lead to prescribed
guilt, social condemnation, or loss of punishments such as fines, imprisonment, or
reputation. other legal sanctions.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

 Morals

Source, Nature and Function:

• Social Constructs: Morals are the rules and standards set by society or culture to guide individuals in
making ethical decisions. Examples: Do not cheat, always tell the truth, respect elders, etc.
• Accepted Norms: Morals refer to a set of rules defining what is considered right or wrong, often accepted
without question. Examples: Many societies emphasize the importance of respecting elders, reflecting a
moral norm of valuing wisdom and experience.
• Guidelines for Behaviour: They represent what societies sanction as right and acceptable, forming the
basis of communal life. Examples: Always tell the truth. Honesty is a valued moral standard that helps build
trust in relationships and society.
Societal Impact:
• Moral Adherence: Most people tend to act morally, following societal guidelines to maintain harmony and
order.
Dynamic Nature:
• Changes with time: While morals may change over time, they consistently provide the standards of
behaviour that society uses to judge actions and decisions.
By adhering to these principles, individuals contribute to their communities' overall well-being and cohesion,
ensuring a stable and just social order.

Constitutional Morality
Constitutional morality refers to the adherence to the core principles and values enshrined in the Constitution,
guiding the behaviour of both government institutions and citizens to ensure justice, liberty, equality, and
fraternity.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the chief architect of the Indian Constitution, advocated for constitutional morality to
ensure social justice and equality.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

Basic Characteristics of Constitutional Morality
• Adherence to Constitutional Principles:
o It emphasises the importance of following the spirit of the Constitution rather than merely its literal
interpretation. Ensures that laws and policies are in harmony with constitutional values.
o For Examples –
▪ The Supreme Court's decision in the Sabarimala case emphasised constitutional morality over
traditional practices, allowing women of all ages to enter the temple.
▪ The decriminalisation of homosexuality in the Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India case was
guided by the principles of equality and dignity enshrined in the Constitution.
• Protection of Fundamental Rights:
o Ensures the protection of individual rights and freedoms as guaranteed by the Constitution.
o Acts as a safeguard against the tyranny of the majority and arbitrary use of power.
o Examples-
▪ The court declared the practice of instant triple talaq unconstitutional, protecting the rights of
Muslim women and promoting gender equality.
• Democratic Governance:
o Upholds democratic principles, promoting the rule of law, accountability, and transparency.
o Encourages active participation of citizens in the democratic process.
o Examples -
▪ The implementation of the Right to Information Act promotes transparency and accountability
in governance, aligning with constitutional values.
• Respect for Pluralism:
o Recognises and respects the diversity of the nation, promoting inclusive governance.
o Protects minority rights and prevents discrimination.
o Examples –
▪ Judicial decisions: Landmark judgments by the Indian judiciary, such as the Kesavananda Bharati
case affirming the basic structure doctrine, uphold the principles of secularism and respect for
pluralism in governance.
▪ Recognition of tribal rights: The recognition of tribal rights and the implementation of laws like
the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA) aim to protect the rights and promote
the welfare of tribal communities, respecting their unique cultural identity.
Constitutional morality ensures that the functioning of the state and its institutions remains within the ethical
and moral framework established by the Constitution. It is essential for the preservation of democratic values,
protection of individual rights, and maintenance of social harmony.

Difference between Ethics and Morality:

Aspect Ethics Morals

A systematic set of external principles that guide Individual (internal) beliefs about
Definition behaviour with respect to rightness/wrongness of what is right and wrong.
human action .
Broader, often involving a codified set of rules or More personal and subjective,
Scope principles. based on individual or cultural
beliefs.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

 Derived from philosophical reasoning and societal Derived from cultural norms,
Source standards. religious beliefs, and personal
values.
More adaptable and can be debated and refined over Can be rigid, deeply ingrained,
Flexibility
time. and resistant to change.
What should be done in various situations (theoretical). What is considered right or wrong
Focus
by individuals (practical).
Used in professional fields, law, and broader societal Applied in everyday personal
Application
contexts. decisions and behaviors.
Aims for universal principles that apply broadly. Often varies significantly across
Universality
different cultures and individuals.
Rational analysis, professional codes, and legal systems. Personal conscience, upbringing,
Basis
religious teachings.
To create a harmonious and functioning society. To guide individual behavior and
Objective
maintain personal integrity.
Professional ethics: doctors adhering to patient Moral belief: an individual
Examples
confidentiality. believing it is wrong to lie.

Human Values
• Human values guide people to consider the human element when they interact with other human beings.
• These values are fundamental to ethical conduct and often serve as a framework for individuals and
societies to navigate complex moral dilemmas.
• Examples:
o Honesty, integrity, compassion, fairness, respect, responsibility, and empathy.
o They shape how individuals interact with others, make choices, and contribute to the well-being of
society as a whole.
Types of Values

Type of
Definition Example
Value
Values that are not absolute The adaptation of remote working policies during the COVID-
and can change depending 19 pandemic has shifted the value placed on physical
Relative
on the context, situation, or presence in the workplace. Companies in urban areas are
Values
perspective. increasingly valuing productivity and output over traditional
office attendance.
Values that are considered The protection of forest land and tribal rights in areas like the
Protected non-negotiable and are Niyamgiri Hills, where local communities and activists have
Values maintained regardless of the fiercely protected the land against mining activities due to its
cost. cultural and environmental significance.
Values that are considered The recent Supreme Court ruling affirming the Sabarimala
Sacred inviolable and are often temple's tradition of restricting women's entry of
Values linked to religious or menstruating age highlights the tension between sacred
spiritual beliefs. values and legal principles of equality.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

 Values that are appreciated The celebration of festivals like Diwali, which is valued for its
Intrinsic
for their own sake, not intrinsic joy and cultural significance.
Values
because of their outcomes.
Values that are important The focus on acquiring STEM education in India, driven by its
Extrinsic
because of the outcomes perceived value in securing high-paying jobs and
Values
they produce. contributing to economic growth.
Values held by an individual An individual's commitment to sustainable living, such as
Personal
that guide their behavior using renewable energy sources at home, motivated by
Values
and decisions. personal environmental values.
Values shared and upheld by The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission), which
Community
a community that shape reflects the community value of cleanliness and public
Values
collective behavior. health, supported collectively across the country.

Values Associated with Past Generation and Present Generation.

Values associated with past generation Present generation
Values Examples Values Examples
Collectiveness Joint Family Individualistic Nuclear Family
Sacrifice Gifting land for school Self-Realization Party, Tour and Travels
Obedient Respect for elders Career Focused Change in Career Goal
Unidimensional Stability in career Innovativeness Startup Culture
Defensive Not impulsive in Retaliation Extrovert Social Media Bio

Role of Family in Inculcation of Values

"Family is the first and most important influence on a child's character and values." - Hillary Clinton
"Home is the first school for us all, a school with no fixed curriculum, no formal teachers, and where students
are always keen to learn." - Mahatma Gandhi
• First School of Value Learning for Children: The family is the primary environment where children are
introduced to values and ethics, forming the foundation of their moral development.
Examples:
o Sharing and Kindness: Parents teaching children to share their toys and be kind to siblings instills
early lessons in generosity and compassion.
o Honesty: Emphasizing the importance of telling the truth helps children understand the value of
honesty.
• Provide the Necessary Emotional Support: Families offer emotional support, creating a safe and nurturing
environment where children can learn and internalize values effectively.
Examples:
o Encouragement: Parents encouraging children when they make ethical decisions, such as standing up
for a friend, reinforces positive behavior.
o Security: A loving and secure family environment enables children to develop self-confidence and
empathy.
• Democratic Parenting: Democratic parenting involves treating children as equal participants in the family,
encouraging open communication and mutual respect.
Examples:

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 o Decision Making: Involving children in family decisions, like choosing a vacation destination, teaches
them about cooperation and the value of considering others' opinions.
o Conflict Resolution: Parents resolving conflicts through discussion and compromise sets an example
of respectful and fair behavior.
• Family Provides an Informal Way of Learning: Families provide informal learning experiences that
naturally incorporate values and ethical lessons into daily life.
Examples:
o Daily Chores: Assigning chores like cleaning or setting the table teaches responsibility and the
importance of contributing to the household.
o Family Traditions: Celebrating cultural or religious traditions together reinforces the significance of
heritage and community.
• Role Model for Children: Parents and family members serve as role models, demonstrating ethical
behavior and values through their actions.
Examples:
o Work Ethic: Parents demonstrating a strong work ethic by being diligent and dedicated in their jobs
teaches children the value of hard work.
o Integrity: Family members consistently acting with integrity and honesty sets a powerful example for
children to follow.
• Both Constructive and Destructive Role: Families can have both positive and negative influences on the
values children develop.
Examples:
o Constructive: Parents fostering a supportive and respectful environment encourage the development
of positive values such as empathy and cooperation.
o Destructive: Exposure to negative behaviors, like dishonesty or aggression within the family, can lead
children to adopt unethical or harmful behaviors.
• Change in Values Taught by the Parents: Over time, parents may adjust the values they teach based on
evolving societal norms or personal growth.
Examples:
o Adaptation: Parents may shift from traditional gender roles to promoting gender equality, teaching
children the importance of equal rights and opportunities.
o Evolving Perspectives: As parents learn and grow, they might emphasize the importance of
environmental conservation, reflecting changing societal concerns.
• Divergence Between Family and Individual Values: As children grow and develop their own perspectives,
they may encounter differences between the values taught by their family and those they adopt
independently.
Examples:
o Personal Beliefs: A child raised in a conservative family might develop more liberal views as they are
exposed to diverse ideas and experiences.
o Conflict Resolution: Navigating differences between family values and personal beliefs can teach
critical thinking and the importance of respecting diverse viewpoints.
Role of Educational Institutions in Inculcation of Values
• Important Role in Inculcating a Good Value System: Educational institutions play a crucial role in instilling
a strong value system by providing a structured environment where ethical and moral principles are taught
alongside academic knowledge.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

 Examples:
o Classroom Discussions: Teachers facilitating discussions on topics like honesty, respect, and integrity
help students understand and internalize these values.
• Education is the Most Powerful Agent of Inculcating Human Value: Education serves as a powerful tool
in promoting human values by enlightening individuals and shaping their character and behavior.
Examples:
o Value-Based Education Programs: Schools implementing programs that emphasize the importance of
empathy, kindness, and social responsibility foster the development of compassionate and ethical
individuals.
• Etiquettes and Values are Imparted to Children: Schools teach students proper manners and social
etiquette, helping them understand the importance of courteous and respectful behavior.
Examples:
o Classroom Etiquette: Lessons on polite interaction, such as saying "please" and "thank you," and
showing respect for teachers and peers, instill good manners in students.
• Curriculum and Discipline of Moral Philosophy: Incorporating moral philosophy into the curriculum helps
students explore and understand fundamental ethical principles and how they apply to real-life situations.
Examples:
o Ethics Courses: Offering courses on ethics and moral philosophy encourages students to think critically
about moral dilemmas and develop a strong ethical framework.
• Syllabus and Textbooks Also Shape Attitude of Children: The content of the syllabus and textbooks
influences students' attitudes and perceptions by presenting examples and narratives that highlight
important values.
Examples:
o Literature and Stories: Textbooks containing stories that emphasize values like bravery, honesty, and
compassion help shape students' attitudes and inspire them to adopt these values.
• Values of Sportsmanship, Team-Spirit: Participation in sports and extracurricular activities teaches
students the values of sportsmanship, teamwork, and cooperation.
Examples:
o Team Sports: Engaging in team sports like soccer or basketball helps students learn to work together,
respect opponents, and handle victory and defeat gracefully.
• Overall Personality Development: Educational institutions contribute to the holistic development of
students by fostering not only intellectual growth but also emotional and social skills.
Examples:
o Extracurricular Activities: Participation in activities such as debate clubs, drama, and community
service helps students develop confidence, leadership skills, and a sense of responsibility.
• Social Control: Schools act as agents of social control by teaching students the norms and values of society,
helping them become responsible and ethical members of the community.
Examples:
o School Rules and Regulations: Enforcing rules and regulations, such as anti-bullying policies and codes
of conduct, teaches students the importance of adhering to societal norms and respecting others'
rights.
Recommendations for Value Education
• Value-Based Education: Integrating values into the educational curriculum to promote moral and ethical
development alongside academic learning.

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025

 Recommendations:
o Curriculum Integration: Include subjects and lessons that focus on values such as honesty, respect,
and empathy.
o Interactive Sessions: Use storytelling, role-playing, and discussions to teach and reinforce values in a
relatable manner.
• Deconstructing Wrong Values: Identifying and challenging harmful or negative values that students may
encounter in society or through media.
Recommendations:
o Critical Thinking: Encourage students to critically analyze and question negative influences and
stereotypes.
o Workshops and Seminars: Conduct sessions on identifying and addressing negative behaviors like
bullying, discrimination, and dishonesty.
• Teachers Act as a Role Model for Students: Teachers should exemplify the values they wish to impart,
serving as living examples for students to emulate.
Recommendations:
o Lead by Example: Teachers should demonstrate values such as integrity, fairness, and kindness in their
daily interactions.
o Mentorship Programs: Establish mentorship programs where teachers guide students in personal and
ethical development.
• Playful Learning for Inculcating Values: Using playful and engaging activities to teach values, making
learning enjoyable and memorable for students.
Recommendations:
o Games and Activities: Use games that promote teamwork, fairness, and empathy, such as cooperative
sports or group projects.
o Creative Arts: Incorporate arts, music, and drama to convey important values in an engaging way.
• Holistic Approach: Adopting a comprehensive strategy that addresses the intellectual, emotional, and
social aspects of students' development.
Recommendations:
o Integrated Programs: Develop programs that combine academic learning with emotional and social
skills development.
o Collaborative Learning: Encourage group activities and projects that foster collaboration,
understanding, and mutual respect.
• Technology and Value Education: Leveraging technology to enhance the teaching and learning of values
in an interactive and accessible manner.
Recommendations:
o Educational Apps and Platforms: Use digital tools and apps designed to teach values through
interactive lessons and activities.
o Online Resources: Provide access to videos, articles, and virtual workshops that discuss and promote
ethical behavior and moral reasoning.
Role of Society
• STRENGTH OF SOCIETY FOR VALUE INCULCATION: Society plays a crucial role in instilling values by
providing a collective framework of norms, behaviors, and expectations that guide individual conduct.
Examples:

Ethics Marks Improvement Program 2025