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Mastering DSA Patterns_ the Smart Way

The document provides a comprehensive guide on various data structure and algorithm (DSA) patterns, detailing their concepts, use cases, time and space complexities, along with example problems for each pattern. Patterns include Two Pointers, Sliding Window, Fast and Slow Pointers, Merge Intervals, Cyclic Sort, and more, covering a wide range of problem-solving techniques. This guide serves as a valuable resource for understanding and applying DSA patterns effectively.

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10 views3 pages

Mastering DSA Patterns_ the Smart Way

The document provides a comprehensive guide on various data structure and algorithm (DSA) patterns, detailing their concepts, use cases, time and space complexities, along with example problems for each pattern. Patterns include Two Pointers, Sliding Window, Fast and Slow Pointers, Merge Intervals, Cyclic Sort, and more, covering a wide range of problem-solving techniques. This guide serves as a valuable resource for understanding and applying DSA patterns effectively.

Uploaded by

yvsvns2022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complete DSA Pattern Guide with Complexity

1. Two Pointers
Concept: Use two pointers to scan from both ends of an array or string.
Use Cases: Palindrome check, reverse string, pair sum in sorted array.
Time Complexity: Best/Worst/Optimal - O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
Example Problems:
- Reverse String (LeetCode 344)
- Valid Palindrome (LeetCode 125)
- Two Sum II - Input Array Is Sorted (LeetCode 167)
- Remove Duplicates from Sorted Array (LeetCode 26)
- Squares of a Sorted Array (LeetCode 977)

2. Sliding Window
Concept: Fixed/variable size window moves over data to track max/min/sum, etc.
Use Cases: Max sum subarray, longest substring, etc.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1) or O(k) depending on problem
Example Problems:
- Maximum Sum Subarray of Size K
- Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters
- Minimum Window Substring

3. Fast and Slow Pointers


Concept: Move one pointer faster than the other to detect cycles or find mid-points.
Use Cases: Linked lists, cycle detection, finding middle node.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
Example Problems:
- Linked List Cycle
- Middle of the Linked List
- Happy Number

4. Merge Intervals
Concept: Sort intervals then merge overlapping ones.
Use Cases: Calendar scheduling, interval management.
Time Complexity: O(n log n)
Space Complexity: O(n) (due to sorting or output list)
Example Problems:
- Merge Intervals
- Insert Interval
- Meeting Rooms

5. Cyclic Sort
Concept: Place each element at its correct index.
Use Cases: Missing numbers, duplicates, index positioning.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
Example Problems:
- Missing Number
- Find All Duplicates in an Array
- First Missing Positive

6. In-place Reversal of Linked List


Concept: Reverse nodes by changing pointers.
Use Cases: Reverse all/part of a linked list.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
Example Problems:
- Reverse Linked List
- Reverse Linked List II
- Reverse Nodes in k-Group

7. Tree Traversals (DFS/BFS)


Concept: Depth or breadth-based recursive or iterative tree traversal.
Use Cases: Parsing tree structure, ordering elements.
Time Complexity: O(n)
Space Complexity: O(h) for DFS, O(w) for BFS
Example Problems:
- Binary Tree Inorder Traversal
- Binary Tree Level Order Traversal
- Zigzag Level Order Traversal

8. DFS/BFS on Graphs
Concept: Traverse unstructured data using queue/stack/recursion.
Use Cases: Connectivity, path finding, islands.
Time Complexity: O(V + E)
Space Complexity: O(V)
Example Problems:
- Number of Islands
- Clone Graph
- Pacific Atlantic Water Flow

9. Backtracking
Concept: Explore all paths and backtrack if needed.
Use Cases: Combinations, permutations, constraint satisfaction.
Time Complexity: O(2^n) or more (varies)
Space Complexity: O(n) for recursion stack
Example Problems:
- Subsets
- Permutations
- N-Queens
- Sudoku Solver

10. Binary Search


Concept: Divide and conquer search on sorted data.
Use Cases: Efficient search, bounds finding.
Time Complexity: O(log n)
Space Complexity: O(1)
Example Problems:
- Binary Search
- Search in Rotated Sorted Array
- Peak Element
11. Heap / Priority Queue
Concept: Use heap to maintain order for top-k, stream processing.
Use Cases: Top-k elements, median stream.
Time Complexity: O(log k) per operation
Space Complexity: O(k)
Example Problems:
- Kth Largest Element
- Top K Frequent Elements
- Merge K Sorted Lists

12. Greedy
Concept: Make locally optimal choices hoping for global optimum.
Use Cases: Scheduling, path minimizing.
Time Complexity: Varies (typically O(n log n))
Space Complexity: O(1) or O(n)
Example Problems:
- Activity Selection
- Fractional Knapsack
- Jump Game

13. Dynamic Programming (DP)


Concept: Solve problems by combining solutions to subproblems.
Use Cases: Optimization, counting, sequence analysis.
Time Complexity: O(n), O(n^2), O(n*m), etc. (depends on problem)
Space Complexity: O(n) or O(n*m)
Example Problems:
- Climbing Stairs
- Longest Common Subsequence
- 0/1 Knapsack
- Coin Change

14. Bit Manipulation


Concept: Operate directly on bits using bitwise operators.
Use Cases: Toggle, shift, count, XOR tricks.
Time Complexity: O(1) to O(n) (based on bits involved)
Space Complexity: O(1)
Example Problems:
- Single Number
- Number of 1 Bits
- Subsets using Bitmasking

15. Trie (Prefix Tree)


Concept: Tree-based structure for fast word/prefix storage and lookup.
Use Cases: Auto-complete, dictionary, prefix search.
Time Complexity: O(L) where L is word length
Space Complexity: O(n * L)
Example Problems:
- Implement Trie
- Word Search II
- Replace Words

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