Java Interview
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Pintush KumarJava Interview
Uploaded by
Pintush Kumar1
1. Is Java Platform Independent if then how?
….
es, Java is a Platform Independent language. Unlike many programming languages javac compiler
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compiles the program to form a bytecode or .class file. This file is independent of the software or
hardware running but needs a JVM(Java Virtual Machine) file preinstalled in the operating systemfor
further execution of the bytecode.
AlthoughJVMisplatformdependent,thebytecodecanbecreatedonanySystemandcanbeexecuted
in any other system despite hardware or software being used which makes Java platform independent.
….
2. What are the top Java Features?
avaisonethemostfamousandmostusedlanguageintherealworld,therearemanyfeaturesinJava
J
that makes it better than any other language some of them are mentioned below:
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● imple:Java is quite simple to understand and thesyntax
● Platform Independent: Java is platform independent means we can runthesameprogramin
any software and hardware and will get the same result.
● Interpreted:Java is interpreted as well as a compiler-basedlanguage.
● Robust:features like Garbage collection, exceptionhandling, etc that make the language robust.
● Object-Oriented: Java is an object-oriented language that supports the concepts of class,
objects, four pillars of OOPS, etc.
● Secured: As we can directly share an application with the user without sharing the actual
program makes Java a secure language.
● High Performance: faster than other traditional interpretedprogramming languages.
● Dynamic:supportsdynamicloadingofclassesandinterfaces.Distributed:featureofJavamakes
us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine connected.
● Multithreaded:deal with multiple tasks at once bydefining multiple threads
….
● Architecture Neutral:it is not dependent on the architecture.
3. What is JVM?
JVM stands for Java VirtualMachineitisaJavainterpreter.Itisresponsibleforloading,verifying,and
xecuting the bytecode created in Java.
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Although it is platform dependent which means the software ofJVMisdifferentfordifferentOperating
Systems it plays a vital role in making Java platform Independent.
To know more about the topic refer toJVM in Java.
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4. What is JIT?
IT stands for (Just-in-Time)compilerisapartofJRE(JavaRuntimeEnvironment),itisusedforbetter
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performance of the Java applications during run-time. The use of JIT is mentioned in step by step
process mentioned below:
1. Source code is compiled with javac compiler to form bytecode
2
. B
2 ytecode is further passed on to JVM
3. JIT is a part of JVM, JIT is responsibleforcompilingbytecodeintonativemachinecodeatrun
time.
4. TheJITcompilerisenabledthroughout,whileitgetsactivatedwhenamethodisinvoked.Fora
compiled method, the JVM directly calls the compiled code, instead of interpreting it.
5. As JVM calls the compiled code that increases the performance and speed of the execution.
To know more about the topic refer toJIT in Java.
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5. What are Memory storages available with JVM?
JVM consists of a few memory storages as mentioned below:
1. C lass(Method) Area: stores class-level data of every class such as the runtime constant pool,
field, and method data, and the code for methods.
2. Heap: Objectsarecreatedorobjectsarestored.Itisusedtoallocatememorytoobjectsduring
run time.
3. Stack:storesdataandpartialresultswhichwillbeneededwhilereturningvalueformethodand
performing dynamic linking
4. Program Counter Register: stores the address of the Java virtual machineinstructioncurrently
being executed.
5. Native Method Stack: stores all the native methods used in the application.
To know more about the topic refer toJVM Memory Storages.
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6. What is a classloader?
lassloader is the part of JRE(Java Runtime Environment), during the execution of the bytecode or
C
created .class file classloader is responsible for dynamicallyloadingthejavaclassesandinterfacesto
JVM(JavaVirtualMachine).BecauseofclassloadersJavaruntimesystemdoesnotneedtoknowabout
files and file systems.
To know more about the topic refer toClassLoaderin Java.
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7. Difference between JVM, JRE, and JDK.
VM:JVMalsoknownasJavaVirtualMachineisapartofJRE.JVMisatypeofinterpreterresponsible
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forconvertingbytecodeintomachine-readablecode.JVMitselfisplatformdependentbutitinterpretsthe
bytecode which is the platform-independent reason why Java is platform-independent.
JRE: JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment, it is an installation package that provides an
environment to run the Java program or application on any machine.
JDK:JDKstandsforJavaDevelopmentKitwhichprovidestheenvironmenttodevelopandexecuteJava
programs. JDK is a package that includestwothingsDevelopmentToolstoprovideanenvironmentto
develop your Java programs and, JRE to execute Java programs or applications.
To know more about the topic refer to theDifferencesbetween JVM, JRE, and JDK.
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8. What are the differences between Java and C++?
C++ Java
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C++ is Platform Dependent Java is Platform Independent
C++ is mainly used for System Programming Java is Mainly used for Application Programming
C++ is nearer to hardware Java is not so interactive with hardware
C++ supports global and namespace scope. Java doesn’t support global scope.
unctionality supported in C++ but not in Java
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are:
unctionality supportedinJavabutnotinC++
F
● goto
are:
● Pointers
● thread support
● Call by reference
● documentation comment
● Structures and Unions
● unsigned right shift(>>>)
● Multiple Inheritance
● Virtual Functions
ava is also an object-oriented language. It is a
J
++ is an object-orientedlanguage.Itisnota
C
single root hierarchy as everything gets derived
single root hierarchy .
from a single class (java.lang.Object).
avausesaSingleinheritancetreeasclassesin
J
C++ always creates a new inheritance tree.
Java are the child of object classes in Java.
9. Explain public static void main(String args[]) in Java.
Unlike any other programming language like C, C++, etc.InJava,wedeclaredthemainfunctionasa
ublic static void main (String args[]). The meanings of the terms are mentioned below:
p
1. public:thepublicistheaccessmodifierresponsibleformentioningwhocanaccesstheelement
or the method and what is the limit. It is responsible for making the main function globally
available.ItismadepublicsothatJVMcaninvokeitfromoutsidetheclassasitisnotpresentin
the current class.
2. static:staticisakeywordusedsothatwecanusetheelementwithoutinitiatingtheclasssoto
avoid the unnecessary allocation of the memory.
3. void:voidisakeywordandisusedtospecifythatamethoddoesn’treturnanything.Asthemain
function doesn’t return anything we use void.
4. main:mainrepresentsthatthefunctiondeclaredisthemainfunction.IthelpsJVMtoidentifythat
the declared function is the main function.
5. String args[]: It stores Java command-line arguments and is an array of typejava.lang.String
….
class.
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10. What is Java String Pool?
JavaStringPoolisaplaceinheapmemorywhereallthestringsdefinedintheprogramarestored.A
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separateplaceinastackistherewherethevariablestoringthestringisstored.Wheneverwecreatea
new string object, JVM checks forthepresenceoftheobjectintheStringpool,IfStringisavailablein
the pool, the same object reference is shared with the variable, else a new object is created.
xample:
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String str1="Hello";
// "Hello" will be stored in String Pool
// str1 will be stored in stack memory
11. What will happen if we declare don’t declare the main as static?
We can declare the main method without using static and without getting any errors. But, the main
ethod will not be treated as the entry point to the application or the program.
m
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12. What are Packages in Java?
ackages in Java can be defined as thegroupingofrelatedtypesofclasses,interfaces,etcproviding
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access to protection and namespace management.
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13. Why Packages are used?
Packages are used in Java in order to prevent naming conflicts, control access, and make
earching/locating and usage of classes, interfaces, etc easier.
s
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14. What are the advantages of Packages in Java?
There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.
● Packages avoid name clashes.
● The Package provides easier access control.
● We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and are used by the package.
● It is easier to locate the related classes.
15. How many types of packages are there in Java?
There are two types of packages in Java
● User-defined packages
● Build In packages
16. Explain different data types in Java.
There are 2 types of data types in Java as mentioned below:
1. Primitive Data Type
2. Non-Primitive Data Type or Object Data type
PrimitiveDataType:Primitivedataaresinglevalueswithnospecialcapabilities.Thereare8primitive
data types:
● boolean: stores value true or false
● byte: stores an 8-bit signed two’s complement integer
● char: stores a single 16-bit Unicode character
● short: stores a 16-bit signed two’s complement integer
● int: stores a 32-bit signed two’s complement integer
● long: stores a 64-bit two’s complement integer
● float: stores a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating-point
● double: stores a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating-point
Non-Primitive Data Type: Reference Data types will contain a memory address of the variable’s
values because it is not able to directly store the values in the memory. Types of Non-Primitive are
mentioned below:
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● trings
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● Array
● Class
● Object
● Interface
17. When a byte datatype is used?
byte is an 8-bit signed two-complement integer.Theminimumvaluesupportedbybytesis-128and
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127 is the maximum value. It is used in conditions where we need to save memory and the limit of
numbers needed is between -128 to 127.
18. Can we declare Pointer in Java?
No, Java doesn’t provide the support of Pointer. As Java needed to be more secure because which
feature of the pointer is not provided in Java.
19. What is the default value of byte datatype in Java?
The default value of the byte datatype in Java is 0.
20. What is the default value of float and double datatype in Java?
The default value of the float is 0.0f and of double is 0.0d in Java.
21. What is the Wrapper class in Java?
Wrapper, in general, is referred to a larger entity that encapsulates a smallerentity.HereinJava,the
rapper class is an object class that encapsulates the primitive data types.
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The primitive data types are the ones from which further data types could be created. For example,
integers can further lead to the construction of long, byte, short, etc. On the other hand, the string
cannot, hence it is not primitive.
Getting back to the wrapper class, Java contains 8 wrapper classes. They are Boolean, Byte, Short,
Integer, Character, Long, Float, and Double. Further, custom wrapper classes can also be created in
Java which is similar to the concept of Structure in the C programming language.Wecreateourown
wrapper class with the required data types.
22. Why do we need wrapper classes?
The wrapper class is anobjectclassthatencapsulatestheprimitivedatatypes,andweneedthemfor
the following reasons:
1. Wrapper classes are final and immutable
2. Provides methods like valueOf(), parseInt(), etc.
3. It provides the feature of autoboxing and unboxing.
23. Differentiate between instance and local variables.
Instance Variable Local Variable
eclared outside the method, directly invoked
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Declared within the method.
by the method.
Has a default value. No default value
It can be used throughout the class. The scope is limited to the method.
24. What are the default values assigned to variables and instances in Java?
InJavaWhenwehaven’tinitializedtheinstancevariablesthenthecompilerinitializesthemwithdefault
values.Thedefaultvaluesforinstancesandvariablesdependontheirdatatypes.Somecommontypes
of default data types are:
● The default value for numeric types (byte, short, int, long, float, and double) is 0.
● The default value for the boolean type is false.
● The default value for object types (classes, interfaces, and arrays) is null.
● The null character, “u0000, ” is the default value for the char type.
25. What is a Class Variable?
InJava,aclassvariable(alsoknownasastaticvariable)isavariablethatisdeclaredwithinaclassbut
outside of any method, constructor,orblock.Classvariablesaredeclaredwiththestatickeyword,and
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theyaresharedbyallinstances(objects)oftheclassaswellasbytheclassitself.Nomatterhowmany
objects are derived from a class, each class variable would only exist once.
// Java program to demonstrate use of Clas Variable
class GFG {
public static int ctr = 0;
public GFG() { ctr++; }
public static void main(String[] args)
{
GFG obj1 = new GFG();
GFG obj2 = new GFG();
GFG obj3 = new GFG();
System.out.println("Number of objects created are "
+ GFG.ctr);
}
}
26. What is the default value stored in Local Variables?
Thereisnodefaultvaluestoredwithlocalvariables.Also,primitivevariablesandobjectsdon’thaveany
efault values.
d
27. Explain the difference between instance variable and a class variable.
Instance Variable: A class variable without a static modifier known as an instance variableistypically
shared by all instances of the class. These variables can have distinctvaluesamongseveralobjects.
The contents of an instance variable are completely independent of one object instancefromanother
because they are related to a specific object instance of the class.
Example:
Java
// Java Program to demonstrate Instance Variable
import java.io.*;
class GFG {
private String name;
public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
public String getName() { return name; }
public static void main(String[] args)
{
GFG obj = new GFG();
obj.setName("John");
System.out.println("Name " + obj.getName());
}
}
Class Variable: Class Variable variable can be declared anywhere at the class level using the
eyword static. These variables can only have one value when applied to various objects. These
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variablescanbesharedbyallclassmemberssincetheyarenotconnectedtoanyspecificobjectofthe
class.
// Java Program to demonstrate Class Variable
import java.io.*;
class GFG {
// class variable
private static final double PI = 3.14159;
private double radius;
public GFG(double radius) { this.radius = radius; }
public double getArea() { return PI * radius * radius; }
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ublic static void main(String[] args)
p
{
GFG obj = new GFG(5.0);
System.out.println("Area of circle: "
+ obj.getArea());
}
}
28. What is a static variable?
he static keyword is usedtosharethesamevariableormethodofagivenclass.Staticvariablesare
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the variables that once declared then a single copy of the variable is created and shared among all
objects at the class level.
29. What is the difference between System.out, System.err, and System.in?
ystem.out–ItisaPrintStreamthatisusedforwritingcharactersorcanbesaiditcanoutputthedata
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we want to write on the Command Line Interface console/terminal.
// Java Program to implement
// System.out
import java.io.*;
// Driver Class
class GFG {
// Main Function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Use of System.out
System.out.println("");
}
}
System.out System.err
It will print to the standard out of the system. It will print to the standard error.
It is mostly used to display results on the console. It is mostly used to output error texts.
It gives output on the console with the It also gives output on the console but most of
default(black) color. the IDEs give it a red color to differentiate.
System.in – It is an InputStream used to read input from the terminal Window. We can’t use the
System.in directly so we use Scanner class for taking input with the system.in.
30. What do you understand by an IO stream?
ava brings various Streams with its I/O package that helps the user to perform all the input-output
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operations.Thesestreamssupportalltypesofobjects,datatypes,characters,files,etctofullyexecute
the I/O operations.
1.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheReader/Writerclasshierarchyandthe
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InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?
he key difference between them is that byte stream data is read and written by input/output stream
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classes.CharactersarehandledbytheReaderandWriterclasses.IncontrasttoReader/Writerclasses,
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whichacceptcharacterarraysasparameters,input/outputstreamclassmethodsacceptbytearrays.In
comparison to input/output streams, the Reader/Writer classes are more efficient, handle all Unicode
characters,andareusefulforinternalization.UseReader/Writerclassesinsteadofbinarydata,suchas
pictures, unless you do so.
// Java Program to demonstrate Reading Writing Binary Data
// with InputStream/OutputSream
import java.io.*;
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try {
// Writing binary data to a file using
// OutputStream
byte[] data = { 3, 334, 234, 234, 324, 234 };
OutputStream os
= new FileOutputStream("data.bin");
os.write(data);
os.close();
// Reading binary data from a file using
// InputStream
InputStream is
= new FileInputStream("data.bin");
byte[] Buffer = new byte[5];
is.read(buffer);
is.close();
// Printing the read data
for (byte b : Buffer) {
System.out.println(b);
}
}
catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
32. What are the super most classes for all the streams?
ll the stream classes can be divided into two types of classes that are ByteStream classes and
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CharacterStream Classes. The ByteStream classes are further divided into InputStream classes and
OutputStream classes. CharacterStream classes are also divided into Reader classes and Writer
classes. The SuperMost classes for all the InputStream classes is java.io.InputStream and for all the
outputstreamclassesisjava.io.OutPutStream.Similarly,forallthereaderclasses,thesuper-mostclass
is java.io.Reader, and for all the writer classes, it is java.io.Writer.
33. What are the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream?
o read and write data, Java offers I/O Streams. A Stream represents an input source or an output
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destination,whichcouldbeafile,ani/odevice,anotherprogram,etc.FileInputStreaminJavaisusedto
read data from a file as a stream of bytes. It is mostly used for reading binary data such asimages,
audio files, or serialized objects.
Example:
File file = new File("path_of_the_file");
FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream(file);
4. What is the purpose
3 of using BufferedInputStream and
BufferedOutputStream classes?
hen we are working with the files or stream then to increase the Input/Output performance of the
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program we need to use the BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream classes. These both
classes provide the capability of buffering which means that the data will be stored in abufferbefore
writingtoafileorreadingitfromastream.ItalsoreducesthenumberoftimesourOSneedstointeract
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withthenetworkorthedisk.Bufferingallowsprogramstowriteabigamountofdatainsteadofwritingit
in small chunks. This also reduces the overhead of accessing the network or the disk.
35. What are FilterStreams?
treamfilterorFilterStreamsreturnsastreamconsistingoftheelementsofthisstreamthatmatchthe
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given predicate. While working filter() it doesn’t actually perform filtering but instead creates a new
stream that, when traversed, contains the elements of initial streams that match the given predicate.
36. What is an I/O filter?
AnI/OfilteralsodefinedasanInputOutputfilterisanobjectthatreadsfromonestreamandwritesdata
to input and output sources. It used java.io package to use this filter.
37. How many ways you can take input from the console?
There are two methods to take input from the console in Java mentioned below:
1. Using Command line argument
2. Using Buffered Reader Class
3. Using Console Class
4. Using Scanner Class
The program demonstrating the use of each method is given below.
….
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// check if length of args array is
// greater than 0
if (args.length > 0) {
System.out.println(
"The command line arguments are:");
// iterating the args array and printing
// the command line arguments
for (String val : args)
System.out.println(val);
}
else
System.out.println("No command line "
+ "arguments found.");
}
}
….
….
….
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
throws IOException
{
// Enter data using BufferReader
BufferedReader read = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(System.in));
// Reading data using readLine
String x = read.readLine();
// Printing the read line
System.out.println(x);
}
}
public class GfG {
public static void main(String[] args)
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{
// Using Console to input data from user
String x = System.console().readLine();
System.out.println("You entered string " + x);
}
}
….
import java.util.Scanner;
class GfG {
public static void main(String args[])
{
// Using Scanner for Getting Input from User
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
String str = in.nextLine();
System.out.println("You entered string " + str);
}
}
38. Difference in the use of print, println, and printf.
rint, println, and printf all are used for printing the elements but print prints all the elements and the
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cursor remains inthesameline.printlnshiftsthecursortonextline.Andwithprintfwecanuseformat
identifiers too.
39. What are operators?
perators are the special types of symbols used for performing some operations over variables and
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values.
41. Explain the difference between >> and >>> operators.
Operatorslike>>and>>>seemtobethesamebutactabitdifferently.>>operatorshiftsthesignbits
nd the >>> operator is used in shifting out the zero-filled bits.
a
….
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a = -16, b = 1;
// Use of >>
System.out.println(a >> b);
a = -17;
b = 1;
// Use of >>>
System.out.println(a >>> b);
}
}
42. Which Java operator is right associative?
There is only one operator which is right associative which is = operator.
43. What is dot operator?
TheDotoperatorinJavaisusedtoaccesstheinstancevariablesandmethodsofclassobjects.Itisalso
sed to access classes and sub-packages from the package.
u
44. What is covariant return type?
hecovariantreturntypespecifiesthatthereturntypemayvaryinthesamedirectionasthesubclass.
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It’s possible to have different return types for an overriding method in the child class, but the child’s
return type should be a subtype of the parent’s return type and because of that overriding method
becomes variant with respect to the return type.
We use covariant return type because of the following reasons:
1
1
● Avoidsconfusingtypecastspresentintheclasshierarchyandmakesthecodereadable,usable,
and maintainable.
Gives liberty to have more specific return types when overriding methods.
●
● Help in preventing run-time ClassCastExceptions on returns.
45. What is the transient keyword?
hetransientkeywordisusedatthetimeofserializationifwedon’twanttosavethevalueofaparticular
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variable in a file. When JVM comes across a transient keyword, it ignores the original value of the
variable and saves the default value of that variable data type.
46. What’s the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()?
Sleep() Wait()
The sleep() method belongs to the thread class. Wait() method belongs to the object class.
leep does not release the lock thatthecurrent
S ait() release the lock which allows other
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thread holds. threads to acquire it.
This method is a static method. This method is not a static method.
InterruptedException is shown if the thread is
Sleep() does not throw an InterruptedException.
interrupted while waiting.
ainly used to delay a thread for some specific
M ainly used to pause a thread until notifiedby
M
time duration. another thread.
Sleep() Has Two Overloaded Methods: Wait() Has Three Overloaded Methods:
● sleep(long millis)millis: milliseconds ● wait()
● sleep(long millis, int nanos) nanos: ● wait(long timeout)
Nanoseconds ● wait(long timeout, int nanos)
47. What are the differences between String and StringBuffer?
String StringBuffer
Store of a sequence of characters. Provides functionality to work with the strings.
It is mutable (can be modified and other string operations
It is immutable.
could be performed on them.)
It is thread-safe (two threads can’t call the methods of
No thread operations in a string.
StringBuffer simultaneously)
48. What are the differences between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
StringBuffer StringBuilder
tringBuffer provides functionality to work with
S tringBuilder is a class used to build a mutable
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the strings. string.
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It is thread-safe (two threads can’t call the It is not thread-safe (two threads can call the
methods of StringBuffer simultaneously) methods concurrently)
Comparatively slow as it is synchronized. Being non-synchronized, implementation is faster
9.WhichamongStringorStringBuffershouldbepreferredwhenthereare
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a lot of updates required to be done in the data?
ThestringispreferredoverStringBufferasStringBuilderisfasterthanStringBuffer,ithasthecapability
to utilize it whenever possible.
50. Why is StringBuffer called mutable?
tringBufferclassinJavaisusedtorepresentachangeablestringofcharacters.Itoffersanalternative
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to the immutable Stringclassbyenablingyoutochangeastring’scontentswithoutconstantlycreating
new objects. Mutable (modifiable) strings are created with the help of the StringBuffer class. The
StringBuffer class in Java is identical to the String class except that it is changeable.
Example:
Java
// Java Program to demonstrate use of stringbuffer
public class StringBufferExample {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer();
s.append("Geeks");
s.append("for");
s.append("Geeks");
String message = s.toString();
System.out.println(message);
}
}
51. How is the creation of a String using new() different from that of a literal?
tringusingnew()isdifferentfromtheliteralaswhenwedeclarestringitstorestheelementsinsidethe
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stack memory whereas when it is declared using new() it allocates a dynamic memory in the heap
memory. The object gets created in the heap memory even if the same content object is present.
Syntax:
String x = new String("ABC");
57. How to copy an array in Java?
In Java there are multiple ways to copy an Array based on the requirements.
● clone()methodinJava:ThismethodinJavaisusedtocreateashallowcopyofthegivenarray
which means that the new array will share the same memory as the original array.
int[] Arr = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 0};
int[] tempArr = Arr.clone();
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● a rraycopy()method:Tocreateadeepcopyofthearraywecanusethismethodwhichcreatesa
new array with the same values as the original array.
int[] Arr = {1, 2, 7, 9, 8};
int[] tempArr = new int[Arr.length];
System.arraycopy(Arr, 0, tempArr, 0, Arr.length);
● copyOf()method:Thismethodisusedtocreateanewarraywithaspecificlengthandcopiesthe
contents of the original array to the new array.
int[] Arr = {1, 2, 4, 8};
int[] tempArr = Arrays.copyOf(Arr, Arr.length);
● copyOfRange() method: This method is very similar to the copyOf() method in Java, but this
method also allows us to specify the range of the elements to copy from the original array.
int[] Arr = {1, 2, 4, 8};
int[] temArr = Arrays.copyOfRange(Arr, 0, Arr.length);
58. What do you understand by the jagged array?
jaggedArrayinJavaisjustatwo-dimensionalarrayinwhicheachrowofthearraycanhaveadifferent
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length.Sincealltherowsina2-dArrayhavethesamelengthbutajaggedarrayallowsmoreflexibilityin
thesizeofeachrow.Thisfeatureisveryusefulinconditionswherethedatahasvaryinglengthsorwhen
memory usage needs to be optimized.
Syntax:
int[][] Arr = new int[][] {
{1, 2, 8},
{7, 5},
{6, 7, 2, 6}
};
59. Is it possible to make an array volatile?
InJava,itisnotpossibletomakeavolatile.VolatilekeywordsinJavacanonlybeappliedtoindividual
variablesbutnottoarraysorcollections.ThevalueoftheVariableisalwaysreadfromandwrittentothe
main memory when it is defined as volatile rather than being cachedinathread’slocalmemory.This
makes it easier to make sure that all threads that access the variable can see changes made to it.
60. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an array?
The advantages of Arrays are:
● D irectandeffectiveaccesstoanyelementinthecollectionismadepossiblebyarrays.Anarray’s
elements can be accessed using an O(1) operation, which means that the amount of time
needed to do so is constant and independent of the array’s size.
● Datacanbestoredeffectivelyinmemoryusingarrays.Thesizeofanarrayisknownatcompile
time since its elements are stored in contiguous memory regions.
● Due to the fact that the data is stored in contiguous memory areas, arrays provide quickdata
retrieval.
● Arrays are easy to implement and understand, making them an ideal choice for beginners
learning computer programming.
Disadvantages of Arrays are:
● A rrays are created with apredeterminedsizethatischosenatthatmoment.Thismeansthatif
thearray’ssizeneedstobeextended,anewarraywillneedtobemade,andthedatawillneed
to be copied from the old array to the new array, which can take a lot of time and memory.
● There may be unusedmemoryspaceinanarray’smemoryspaceifthearrayisnotcompletely
occupied. If you have poor recall, this can be a problem.
● Compared to other data structures like linked lists and trees, arrays mightberigidduetotheir
fixed size and limited support for sophisticated data types.
4
1
Becauseanarray’selementsmustallbeofthesamedatatype,itdoesnotsupportcomplexdata
●
types like objects and structures.
61. What is an object-oriented paradigm?
aradigm literally means a pattern or a method. Programming paradigms are the methods to solve a
P
program that is of four types namely,Imperative,logical,functional,andobject-oriented.Whenobjects
are used as base entities upon which the methods are applied, encapsulation or inheritance
functionalities are performed, it is known as an object-oriented paradigm.
62. What are the main concepts of OOPs in Java?
The main concepts of OOPs in Java are mentioned below:
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
● Abstraction
● Encapsulation
3. What is the difference between an object-oriented programming
6
language and an object-based programming language?
Object-Oriented Programming Language Object-Based Programming Language
bject-oriented programming language covers
O he scope of object-based programming is
T
larger concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, limited to the usage of objects and
abstraction, etc. encapsulation.
It supports all the built-in objects It doesn’t support all the built-in objects
Examples: Java, C#, etc. Examples: Java script, visual basics, etc.
64. How is the ‘new’ operator different from the ‘newInstance()’ operator in Java?
the new operator is usedtocreateobjects,butifwewanttodecidethetypeofobjecttobecreatedat
runtime, there is no waywecanusethenewoperator.Inthiscase,wehavetousethenewInstance()
method.
65. What are Classes in Java?
In Java, Classes are the collection of objects sharing similar characteristics and attributes. Classes
represent the blueprint or templatefromwhichobjectsarecreated. Classesarenotreal-worldentities
but help us to create objects which are real-world entities.
66. What is the difference between static (class) method and instance method?
Static(Class) method Instance method
tatic method is associated with a class rather
S he instance method is associated with an
T
than an object. object rather than a class.
tatic methods can be called using the class
S heinstancemethodcanbecalledonaspecific
T
name only without creating an instance of a class. instance of a class using the object reference.
tatic methods do not have access to this
S
Instance methods have access to this keyword.
keyword.
his method can access only static members of
T his method can access both static and
T
the class non-static methods of the class.
15
67. What is this keyword in Java?
‘this’ is a keyword used to reference a variable that refers to the current object.
68. What are Brief Access Specifiers and Types of Access Specifiers?
ccess Specifiers in Java help to restrict the scope of a class, constructor, variable, method, or data
A
member. There are four types of Access Specifiers in Java mentioned below:
1. Public
2. Private
3. Protected
4. Default
69. What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance variable?
The initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance variable is a NULL value.
70. What is an object?
The object is a real-life entity that hascertainpropertiesandmethodsassociatedwithit.Theobjectis
lso defined as the instance of a class. An object can be declared using a new keyword.
a
71. What are the different ways to create objects in Java?
Methods to create objects in Java are mentioned below:
1. Using new keyword
2. Using new instance
3. Using clone() method
4. Using deserialization
5. Using the newInstance() method of the Constructor class
To know more about methods to create objects in Java refer tothis article.
72. What are the advantages and disadvantages of object cloning?
here are many advantages and disadvantages of using object cloning as mentioned below:
T
Advantages:
● In Java, the ‘=’ assignment operator cannot be used for cloning as it simply createsacopyof
reference variables. To overcome such discrepancy the clone() method of Objectclasscanbe
used over the assignment operator.
● The clone() methodisaprotectedmethodofclassObjectwhichmeansthatonlytheEmployee
class can clone Employee objects. This means no class other than Employee can clone
Employee objects since it does not know the Employee class’ attributes.
● Code size decreases as repetition decreases.
Disadvantages:
● AstheObject.clone()methodisprotected,soneedtoprovideourownclone()andindirectlycall
Object.clone() from it.
● If we don’t have any methods then we need to provide a Cloneable interface as we need to
provide JVM information so that we can perform a clone() on our object.
3. What are the advantages ofpassingthisintoamethodinsteadofthecurrent
7
class object itself?
Thereareafewadvantagesofpassingthisintoamethodinsteadofthecurrentclassobjectitselfthese
re:
a
● thisisthefinalvariablebecauseofwhichthiscannotbeassignedtoanynewvaluewhereasthe
current class object might not be final and can be changed.
16
● this can be used in the synchronized block.
74. What is the constructor?
Constructor is a special method thatisusedtoinitializeobjects.Constructoriscalledwhenaobjectis
reated. The name of constructor is same as of the class.
c
Example:
// Class Created
class XYZ{
private int val;
// Constructor
XYZ(){
val=0;
}
};
75. What happens if you don’t provide a constructor in a class?
If you don’t provide a constructor in a class in Java, the compiler automatically generates a default
onstructor with no arguments and no operation which is a default constructor.
c
76. How many types of constructors are used in Java?
There are two types of constructors in Java as mentioned below:
1. Default Constructor
2. Parameterized Constructor
Default Constructor: It is the typethatdoesnotacceptanyparametervalue.Itisusedtosetinitial
values for object attributes.
class_Name();
// Default constructor called
Parameterized Constructor: It is the type of constructor that accepts parameters as arguments.
These are used to assign values to instance variables during the initialization of objects.
class_Name(parameter1, parameter2......);
// All the values passed as parameter will be
// allocated accordingly
77. What is the purpose of a default constructor?
onstructorshelptocreateinstancesofaclassorcanbesaidtocreateobjectsofaclass.Constructor
C
is called during the initialization of objects. A default constructor is a type ofconstructorwhichdonot
acceptanyparameter,Sowhatevervalueisassignedtopropertiesoftheobjectsareconsidereddefault
values.
78. What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?
hecopyconstructoristhetypeofconstructorinwhichwepassanotherobjectasaparameterbecause
T
whichpropertiesofbothobjectsseemthesame,thatiswhyitseemsasifconstructorscreateacopyof
an object.
79. Where and how can you use a private constructor?
A private constructor is used if you don’t want any other class to instantiate the object to avoid
ubclassing. The use private constructor can be seen as implemented in the example.
s
17
….
import java.io.*;
class GFG {
static GFG instance = null;
public int x = 10;
// private constructor can't be accessed outside the
// class
private GFG() {}
// Factory method to provide the users with instances
static public GFG getInstance()
{
if (instance == null)
instance = new GFG();
return instance;
}
}
// Driver Class
class Main {
public static void main(String args[])
{
GFG a = GFG.getInstance();
GFG b = GFG.getInstance();
a.x = a.x + 10;
System.out.println("Value of a.x = " + a.x);
System.out.println("Value of b.x = " + b.x);
}
}
utput
O
Value of a.x = 20
Value of b.x = 20
80. What are the differences between the constructors and methods?
ava constructors are used for initializing objects. During creation, constructors are called to set
J
attributes for objects apart from this few basic differences between them are:
1. Constructorsareonlycalledwhentheobjectiscreatedbutothermethodscanbecalledmultiple
times during the life of an object.
2. Constructors do not return anything, whereas other methods can return anything.
3. Constructors are used to setting up the initial state but methods are used to perform specific
actions.
81. What is an Interface?
ninterfaceinJavaisacollectionofstaticfinalvariablesandabstractmethodsthatdefinethecontract
A
oragreementforasetoflinkedclasses.Anyclassthatimplementsaninterfaceisrequiredtoimplement
aspecificsetofmethods.Itspecifiesthebehaviorthataclassmustexhibitbutnotthespecificsofhowit
should be implemented.
Syntax:
interface
{
// constant fields
// methds that are abstract by default
}
18
….
interface Shape {
double getArea();
double getPerimeter();
}
class Circle implements Shape {
private double radius;
public Circle(double radius) { this.radius = radius; }
public double getArea()
{
return Math.PI * radius * radius;
}
public double getPerimeter()
{
return 2 * Math.PI * radius;
}
}
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Circle circle = new Circle(5.0);
System.out.println("Area of circle is "
+ circle.getArea());
System.out.println("Perimeter of circle is"
+ circle.getPerimeter());
}
}
utput
O
Area of circle is 78.53981633974483
Perimeter of circle is31.41592653589793
82. Give some features of the Interface.
nInterfaceinJavaprogramminglanguageisdefinedasanabstracttypeusedtospecifythebehavior
A
ofaclass.AninterfaceinJavaisablueprintofabehavior.AJavainterfacecontainsstaticconstantsand
abstract methods.
Features of the Interface are mentioned below:
● The interface can help to achieve total abstraction.
● Allows us to use multiple inheritances in Java.
● Any class can implement multiple interfaces even when one class can extend only one class.
● It is also used to achieve loose coupling.
83. What is a marker interface?
An Interface is recognized as an empty interface (no field or methods) it is called a markerinterface.
xamples of marker interfaces are Serializable, Cloneable, and Remote interface
E
84. What are the differences between abstract class and interface?
Abstract Class Interface Class
oth abstract and non-abstract methods may
B
The interface contains only abstract methods.
be found in an abstract class.
19
Abstract Class supports Final methods. The interface class does not support Final methods.
ultiple inheritance is not supported by the
M ultiple inheritances is supported by Interface
M
Abstract class. Class.
bstract Keyword is used to declare Abstract
A Interface Keyword is used to declare the interface
class. class.
xtend keyword is used to extend anAbstract
e implements Keyword is used to implement the
Class. interface.
bstract Class has members like protected,
A
All class members are public by default.
private, etc.
85. What do you mean by data encapsulation?
ata Encapsulation is the concept of OOPS properties and characteristics of the classes that The
D
interface is binded together. Basically, it bundles data and methods that operate on thatdatawithina
single unit. Encapsulation is achieved by declaring the instance variables of a class asprivate,which
means they can only be accessed within the class.
86. What are the advantages of Encapsulation in Java?
The advantages of Encapsulation in Java are mentioned below:
1. Data Hiding: it is a way of restricting the access of our data members by hiding the
implementationdetails.Encapsulationalsoprovidesawayfordatahiding.Theuserwillhaveno
idea about the inner implementation of the class.
2. Increased Flexibility: We can make the variablesoftheclassread-onlyorwrite-onlydepending
on our requirements.
3. Reusability: Encapsulation also improves the re-usability and is easy to change with new
requirements.
4. Testing code is easy: Code is made easy to test for unit testing.
87. What is the primary benefit of Encapsulation?
hemainadvantageofEncapsulationinJavaisitsabilitytoprotecttheinternalstateofanobjectfrom
T
external modification or access. It is the is a way of hiding the implementation details ofaclassfrom
outsideaccessandonlyexposingapublicinterfacethatcanbeusedtointeractwiththeclass.Themain
benefit is of providing a way to control and manage the state and the behavior of an objectandalso
protecting it from modification and unauthorized access at the same time.
// Java Program to demonstrate use of Encapsulation
import java.io.*;
class Person {
private String Name;
private int age;
public String getName() { return Name; }
public void setName(String Name) { this.Name = Name; }
public int getAge() { return age; }
public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; }
}
20
// Driver class
class GFG {
// main function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Person p = new Person();
p.setName("Rohan");
p.setAge(29);
System.out.println("Name is " + p.getName());
System.out.println("Age is " + p.getAge());
}
}
utput
O
Name is Rohan
Age is 29
88. What do you mean by aggregation?
ggregation is a term related to the relationship between two classes best described as a “has-a”
A
relationship. This kind is the most specialized version of association. It is a unidirectional association
means it is a one-way relationship. It contains the reference to another class and is said to have
ownership of that class.
89. What is the ‘IS-A ‘ relationship in OOPs Java?
‘IS-A’ is a type of relationship in OOPs Java where one class inherits another class.
90. Define Inheritance.
hen an object that belongs to a subclass acquires allthepropertiesandbehaviorofaparentobject
W
thatisfromthesuperclass,itisknownasinheritance. Aclasswithinaclassiscalledthesubclassand
thelatterisreferredtoasthesuperclass.Subclassorthechildclassissaidtobespecificwhereasthe
superclass or the parent class is generic. Inheritance provides code reusability.
91. What are the different types of inheritance in Java?
InheritanceisthemethodbywhichtheChildclasscaninheritthefeaturesoftheSuperorParentclass.
In Java, Inheritance is of four types:
● Single Inheritance: When a child or subclass extends only one superclass, it is known to be
single inheritance. Single-parent class properties are passed down to the child class.
● Multilevel Inheritance: When a child or subclass extends any other subclass a hierarchy of
inheritance is created which is known as multilevel inheritance. In other words, one subclass
becomes the parent class of another.
● Hierarchical Inheritance: Whenmultiplesubclassesderivefromthesameparentclassisknown
as Hierarchical Inheritance. In other words, a class that has a single parent has many
subclasses.
● MultipleInheritance:WhenachildclassinheritsfrommultipleparentclassesisknownasMultiple
Inheritance. In Java, it only supports multiple inheritance of interfaces, not classes.
92. What is multiple inheritance? Is it supported by Java?
component of the object-oriented notion known as multiple inheritances allows a class to inherit
A
properties from many parent classes. When methods with the same signature are present in both
superclassesandsubclasses,anissuearises.Themethod’scallercannotspecifytothecompilerwhich
class method should be called or even which class method should be given precedence.
Note: Java doesn’t support Multiple Inheritance
21
// Java Program to show multiple Inheritance
import java.io.*;
interface Animal {
void eat();
}
interface Mammal {
void drink();
}
class Dog implements Animal, Mammal {
public void eat() { System.out.println("Eating"); }
public void drink() { System.out.println("Drinking"); }
void bark() { System.out.println("Barking"); }
}
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Dog d = new Dog();
d.eat();
d.drink();
d.bark();
}
}
utput
O
Eating
Drinking
Barking
93. How is inheritance in C++ different from Java?
Inheritance in C++ Inheritance in Java
C++ lets the user to inherit multiple classes. Java doesn’t support multiple inheritances.
hen a class is created in C++, it doesn’t
W avaisalwayssaidtohaveasingleinheritanceasall
J
inherit from the object class, instead exists the classes inherit in one or the other way from the
on its own. object class.
94. Is there any limitation to using Inheritance?
es, there is a limitation of using Inheritance in Java, as because of inheritance one can inherit
Y
everything from super class and interface because of which subclass is too clustered andsometimes
error-prone when dynamic overriding or dynamic overloading is done in certain situations.
95.AlthoughinheritanceisapopularOOPsconcept,itislessadvantageousthan
omposition. Explain.
c
InheritanceisapopularconceptofObject-OrientedProgramming(OOP),inwhichaclasscaninheritthe
properties and methods from any other class, which is referred to as a Parent or superclass. On the
otherhandinComposition,aclasscancontainaninstanceofanotherclassasamembervariablewhich
is often referred to as part or a component. Below are some reasons why composition is more
advantageous than inheritance:
● TightCoupling: Wheneveranychangesaremadetothesuperclass,thesechangescanaffect
the behavior of all its child or Subclasses. This problem makes code less flexible and also
creates issues during maintenance. This problem also leads to the Tightcouplingbetweenthe
classes.
● FragileBaseClassProblem:Whenthechangestothebaseclasscanbreakthefunctionality
of its derived classes. This problem can make it difficult to add new features or modify the
existing ones. This problem is known as the Fragile Base class problem.
2
2
Limited Reuse: Inheritance in Javacanleadtolimitedcodereuseandalsocodeduplication.
●
Asasubclassinheritsallthepropertiesandmethodsofitssuperclass,sometimesitmayendup
with unnecessary code which is not needed. This leads to a less maintainable codebase.
The association is a relation between two separate classes established through their Objects. It
r epresents Has-A’s relationship.
97. What do you mean by aggregation?
CompositionisarestrictedformofAggregationinwhichtwoentitiesarehighlydependentoneachother.
It represents part-of the relationship.
98. What is the composition of Java?
ompositionimpliesarelationshipwherethechildcannotexistindependentlyoftheparent.Forexample
C
Human heart, the heart doesn’t exist separately from a Human.
99. State the difference between Composition and Aggregation.
Aggregation Composition
It defines a “has a” relationship between the
It represents the part-of relationship
objects
Objects are independent of each other. Objects are dependent on each other.
Represent it by using the filled diamond. Represent it by using the empty diamond.
Child objects don’t have a lifetime. Child objects have a lifetime.
100. Can the constructor be inherited?
No, we can’t inherit a constructor.
101. What is Polymorphism?
olymorphismisdefinedastheabilitytotakemorethanoneformItisoftwotypesnamely,Compiletime
P
polymorphism or method overloading- afunctioncalledduringcompiletime.Forinstance,takeaclass
‘area’.Basedonthenumberofparametersitmaycalculatetheareaofasquare,triangle,orcircle.Run
timepolymorphismormethodoverriding-linksduringruntime. Themethodinsideaclassoverridesthe
method of the parent class.
102. What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch?
ynamic method dispatch isaresolvingmechanismformethodoverridingduringtheruntime.Method
D
overridingistheonewherethemethodinasubclasshasthesamename,parameters,andreturntype
as amethodinthesuperclass.Whentheover-riddenmethodiscalledthroughasuperclassreference,
javadetermineswhichversion(superclassorsubclass)ofthatmethodistobeexecutedbaseduponthe
typeofanobjectbeingreferredtoatthetimethecalloccurs.Thusthedecisionismadeatruntime.This
is referred to as dynamic method dispatch.
103. What is method overriding?
ethodoverriding,alsoknownasruntimepolymorphismisonewherethechildclasscontainsthesame
M
methodastheparentclass.Forinstance,wehaveamethodnamed‘gfg()’intheparentclass.Amethod
gfg()isagaindefinedinthesub-class.Thuswhengfg()iscalledinthesubclass,themethodwithinthe
class id executed. Here, gfg() within the class overridden the method outside.
104. What is method overloading?
23
ethodoverridingisamethodtoachieveRun-timepolymorphisminJava.Methodoverridingisafeature
M
thatallowsachildclasstoprovideaspecificimplementationofamethodthatisalreadyprovidedbyone
of its parent classes. When a method in a child class has the same name, the same parameters or
signature,andthesamereturntype(orsub-type)asamethodinitsparentclass,thenthemethodinthe
subclass is said to override the method in the superclass.
105. Can we override the static method?
No, as static methods are part of the class rather than the object so we can’t override them.
106. Can we override the overloaded method?
Yes, since the overloaded method is a completely different method in the eyes of the compiler.
verriding isn’t the same thing at all. The decision as to which method to call is deferred to runtime.
O
107. Can we overload the main() method?
Yes in Java we can overload the main method to call the mainmethodwiththehelpofitspredefined
alling method.
c
108. What are method overloading and method overriding?
MethodOverloading:ItisalsoknownasCompileTimePolymorphism.Inmethodoverloadingtwoor
more methods are shared in the same class with a different signature.
….
class GFG {
static int multiply(int a, int b) { return a * b; }
static int multiply(int a, int b, int c)
{
return a * b * c;
}
static int multiply(int a, int b, int c, int d)
{
return a * b * c * d;
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("multiply() with 2 parameters");
System.out.println(multiply(4, 5));
System.out.println("multiply() with 3 parameters");
System.out.println(multiply(2, 3, 4));
System.out.println("multiply() with 4 parameters");
System.out.println(multiply(2, 3, 4, 1));
}
}
utput
O
multiply() with 2 parameters
20
multiply() with 3 parameters
24
multiply() with 4 parameters
24
4
2
MethodOverriding: MethodOverridingoccurswhenasubclasscanprovidetheimplementationofa
methodwhichisalreadydefinedintheparentclassorsuperclass.Thereturntype,nameandarguments
must be similar to the methods in superclass.
Example:
Java
// Java Program to demonstrate use of Method Overriding
import java.io.*;
class Vehicle {
void drive()
{
System.out.println("drive() method of base class");
System.out.println("driving the Car.");
}
}
class Car extends Vehicle {
void drive()
{
System.out.println(
"drive() method of derived class");
System.out.println("Car is driving.");
}
}
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Car c1 = new Car();
Vehicle v1 = new Vehicle();
c1.drive();
v1.drive();
Vehicle vehicle = new Car();
// drive() method of Vehicle class is overridden by
// Car class drive()
vehicle.drive();
}
}
utput
O
drive() method of derived class
Car is driving.
drive() method of base class
driving the Car.
drive() method of derived class
Car is driving.
Method Overloading Method Overriding
hen a subclass provides its own
W
hen two or multiple methods are in the same
W
implementation of a method thatisalready
class with different parameters but the same name.
defined in the parent class.
25
ethod overloading can only happen in the same
M ethod overriding can only happen in
M
class or between a subclass or parent class. Subclass.
hen an error occurs it is caught at the compile
W hen an error occurs it is caught at
W
time of the program. Runtime of the program.
Example of Compile Time Polymorphism. Example of Run Time Polymorphism.
ethod Overloading may or may not require
M ethod
M overriding always needs
Inheritance. Inheritance.
It is performed in two classes with an
It occurs within the class.
inheritance relationship.
109. Can we override the private methods?
ItisnotpossibletooverridetheprivatemethodsinJava.Methodoverridingiswherethemethodinthe
subclass is implemented instead of the method from the parent class. The private methods are
accessibleonlywithintheclassinwhichitisdeclared.Sincethismethodisnotvisibletootherclasses
and cannot be accessed, it cannot be overridden.
110. Can we change the scope of the overridden method in the subclass?
InJava,itisnotpossibletomodifytheoverriddenmethod’sscope.Thesubclassmethod’sscopemust
be equaltoorwiderthantheSuperclassmethod’soverriddenmethod’sscope.Theoverriddenmethod
in the subclass, for instance, can have a public scope or a more accessible scope like protected or
defaultiftheoverriddenmethodinthesuperclasshasapublicscope.Itcannot,however,haveamore
exclusive scope like private.
111.Canwemodifythethrowsclauseofthesuperclassmethodwhileoverridingitinthe
ubclass?
s
e can modify the throws clause of the Superclassmethodwithsomelimitations,wecanchangethe
W
throws clause of the superclass method while overriding it in the subclass. The subclass overridden
method can only specify unchecked exceptions if the superclass method does not declare any
exceptions.Ifthesuperclassmethoddeclaresanexception,thesubclassmethodcandeclarethesame
exception,asubclassexception,ornoexceptionatall.However,thesubclassmethodcannotdeclarea
parent exception that is broader than the ones declared in the superclass method.
112. Can you have virtual functions in Java?
Yes,Javasupportsvirtualfunctions.Functionsarebydefaultvirtualandcanbemadenon-virtualusing
the final keyword.
113. What is Abstraction?
bstractionreferstotheactofrepresentingessentialfeatureswithoutincludingbackgrounddetails.The
A
detailedinformationortheimplementationishidden.Themostcommonexampleofabstractionisacar,
we know how to turn on the engine, accelerate and move, however, the way engine works, and its
internalcomponentsarecomplexlogichiddenfromthegeneralusers.Thisisusuallydonetohandlethe
complexity.
114. What is Abstract class?
classdeclaredasabstract,cannotbeinstantiatedi.e.,theobjectcannotbecreated.Itmayormaynot
A
contain abstract methods but if a class has at least one abstract method, it must be declared abstract.
Example of an abstract class with abstract method:
// Java Program to implement
// abstract method
import java.io.*;
// Abstract class
abstract class Fruits {
26
abstract void run();
}
// Driver Class
class Apple extends Fruits {
void run()
{
System.out.println("Abstract class example");
}
// main method
public static void main(String args[])
{
Fruits obj = new Apple();
obj.run();
}
}
115. When Abstract methods are used?
An abstract method is used when we want to use a method but want to child classes to decide the
implementation in that case we use Abstract methods with the parent classes.
16. How can you avoid serialization in the child class if the base class is
1
implementing the Serializable interface?
Serialization in the child class if the base class isimplementingtheSerializableinterfacethenwecan
void it by defining the writeObject() method and throwing NotSerializableException().
a
117. What is Collection Framework in Java?
ollections are units of objects in Java. The collection framework is asetofinterfacesandclassesin
C
Javathatareusedtorepresentandmanipulatecollectionsofobjectsinavarietyofways.Thecollection
frameworkcontainsclasses(ArrayList,Vector,LinkedList,PriorityQueue,TreeSet)andmultipleinterfaces
(Set, List, Queue, Deque) where every interface is used to store a specific type of data.
118. Explain various interfaces used in the Collection framework.
Collection framework implements
1. Collection Interface
2. List Interface
3. Set Interface
4. Queue Interface
5. Deque Interface
6. Map Interface
Collection interface: Collection is the primary interface available that can be imported using
java.util.Collection.
Syntax:
public interface Collection<E> extends iterable
119. How can you synchronize an ArrayList in Java?
An ArrayList can be synchronized using two methods mentioned below:
1. Using Collections.synchronizedList()
2. Using CopyOnWriteArrayList
Using Collections.synchronizedList():
public static List<T> synchronizedList(List<T> list)
Using CopyOnWriteArrayList:
1. Create an empty List.
2. It implements the List interface
3. It is a thread-safe variant of ArrayList
4. T represents generic
20. WhydoweneedasynchronizedArrayListwhenwehaveVectors(whichare
1
synchronized) in Java?
ArrayList is in need even when we have Vectors because of certain reasons:
1. ArrayList is faster than Vectors.
2. ArrayList supports multithreading whereas Vectors only supports single-thread use.
7
2
3. ArrayList is safer to use, as Vectors supports single threads and individualoperationsareless
safe and take longer to synchronize.
. Vectors are considered outdated in Java because of their synchronized nature.
4
121. Why can’t we create a generic array?
eneric arrays can’t be created because an array carries type information of its elements at runtime
G
becauseofwhichduringruntimeitthrow‘ArrayStoreException’iftheelements’typeisnotsimilar.Since
generics type information gets erased at compile time by Type Erasure, the array store check would
have been passed where it should have failed.
22. Contiguous memory locations are usually used for storing actual
1
values in an array but not in ArrayList. Explain.
heelementsofanarrayarestoredincontiguousmemorylocations,whichmeansthateachelementis
T
storedinaseparateblockbasedonitlocatedwithinthearray.Sincetheelementsofthearrayarestored
in contiguous locations, it can be relatively easy to access any element by its index, as the element
address can be calculated based on the location of the element. But Java implements ArrayLists as
dynamic arrays, which means that the size can change as elements areremovedoradded.ArrayList
elements arenotstoredincontiguousmemorylocationsinordertoaccommodatethisdynamicnature.
Instead, the ArrayList makes use of a method known as an expandable arrayinwhichtheunderlying
array is expanded toalargersizeasneededandtheelementsarethencopiedtothenewlocation.In
contrast to an ArrayList, which has a dynamic size and does not store its elements in contiguous
memory locations, an array has a fixed size and its elements are stored there.
123. Explain the method to convert ArrayList to Array and Array to ArrayList.
onversion of List to ArrayList
C
There are multiple methods to convert List into ArrayList
Programmers can convert an Array to ArrayListusingasList()methodoftheArraysclass.Itisastatic
ethod of the Arrays class that accepts the List object.
m
Syntax:
Arrays.asList(item)
// Java program to demonstrate conversion of
// Array to ArrayList of fixed-size.
import java.util.*;
// Driver Class
class GFG {
// Main Function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String[] temp = { "Abc", "Def", "Ghi", "Jkl" };
// Conversion of array to ArrayList
// using Arrays.asList
List conv = Arrays.asList(temp);
System.out.println(conv);
}
}
utput
O
[Abc, Def, Ghi, Jkl]
28
Conversion of ArrayList to Array
ava programmers can convert ArrayList to
J
Syntax:
List_object.toArray(new String[List_object.size()])
// Java program to demonstrate working of
// Objectp[] toArray()
import java.io.*;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ArrayList;
// Driver Class
class GFG {
// Main Function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// List declared
List<Integer>
arr = new ArrayList<Integer>();
arr.add(1);
arr.add(2);
arr.add(3);
arr.add(2);
arr.add(1);
// Conversion
Object[] objects = arr.toArray();
// Printing array of objects
for (Object obj : objects)
System.out.print(obj + " ");
}
}
utput
O
1 2 3 2 1 1
24.HowdoesthesizeofArrayListgrowdynamically?Andalsostatehowit
1
is implemented internally.
uetoArrayListsarray-basednature,itgrowsdynamicallyinsizeensuringthatthereisalwaysenough
D
room for elements. When an ArrayList element is first created, the default capacity is around 10-16
elements which basically depends on the Java version. ArrayList elements are copied over from the
original array to the new array when the capacity of the original array is full. As the ArrayList size
increasesdynamically,theclasscreatesanewarrayofbiggersizesanditcopiesalltheelementsfrom
the old array to the new array. Now, the reference of thenewarrayisusedinternally.Thisprocessof
dynamically growing an array is known as resizing.
125. What is a Vector in Java?
Vectors in Java are similar and can store multiple elements inside them. Vectors follow certain rules
entioned below:
m
1. Vector can be imported using Java.util.Vector.
2. Vectorisimplementedusingadynamicarrayasthesizeofthevectorincreasesanddecreases
depending upon the elements inserted in it.
3. Elements of the Vector using index numbers.
9
2
4. Vectors are synchronized in nature meanstheyonlyusedasinglethread(onlyoneprocessis
performed at a particular time ).
5. The vector contains many methods that are not part of the collections framework.
Syntax:
Vector gfg = new Vector(size, increment);
126. How to make Java ArrayList Read-Only?
An ArrayList can be made ready only using the method provided by Collections using the
ollections.unmodifiableList() method.
C
Syntax:
array_readonly = Collections.unmodifiableList(ArrayList);
// Java program to demonstrate
// unmodifiableList() method
import java.util.*;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception
{
try {
// creating object of ArrayList
<Character> ArrayList<Character>
temp
= new ArrayList<Character>();
// populate the list
temp.add('X');
temp.add('Y');
temp.add('Z');
// printing the list
System.out.println("Initial list: " + temp);
// getting readonly list
// using unmodifiableList() method
List<Character>
new_array
= Collections.unmodifiableList(temp);
// printing the list
System.out.println("ReadOnly ArrayList: "
+ new_array);
// Adding element to new Collection
System.out.println("\nIf add element in "
+ " the ReadOnly ArrayList");
new_array.add('A');
}
catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {
System.out.println("Exception is thrown : "
+ e);
}
}
}
utput
O
Initial list: [X, Y, Z]
ReadOnly ArrayList: [X, Y, Z]
If add element in the ReadOnly ArrayList
Exception is thrown : java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException
30
127. What is a priority queue in Java?
priority queue is an abstract data type similar to a regular queue or stack data structure. Elements
A
storedinelementsaredependingupontheprioritydefinedfromlowtohigh.ThePriorityQueueisbased
on the priority heap.
Syntax:
Java
// Java program to demonstrate the
// working of PriorityQueue
import java.util.*;
class PriorityQueueDemo {
// Main Method
public static void main(String args[])
{
// Creating empty priority queue
PriorityQueue<Integer>
var1
= new PriorityQueue<Integer>();
// Adding items to the pQueue using add()
var1.add(10);
var1.add(20);
var1.add(15);
// Printing the top element of PriorityQueue
System.out.println(var1.peek());
}
}
utput
O
10
128. Explain the LinkedList class.
LinkedListclassisJavathatusesadoublylinkedlisttostoreelements.ItinheritstheAbstractListclass
nd implements List and Deque interfaces. Properties of the LinkedList Class are mentioned below:
a
1. LinkedList classes are non-synchronized.
2. Maintains insertion order.
3. It can be used as a list, stack, or queue.
Syntax:
LinkedList<class> list_name=new LinkedList<class>();
129. What is the Stack class in Java and what are the various methods provided by it?
StackclassinJavaisaLIFOdatastructurethatimplementstheLastInFirstOutdatastructure.Itis
A
derived from a Vector class but has functions specific to stacks. The Stack class injavaprovidesthe
following methods:
● peek(): returns the top item from the stack without removing it
● empty(): returns true if the stack is empty and false otherwise
● push(): pushes an item onto the top of the stack
31
p
● op(): removes and returns the top item from the stack
● search():returnsthe1,basedpositionoftheobjectfromthetopofthestack.Iftheobjectisnotin
the stack, it returns -1
30. What is Set in the Java Collections framework and list down its various
1
implementations?
Setsarecollectionsthatdon’tstoreduplicateelements.Theydon’tkeepanyorderoftheelements.The
ava Collections framework provides several implementations of the Set interface, including:
J
● HashSet:HashSetinJava,storestheelementsinahastablewhichprovidesfasterlookupsand
faster insertion. HashSet is not ordered.
● LinkedHashSet: LinkedHashSet is an implementation of HashSet whichmaintainstheinsertion
order of the elements.
● TreeSet:TreeSetstorestheelementsinasortedorderthatisdeterminedbythenaturalordering
of the elements or by a custom comparator provided at the time of creation.
131. What is the HashSet class in Java and how does it store elements?
heHashSetclassimplementstheSetinterfaceintheJavaCollectionsFrameworkandisamemberof
T
the HashSet class. Unlike duplicate values, it stores a collection of distinct elements. In this
implementation,eachelementismappedtoanindexinanarrayusingahashfunction,andtheindexis
usedtoquicklyaccesstheelement.Itproducesanindexfortheelementinthearraywhereitisstored
based on the input element. Assuming the hash function distributes the elements among the buckets
appropriately,theHashSetclassprovidesconstant-timeperformanceforbasicoperations(add,remove,
contain, and size).
132. What is LinkedHashSet in Java Collections Framework?
he LinkedHashSet is an ordered version ofHashsetmaintainedbyadoubly-linkedListacrossallthe
T
elements.Itisveryhelpfulwheniterationorderisneeded.DuringIterationinLinkedHashSet,elements
are returned in the same order they are inserted.
Syntax:
LinkedHashSet<E> hs = new LinkedHashSet<E>();
// Java Program to implement
// LinkedHashSet
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
// Driver Class
class GFG {
// Main Function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// LinkedHashSet declared
LinkedHashSet<Integer>
hs = new LinkedHashSet<Integer>();
// Add elements in HashSet
hs.add(1);
hs.add(2);
hs.add(5);
hs.add(3);
// Print values
System.out.println("Values:" + hs);
}
}
utput
O
Values:[1, 2, 5, 3]
32
133. What is a Map interface in Java?
he map interface is present in the Java collection and can be used with Java.util package. A map
T
interfaceisusedformappingvaluesintheformofakey-valueform.Themapcontainsalluniquekeys.
Also, it provides methods associated with it like containsKey(), contains value (), etc.
There are multiple types of maps in the map interface as mentioned below:
1. SortedMap
2. TreeMap
3. HashMap
4. LinkedHashMap
134. Explain Treemap in Java
TreeMap is a type of map that stores data in the form of key-value pair. It is implemented using the
r ed-black tree. Features of TreeMap are :
1. It contains only unique elements.
2. It cannot have a NULL key
3. It can have multiple NULL values.
4. It is non-synchronized.
5. It maintains ascending order.
135. What is EnumSet?
EnumSet is a specialized implementation of the Set interface for use with enumeration type. A few
features of EnumSet are:
1. It is non-synchronized.
2. Faster than HashSet.
3. All of the elements in an EnumSet must come from a single enumeration type.
4. It doesn’t allow null Objects and throws NullPointerException for exceptions.
5. It uses a fail-safe iterator.
Syntax:
public abstract class EnumSet<E extends Enum<E>>
Parameter: E specifies the elements.
136. What is BlockingQueue?
3
3
AblockingqueueisaQueuethatsupportstheoperationsthatwaitforthequeuetobecomenon-empty
while retrieving and removing the element, and wait for spacetobecomeavailableinthequeuewhile
adding the element.
Syntax:
public interface BlockingQueue<E> extends Queue<E>
Parameters: E is the type of elements stored in the Collection
137. What is the ConcurrentHashMap in Java and do you implement it?
oncurrentHashMap is implemented using Hashtable.
C
Syntax:
public class ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>
extends AbstractMap<K, V>
implements ConcurrentMap<K, V>, Serializable
Parameters: K is the key Object type and V is the value Object type
138. Can you use any class as a Map key?
Yes, we can use any class as a Map Key if it follows certain predefined rules mentioned below:
1. The class overriding the equals() method must also override the hashCode() method
2. The concurrentHashMap class is thread-safe.
3. The default concurrency level of ConcurrentHashMap is 16.
4. Inserting null objects in ConcurrentHashMap is not possible as a key or as value.
139. What is an Iterator?
heIteratorinterfaceprovidesmethodstoiterateoveranyCollectioninJava.Iteratoristhereplacement
T
ofEnumerationintheJavaCollectionsFramework.ItcangetaniteratorinstancefromaCollectionusing
the _iterator()_ method. It also allows the caller to remove elements from the underlying collection
during the iteration.
140. What is an enumeration?
numeration is a user-defined data type. It is mainly used to assign names to integral constants, the
E
names make a program easy to read and maintain. The main objective of the enum is to define
user-defined data types.
Example:
// A simple enum example where enum is declared
// outside any class (Note enum keyword instead of
// class keyword)
enum Color
{
RED, GREEN, BLUE;
}
141. What is the difference between Collection and Collections?
Collection Collections
The Collection is an Interface. Collections is a class.
It provides the standard functionality of data It is to sort and synchronize the collection
structure. elements.
34
It provides the methods that can be used for It provides static methods that can be used for
the data structure. various operations.
142. Differentiate between Array and ArrayList in Java.
Array ArrayList
Single-dimensional or multidimensional Single-dimensional
For and for each used for iteration Here iterator is used to traverse riverArrayList
ize() method is used to compute the size of
s
length keyword returns the size of the array.
ArrayList.
rrayListsizeisdynamicandcanbeincreased
A
The array has Fixed-size.
or decreased in size when required.
It is relatively slower because of its dynamic
It is faster as above we see it of fixed size
nature
rimitive data types are not directly added to
P
rimitive data types can be stored directly in
P
unlikely arrays, they are added indirectly with
unlikely objects.
help of autoboxing and unboxing
heycannotbeaddedherehencethetypeisin
T heycanbeaddedherehencemakingArrayList
T
the unsafe. type-safe.
ere a special methodisusedknownasadd()
H
The assignment operator only serves the purpose
method
143. What is the difference between Array and Collection in Java?
Array Collections
Array in Java has a fixed size. Collections in Java have dynamic sizes.
In an Array, Elements are stored in contiguous In Collections, Elements are not necessarily
memory locations. stored in contiguous memory locations.
bjects andprimitivedatatypescanbestoredin
O
We can only store objects in collections.
an array.
35
anual manipulation is required for resizing the
M
Resizing in collections is handled automatically.
array.
ollections have advanced
C methods for
The array has basic methods for manipulation.
manipulation and iteration.
The array is available since the beginning of Java. Collections were introduced in Java 1.2.
144. Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList.
ArrayList LinkedList
ArrayList is Implemented as an expandable Array. LinkedList is Implemented as a doubly-linked list.
inkedListElementsarestoredinnon-contiguous
L
In ArrayList, Elements are stored in contiguous
memory locations as each element has a
memory locations
reference to the next and previous elements.
inkedLists are faster for insertion and deletion
L
ArrayLists are faster for random access.
operations
ArrayLists are more memory efficient. LinkedList is less memory efficient
rrayLists Use more memory duetomaintaining
A inkedList Uses less memory as it only has
L
the array size. references to elements
The search operation is faster in ArrayList. The search operation is slower in LinkedList
145. Differentiate between ArrayList and Vector in Java.
ArrayList Vector
rrayLists are implemented as an expandable
A
Vector is Implemented as a growable array.
array.
ArrayList is not synchronized. The vector is synchronized.
rrayLists are
A Faster for non-concurrent ector is Slower for non-concurrent operations
V
operations. due to added overhead of synchronization.
ArrayLists were Introduced in Java 1.2. Vector was Introduced in JDK 1.0.
36
ecommended for use in a single-threaded
R ectors are Recommended for use in a
V
environment. multi-threaded environment.
In Vectors, the default initial capacity is 10 but
The default initial capacity of ArrayLists is 10.
the default increment is twice the size.
ArrayList performance is high. Vector performance is low.
146. What is the difference between Iterator and ListIterator?
Iterator ListIterator
antraverseelementspresentinCollectiononlyin
C an traverse elements present in Collection
C
the forward direction. both in forward and backward directions.
Used to traverse Map, List, and Set. Can only traverse List and not the other two.
It has methods like nextIndex() and
Indexes can’t be obtained using Iterator previousIndex() to obtain indexes of elements
at any time while traversing the List.
an’t modify or replace elements present in
C an modify or replace elements with thehelp
C
Collection of set(E e)
an’t add elements, and
C also throws aneasilyaddelementstoacollectionatany
C
ConcurrentModificationException. time.
ertain methods of Iterator are next(), remove(),
C ertain methods of ListIterator are next(),
C
and hasNext(). previous(), hasNext(), hasPrevious(), add(E e).
147. Differentiate between HashMap and HashTable.
HashMap HashTable
HashMap is not synchronized HashTable is synchronized
One key can be a NULL value NULL values not allowed
The iterator is used to traverse HashMap. Both Iterator and Enumertar can be used
ashTable is slower as compared to
H
HashMap is faster.
HashMap.
148. What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration?
Iterator Enumeration
37
heIteratorcantraversebothlegaciesaswellas
T numeration
E can traverse only legacy
non-legacy elements. elements.
The Iterator is fail-fast. Enumeration is not fail-fast.
The Iterators are slower. Enumeration is faster.
heIteratorcanperformaremoveoperationwhile
T he Enumeration can perform only traverse
T
traversing the collection. operations on the collection.
149. What is the difference between Comparable and Comparator?
Comparable Comparator
The interface is present in java.lang package. The Interface is present in java.util package.
Provides compareTo() method to sort elements. Provides compare() method to sort elements.
It provides single sorting sequences. It provides multiple sorting sequences.
he logic of sorting should be in a separate
T
he logic of sorting must be in the same class
T
class to write different sorting based on
whose object you are going to sort.
different attributes of objects.
ethod sorts the data according to fixed sorting
M ethod sorts the data according to the
M
order. customized sorting order.
It affects the original class. It doesn’t affect the original class.
Implemented frequently in the API by Calendar, It is implemented to sort instances of
Wrapper classes, Date, and String. third-party classes.
150. What is the difference between Set and Map?
Set Map
he Set interface is implemented using java.util
T he map is implemented using java.util
T
package. package.
It can extend the collection interface. It does not extend the collection interface.
It does not allow duplicate values. It allows duplicate values.
The set can sort only one null value. The map can sort multiple null values.
38
….
151. Explain the FailFast iterator and FailSafe iterator along with examples for each.
FailFast iterator is an iterator that throws a ConcurrentModificationException if it detects that the
A
underlying collection has been modified whiletheiteratorisbeingused.Thisisthedefaultbehaviorof
iterators in the Java Collections Framework. For example, the iterator for a HashMap is FailFast.
// Java Program to demonstrate FailFast iterator
import java.io.*;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
map.put(1, "one");
map.put(2, "two");
Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String> > iterator
= map.entrySet().iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry
= iterator.next();
// this will throw a
// ConcurrentModificationException
if (entry.getKey() == 1) {
map.remove(1);
}
}
}
}
utput:
O
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
….
A FailSafe iterator does not throw a ConcurrentModificationException if the underlying collection is
modifiedwhiletheiteratorisbeingused.Alternatively,itcreatesasnapshotofthecollectionatthetime
theiteratoriscreatedanditeratesoverthesnapshot.Forexample,theiteratorforaConcurrentHashMap
is FailSafe.
// Java Program to demonstrate FailSafe
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, String> map
= new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
map.put(1, "one");
map.put(2, "two");
Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String> > iterator
= map.entrySet().iterator();
while (iterator.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = iterator.next();
// this will not throw an exception
if (entry.getKey() == 1) {
map.remove(1);
}
39
}
}
}
152. What is Exception Handling?
nExceptionisanEventthatinterruptsthenormalflowoftheprogramandrequiresspecialprocessing.
A
During the execution of a program, errors and unplanned occurrences can be dealt with byusingthe
Java Exception Handling mechanism. Below are some reasons why Exceptions occur in Java:
● Device failure
● Loss of Network Connection
● Code Errors
● Opening an Unavailable file
● Invalid User Input
● Physical Limitations (out of disk memory)
153. How many types of exceptions can occur in a Java program?
There are generally two types of exceptions in Java:
● Built-in Exceptions: Built-in exceptions in Java are provided by the Java Libraries. These
exceptions can be further divided into two subcategories i.e., checked and unchecked
Exceptions. Below are some of the built-in exceptions in Java:
● ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExceptions
● ClassNotFoundException
● FileNotFoundException
● IOException
● NullPointerException
● ArithmeticException
● InterruptedException
● RuntimeException
● User-Defined Exceptions: User-defined exceptions are defined by the programmers
themselves to handle some specific situations or errors which are not covered by built-in
exceptions.Todefineuser-definedexceptionsanewclassthatextendstheappropriateexception
classmustbedefined.User-definedExceptionsinJavaareusedwhenthebuilt-inexceptionsare
in Java.
154. Difference between an Error and an Exception.
Errors Exceptions
ecoverfromexceptionsbyeitherusingatry-catch
R
Recovering from Errors is not possible.
block or throwing exceptions back to the caller.
It includes both checked as well as unchecked
Errors are all unchecked types in Java.
types that occur.
rrors are mostly caused by the
E
he program is mostly responsible for causing
T
environment in which the program is
exceptions.
running.
40
rrorscanoccuratcompiletimeaswellas
E ll exceptions occur at runtime but checked
A
run time. Compile Time: Syntax Error,Run exceptions are known to the compiler while
Time: Logical Error. unchecked are not.
hey are
T defined in java.lang.Error
They are defined in java.lang.Exception package
package.
xamples: Checked Exceptions: SQLException,
E
xamples: java.lang.StackOverflowError,
E IOException Unchecked Exceptions:
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException,
NullPointerException, ArithmeticException.
155. Explain the hierarchy of Java Exception classes.
ll exception and errortypesinJavaaresubclassesoftheclassthrowable,whichisthebaseclassof
A
the hierarchy. This class is then used for exceptional conditions that user programs should catch.
NullPointerException is an example of such an exception. Another branch, error is used by the Java
run-timesystemtoindicateerrorshavingtodowiththeJRE.StackOverflowErrorisanexampleofoneof
such error.
156. Explain Runtime Exceptions.
untime Exceptions are exceptions that occur during the execution of a code, as opposed to
R
compile-time exceptions that occur during compilation. Runtimeexceptionsareuncheckedexceptions,
as they aren’t accounted for by the JVM.
Examples of runtime exceptions in Java include:
N
● ullPointerException: This occurs when an application attempts to use a null object reference.
● ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException:Thisoccurswhenanapplicationattemptstoaccessanarray
index that is out of bounds.
● ArithmeticException: This occurs when an application attempts to divide by zero.
● IllegalArgumentException: This occurs when a method is passed on an illegal orinappropriate
argument.
Unlike checked exceptions, runtime exceptions do not require a declaration in the throws clause or
capture in a try-catch block. However, handling runtime exceptions is advisable in order to provide
meaningful error messages and prevent a system crash. Because runtime exceptions provide more
specific information about the problem thancheckedexceptions,theyenabledeveloperstodetectand
correct programming errors more easily and quickly.
157. What is NullPointerException?
It is a type of run-time exception thatisthrownwhentheprogramattemptstouseanobjectreference
thathasanullvalue.ThemainuseofNullPointerExceptionistoindicatethatnovalueisassignedtoa
reference variable, also it is used for implementing data structures like linked lists and trees.
41
158. When is the ArrayStoreException thrown?
ArrayStoreExceptionisthrownwhenanattemptismadetostorethewrongtypeofobjectinanarrayof
bjects.
o
// Java Program to implement
// ArrayStoreException
public class GFG {
public static void main(String args[])
{
// Since Double class extends Number class
// only Double type numbers
// can be stored in this array
Number[] a = new Double[2];
// Trying to store an integer value
// in this Double type array
a[0] = new Integer(4);
}
}
xample:
E
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayStoreException: java.lang.Integer
at GFG.main(GFG.java:6)
….
59. What is the difference between Checked Exception and Unchecked Exception?
1
Checked Exception:
hecked Exceptions are the exceptions that are checked during compile time of a program. In a
C
program,ifsomecodewithinamethodthrowsacheckedexception,thenthemethodmusteitherhandle
the exception or must specify the exception using the throws keyword.
Checked exceptions are of two types:
● Fully checked exceptions: all its child classes are also checked, like IOException, and
InterruptedException.
● Partially checked exceptions: some of its child classes are unchecked, like an Exception.
Unchecked Exception:
nchecked are the exceptions that are not checked at compile time of a program. Exceptions under
U
Error and RuntimeException classes are unchecked exceptions, everything else under throwable is
checked.
160. What is the base class for Error and Exception?
2
4
Errorisanillegaloperationperformedbytheuserwhichcausesabnormalityintheprogram.Exceptions
are the unexpected events or conditions thatcomeswhilerunningtheprogram,exceptiondisruptsthe
normal flow of the program’s instructions.
Errors and Exceptions both have a common parent class which is java.lang.Throwable class.
161. Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block?
No,ItisnotnecessarytousecatchblockaftertryblockinJavaaswecancreateanothercombination
ith finally block. Finally is the block which runs despite the fact that the exception is thrown or not.
w
162. What is exception propagation?
xceptionpropagationisaprocessinwhichtheexceptionisdroppedfromtothetoptothebottomofthe
E
stack.Ifnotcaughtonce,theexceptionagaindropsdowntothepreviousmethod,andsoonuntilitgets
caught or until it reaches the very bottom of the call stack.
63. What will happen if you put System.exit(0) on the try or catch block? Will finally
1
block execute?
ystem.exit(int)hasthecapabilitytothrowSecurityException.So,ifincaseofsecurity,theexceptionis
S
thrown then finally block will be executed otherwise JVM will be closed while calling System. exit(0)
because of which finally block will not be executed.
64. What do you understand by Object Cloning and how do you achieve it in
1
Java?
It is the process of creating an exact copy of any object. In order to support this, a javaclasshasto
implementtheCloneableinterfaceofjava.langpackageandoverridetheclone()methodprovidedbythe
Object class the syntax of which is:
ProtectedObjectclone()throwsCloneNotSupportedException{return(Object)super.clone();}Incasethe
Cloneable interface is not implemented and just the method is overridden, it results in
CloneNotSupportedException in Java.
165. How do exceptions affect the program if it doesn’t handle them?
Exceptions are responsibleforabruptlyterminatingtherunningoftheprogramwhileexecutingandthe
ode written after the exception occurs is not executed.
c
166. What is the use of the final keyword?
The final keyword is used to make functions non-virtual. By default, all the functions are virtual so to
ake it non-virtual we use the final keyword.
m
167. What purpose do the keywords final, finally, and finalize fulfill?
i). final:
final is a keyword is used with the variable, method, or class so that they can’t be overridden.
// Java Program to use final
// keyword
import java.io.*;
// Driver Class
class GFG {
// Main function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int x = 100;
x = 50;
}
}
utput:
O
./GFG.java:6: error: cannot assign a value to final variable x
x=50;
^
1 error
ii). finally
finally is a block of code used with “try-catch” in exception handling. Codewritteninfinallyblockruns
espite the fact exception is thrown or not.
d
43
// Java Program to implement finally
import java.io.*;
// Driver class
class GFG {
// Main function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int x = 10;
// try block
try {
System.out.println("Try block");
}
// finally block
finally {
System.out.println(
"Always runs even without exceptions");
}
}
}
utput
O
Try block
Always runs even without exceptions
iii). finalize
It is a method that is called just before deleting/destructing the objects which areeligibleforGarbage
ollection to perform clean-up activity.
c
/*package whatever // do not write package name here */
import java.io.*;
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Main function running");
System.gc();
}
// Here overriding finalize method
public void finalize()
{
System.out.println("finalize method overridden");
}
}
utput
O
Main function running
168. What is the difference between this() and super() in Java?
this( ) super( )
It represents the current instance of theparent
It represents the current instance of the class.
class.
Calls the default constructor of the same class. Calls the default constructor of the base class.
Access the methods of the same class. Access the methods of the parent class.
44
Points current class instance. Points the superclass instance.
169. What is multitasking?
ultitaskinginJavareferstoaprogram’scapacitytocarryoutseveraltasksatonce.Threads,whichare
M
quick operations contained within a singleprogram,candothis.Executingnumerousthingsatonceis
known as multitasking.
// Java program for multitasking
import java.io.*;
public class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run()
{
// Code to be executed in this thread
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(
"Thread " + Thread.currentThread().getId()
+ ": " + i);
}
}
}
public class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyThread thread1 = new MyThread();
MyThread thread2 = new MyThread();
// Start the threads
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
}
}
170. What do you mean by a Multithreaded program?
ultithreadedprogramsinJavacontainthreadsthatrunconcurrentlyinsteadofrunningsequentially.A
M
computer canuseitsresourcesmoreefficientlybycombiningmultipletasksatonce.Anyprogramwith
multithreading allows more than one user to simultaneously use the program without runningmultiple
copies. A multithreaded program is designed to run multiple processes at the same time which can
improve the performance of a program and allows the program to utilize multiple processors and
improves the overall throughput.
171. What are the advantages of multithreading?
There are multiple advantages of using multithreading which are as follows:
● Responsiveness:UserResponsivenessincreasesbecausemultithreadinginteractiveapplication
allows running code even when the section is blocked or executes a lengthy process.
● Resource Sharing: The processcanperformmessagepassingandsharedmemorybecauseof
multithreading.
● Economy: We are able to share memory because of which the processes are economical.
● Scalability: Multithreading on multiple CPU machines increases parallelism.
● Better Communication: Thread synchronization functions improves inter-process communication.
● Utilization of multiprocessor architecture
● Minimized system resource use
172. What are the two ways in which Thread can be created?
ultithreading is a Javafeaturethatallowsconcurrentexecutionoftwoormorepartsofaprogramfor
M
maximumutilizationoftheCPU.Ingeneral,threadsaresmall,lightweightprocesseswithseparatepaths
ofexecution.Thesethreadsusesharedmemory,buttheyactindependently,thusifanyonethreadfails
it does not affect the other threads. There are two ways to create a thread:
● By extending the Thread class
● By implementing a Runnable interface.
By extending the Thread class
5
4
We create a class that extends the java.lang.Thread class. This class overrides the run() method
available in the Thread class. A thread begins its life inside run() method.
Syntax:
public class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
// thread code goes here
}
}
By implementing the Runnable interface
We create a new class that implements java.lang.Runnableinterfaceandoverriderun()method.Then
e instantiate a Thread object and call the start() method on this object.
w
Syntax:
public class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
public void run() {
// thread code goes here
}
}
173. What is a thread?
hreads in Java are subprocess with lightweight with the smallest unit of processes and also has
T
separate paths of execution. These threads use shared memory but they act independently hence if
thereisanexceptioninthreadsthatdonotaffecttheworkingofotherthreadsdespitethemsharingthe
samememory.Athreadhasitsownprogramcounter,executionstack,andlocalvariables,butitshares
the same memory space with other threads in the same process. Java provides built-in support for
multithreading through the Runnable interface and the Thread class.
174. Differentiate between process and thread?
Aprocessandathreadarebothunitsofexecutioninacomputersystem,buttheyaredifferentinseveral
ays:
w
Process Thread
thread is a singlesequenceofinstructions
A
A process is a program in execution.
within a process.
The process takes more time to terminate. The thread takes less time to terminate.
he thread takes less time for context
T
The process takes more time for context switching.
switching.
he process is less efficient in terms of
T hread is more efficient in terms of
T
communication. communication.
The process is isolated. Threads share memory.
hread has Parents’ P
T CB, its own Thread
he process has its own Process Control Block,
T
Control Block, and Stack and common
Stack, and Address Space.
Address space.
The process does not share data with each other. Threads share data with each other.
46
175. Describe the life cycle of the thread?
AthreadinJavaatanypointintimeexistsinanyoneofthefollowingstates.Athreadliesonlyinoneof
the shown states at any instant:
1. New: The thread has been created but has not yet started.
2. Runnable: The thread is running, executing its task, or is ready to run if there are no other
higher-priority threads.
3. Blocked: The thread is temporarily suspended, waiting for a resource or an event.
4. Waiting: The thread is waiting for another threadtoperformataskorforaspecifiedamountof
time to elapse.
5. Terminated: The thread has completed its task or been terminated by another thread.
176. Explain suspend() method under the Thread class.
he suspend() method of the Thread class in Java temporarily suspends the execution of a thread.
T
Whenathreadissuspendeditgoesintoablockedstateanditwouldnotbescheduledbytheoperating
systemwhichmeansthatitwillnotbeabletoexecuteitstaskuntilitisresumed.Therearemoresafer
and flexible alternatives to the suspend() methods in the modern java programming language. This
method does not return any value.
Syntax:
public final void suspend();
47
// Java program to show thread suspend() method
import java.io.*;
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(" Running thread : " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
catch (Interrupted_Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// suspend the execution of the thread
t1.suspend();
System.out.println("Suspended thread ");
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
// resume the execution of the thread
t1.resume();
System.out.println("Resumed thread");
}
}
utput:
O
Thread running: 0
Thread running: 1
Thread running: 2
Suspended thread
Resumed thread
Thread running: 3
Thread running: 4
Thread running: 5
Thread running: 6
Thread running: 7
Thread running: 8
Thread running: 9
177. Explain the main thread under Thread class execution.
avaprovidesbuilt-insupportformultithreadedprogramming.Themainthreadisconsideredtheparent
J
thread of all the other threads that are created during the program execution. The main thread is
8
4
automatically created when the program starts running. This thread executes the main method of the
program.ItisresponsibleforexecutingthemainlogicoftheJavaprogramaswellashandlingtheuser
input operations. The main thread serves as the base thread from which all other child threads are
spawned.
178. What is a daemon thread?
daemonthreadinJavaisalow-prioritythreadthatisusedtoperformbackgroundoperationsortasks
A
whichareusedtoperformcontinuously.suchasGarbagecollection,Signaldispatches,Actionlisteners,
etc.DaemonthreadsinJavahavelowerprioritythanuserthreads,whichmeanstheycanonlyexecute
when no user threads are running. Daemon threads in Java are useful features that are required for
background tasks that do not require explicit shutdown or finalization. It allows more efficient use of
system resource and are used to simplify resources and can simplify long-running tasks.
179. What are the ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state?
hreadisalightweightprocessthatrunsconcurrentlywiththeotherthreadinsideasingleprocess.Each
T
threadcanexecuteadifferenttaskandsharetheresourceswithinasingleprocess.ThreadinJavacan
enter the waiting state in many different ways:
● Sleep() method Call: The sleep () method is used to pause the execution of the thread fora
specific amount of time. While the thread is paused it goes into the waiting state.
● Wait()method:Thismethodisusedtowaitathreaduntiltheotherthreadsignalsittowakeup.
Thread goes into the waiting state until it receives a notification from another thread.
● Join() method: Join() method can be used to wait for thread to finish the execution. Calling
thread goes into the waiting state until the target thread is completed.
● Waiting for I/O operations: If the thread is waiting for Input/Output operation to complete, it
goes into the waiting state until the operation is finished.
● SynchronizationIssues:Ifthereareanysynchronizationissuesinamulti-threadedapplication,
threads may go into the waiting state until the synchronization issues are resolved.
180. How does multi-threading take place on a computer with a single CPU?
ava uses a technique called time-sharing, commonly referred to as time-slicing, to implement
J
multi-threadingoncomputerswithasingleCPU.Theappearanceofparallelexecutioniscreatedbythe
CPUswitchingbetweenactivethreads.TheoperatingsystemisinchargeofallocatingCPUtimetoeach
thread sequentially and scheduling the threads.
In order to stop threads from interacting withoneanotherandcreatingracesituationsorotherissues,
Javahasanumberofwaystogovernthebehaviorofthreads,includingsynchronizationandlocking.Itis
feasibletocreatemulti-threadedprogrammersthatoperatecorrectlyandeffectivelyonamachinewitha
single CPU by regulating the interaction between threads and making surethatcrucialcodepartsare
synchronized. In contrast to running the same program on a computer with multiple CPUs or cores,
multi-threading on a single CPU can only give the appearance of parallelism,andactualperformance
9
4
gains may be modest. The operating system divides the CPU time that is available when numerous
threadsarerunningonasingleCPUintosmalltimeslicesandgiveseachthreadatimeslicetoexecute.
Rapid switching between the threads by the operating system creates the appearance of parallel
execution. The switching between threads appears to be immediate becausethetimeslicesareoften
very tiny, on the order of milliseconds or microseconds.
81. What are the different types of Thread Priorities in Java? And what is the
1
default priority of a thread assigned by JVM?
rioritiesinthreadsisaconceptwhereeverythreadishavingaprioritywhichinlayman’slanguageone
P
cansayeveryobjectishavingpriorityherewhichisrepresentedbynumbersrangingfrom1to10.There
are different types of thread properties in Java mentioned below:
● MIN_PRIORITY
● MAX_PRIORITY
● NORM_PRIORITY
By default, the thread is assigned NORM_PRIORITY.
182. Why Garbage Collection is necessary in Java?
orJava,Garbagecollectionisnecessarytoavoidmemoryleakswhichcancausetheprogramtocrash
F
and become unstable. There is no way to avoid garbage collection in Java. Unlike C++, Garbage
collection in Java helps programmers to focus on the development of the application instead of
managing memory resources and worrying about memory leakage. Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
automatically manages the memory periodically by running a garbage collector which frees up the
unusedmemoryintheapplication.GarbagecollectionmakesJavamemoryefficientbecauseitremoves
unreferenced objects from the heap memory.
183. What is the drawback of Garbage Collection?
Apart from many advantages, Garbage Collector has certain drawbacks mentioned below:
1. The main drawback to Garbage collection is that it can cause pauses in an application’s
execution as it works to clear the memory which slows down the performance of the application.
2. The Process of Garbage collection is non-deterministic which makes it difficulttopredictwhen
garbage collection occurs which causes unpredictable behaviorinapplications.ForExample,if
wewriteanyprogramthenitishardforprogrammerstodecideiftheissueiscausedbygarbage
collection or by any other factors in the program.
3. Garbagecollectioncanalsoincreasememoryusageiftheprogramcreatesanddiscardsalotof
short-lived objects.
184. Explain the difference between a minor, major, and full garbage collection.
he Java Virtual Machine (JVM) removes objects that are no longer in use using a garbagecollector
T
whichperiodicallychecksandremovestheseobjects.Therearedifferenttypesofgarbagecollectionin
the JVM, each with different characteristics and performance implications. The maintypesofgarbage
collection are:
● Minor garbage collection: Also known as young generation garbage collection, this type of
garbage collection is used to collect and reclaim memory that is used by short-lived objects
(objects that are quickly created and discarded).
● Majorgarbagecollection:Alsoknownasold-generationgarbagecollection,thistypeofgarbage
collection is used to collect and reclaim memorythatisusedbylong-livedobjects(objectsthat
survive multiple minor garbage collections and are promoted to the old generation).
● Full garbage collection: During full garbage collection, memories from all generations are
collectedandreclaimed,includingmemoriesofyoungandold.Afullgarbagecollectionnormally
takes longer to complete than a minor or major garbage collection which causes that app to
pause temporarily.
185. How will you identify major and minor garbage collections in Java?
ajor garbage collectionworksonthesurvivorspaceandMinorgarbagecollectionworksontheEden
M
space to perform a mark-and-sweep routine. And we can identify both of them based on the output
wheretheminorcollectionprints“GC”,whereasthemajorcollectionprints“FullGC”forthecasewhere
the garbage collection logging is enabled with “-XX:PrintGCDetails” or “verbose:gc”.
186. What is a memory leak, and how does it affect garbage collection?
In Java Memory leaks can be caused by a variety of factors, such as not closing resourcesproperly,
holdingontoobjectreferenceslongerthannecessary,orcreatingtoomanyobjectsunnecessarily.There
aresituationsinwhichgarbagecollectordoesnotcollectobjectsbecausethereisareferencetothose
objects. In these situations where the application creates lots of objects and does not use them and
0
5
everyobjecthassomevalidreferences,aGarbagecollectorinJavacannotdestroytheobjects.These
useless objects which do not provide any value to the program areknownasMemoryleaks.Memory
leaks can impact garbage collection negatively by preventing the garbage collector from reclaiming
unusedmemory.Thisbehaviorwillleadtoslowperformanceorsometimessystemfailure.Inaprogram,
it is important to avoid memory leaks by managing resources and object references properly.
// Java Program to demonstrate memory leaks
import java.io.*;
import java.util.Vector;
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Vector a = new Vector(21312312);
Vector b = new Vector(2147412344);
Vector c = new Vector(219944);
System.out.println("Memory Leak in Java");
}
}
utput:
O
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
at java.base/java.util.Vector.<init>(Vector.java:142)
at java.base/java.util.Vector.<init>(Vector.java:155)
at GFG.main(GFG.java:9)
187. Name some classes present in java.util.regex package.
RegularExpressionsorRegexinJavaisanAPIusedforsearchingandmanipulatingofstringsinJava.
It creates String patterns that can extract the data needed from the strings or can generalize a pattern.
There are 3 Classes present in java.util.regex mentioned below:
● Pattern Class: Can define patterns
● Matcher Class: Can perform match operations on text using patterns
● PatternSyntaxException Class: Can indicate a syntax error in a regular expression pattern.
Also,apartfromthe3classespackageconsistsofasingleinterfaceMatchResultInterfacewhichcanbe
used for representing the result of a match operation.
188. Write a regular expression to validate a password.
Apasswordmuststartwithanalphabetandfollowedbyalphanumericcharacters;Itslengthmustbein
etween 8 to 20.
b
regex = “^(?=.*[0-9])(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*[@#$%^&-+=()])(?=\\S+$).{8, 20}$”
Explanation:
● ^ used for starting character of the string.
● (?=.*[0-9]) used for a digit must occur at least once.
● (?=.*[a-z]) used for a lowercase alphabet must occur at least once.
● (?=.*[A-Z]) used for an upper case alphabet that must occur at least once in the substring.
● (?=.*[@#$%^&-+=()] used for a special character that must occur at least once.
● (?=\\S+$) white spaces don’t allow in the entire string.
● .{8, 20} used for at least 8 characters and at most 20 characters.
● $ used for the end of the string.
189. What is JDBC?
DBCstandardAPIisusedtolinkJavaapplicationsandrelationaldatabases.Itprovidesacollectionof
J
classes and interfaces that let programmers to use the Java programming language to communicate
withthedatabase.TheclassesandinterfaceofJDBCallowtheapplicationtosendrequestswhichare
made by users to the specified database. There are generally four components of JDBC by which it
interacts with the database:
● JDBC API
● JDBC Driver manager
● JDBC Test Suite
● JDBC-ODBC Bridge Drivers
51
190. What is JDBC Driver?
DBC Driver is a software component that is used to enable a Java application to interact with the
J
database. JDBC provides the implementation of the JDBC API for a specific database management
system, which allowsittoconnectthedatabase,executeSQLstatementsandretrievedata.Thereare
four types of JDBC drivers:
● JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver
● Native-API driver
● Network Protocol driver
● Thin driver
191. What are the steps to connect to the database in Java?
There are certain steps to connect the database and Java Program as mentioned below:
● Import the Packages
● Load the drivers using the forName() method
● Register the drivers using DriverManager
● Establish a connection using the Connection class object
● Create a statement
● Execute the query
● Close the connections
192. What are the JDBC API components?
DBC API components provide various methods and interfaces for easy communication with the
J
databasesalsoitprovidespackageslikejavaSeandjavaEEwhichprovidesthecapabilityofwriteonce
run anywhere (WORA).
Syntax:
java.sql.*;
52
193. What is JDBC Connection interface?
Java database connectivity interface (JDBC) is a software component thatallowsJavaapplicationsto
interact with databases. To enhance the connection, JDBC requires drivers for each database.
194. What does the JDBC ResultSet interface?
DBC ResultSet interface is used tostorethedatafromthedatabaseanduseitinourJavaProgram.
J
WecanalsouseResultSettoupdatethedatausingupdateXXX()methods.ResultSetobjectpointsthe
cursor before the first row of the result data. Using the next() method, we can iterate through the
ResultSet.
195. What is the JDBC Rowset?
JDBCRowSetprovidesawaytostorethedataintabularform.RowSetisaninterfaceinjavathatcan
A
beusedwithinthejava.sqlpackage.TheconnectionbetweentheRowSetobjectandthedatasourceis
maintainedthroughoutitslifecycle.RowSetsareclassifiedintofivecategoriesbasedonimplementation
mentioned below:
1. JdbcRowSet
2. CachedRowSet
3. WebRowSet
4. FilteredRowSet
5. JoinRowSet
196. What is the role of the JDBC DriverManager class?
JDBC DriverManager class acts as an interface for users and Drivers. It is used in many ways as
entioned below:
m
● It is used to create a connection between a Java application and the database.
● Helps to keep track of the drivers that are available.
● It can help to establish a connection between a database and the appropriate drivers.
● It contains all the methods that can register and deregister the database driver classes.
● DriverManager.registerDriver()methodcanmaintainthelistofDriverclassesthathaveregistered
themselves.
197. Differentiate between Iterable and Iterator.
Iterable Iterator
Iterable provides a way to iterate over a Iterator helps in iterating over a collection of
sequence of elements. elements sequentially.
iterator() method returns an Iterator. hasNext() and next() methods are required.
remove() method is optional. remove() method is required in the iterator.
xamples are ListIterator, Enumeration, and
E
Examples are List, Queue, and Set.
ArrayIterator.
198. Differentiate between List and Set.
Ordered Unordered
List allows duplicates. Set does not allow duplicate values.
List is accessed by index. Set is accessed by hashcode.
Multiple null elements can be stored. Null element can store only once.
53
xamples are HashSet
E and TreeSet.
Examples are ArrayList, LinkedList, etc.
LinkedHashSet etc.
199. Differentiate between List and Map.
List Map
List interface allows duplicate elements. Map does not allow duplicate elements.
The list maintains insertion order. The list maintains insertion order.
hemapallowsasinglenullkeyatmostand
T
Multiple null elements can be stored.
any number of null values.
helistprovidesget()methodtogettheelement
T he map does not provide a get method to
T
at a specified index. get the elements at a specified index.
ap is ImplementedbyHashMap,TreeMap,
M
List is Implemented by ArrayList, etc.
LinkedHashMap
200. Differentiate between Queue and Stack.
Queue Stack
ueue data structure is used to store elements,
Q tack data structure is used to store
S
and is used to perform operations like enqueue, elements, and is used toperformoperations
dequeue from back or end of the queue. like push, pop from top of the stack.
Queue data structure Implements FIFO order. Stack data structure Implements LIFO order.
Insertion and deletion in queuestakeplacefrom
theoppositeendsofthelist.Deletiontakesplace Insertion and deletion in stacks take place
fromthefrontofthelistandinsertiontakesplace only from one end of the list called the top.
at the rear of the list.
Insert operation is called enqueue operation. Insert operation is called Push operation.
ueue is generally used to solve problems
Q tack is generally used to solve problems
S
related to sequential processing. related to recursion.
201. Differentiate between PriorityQueue and TreeSet.
Priority Queue TreeSet
It uses Queue as an underlying data structure. It uses a Set as an underlying data structure.
his data structure does not allow duplicate
T
This data structure allows duplicate elements
elements
54
riorityQueueisImplementedbyPriorityQueue
P
TreeSet is implemented by TreeSet class.
class.
PriorityQueue comes in JDK 1.5. TreeSet comes in JDK 1.4.
riorityQueue<Integer>
P pq = new
reeSet<Integer> ts = new TreeSet<>();
PriorityQueue<>();
202. Differentiate between the Singly Linked List and Doubly Linked List.
Singly Linked List Doubly Linked List
inglyLinkedListcontainonlytwosegmentsi.e,
S oubly Linked List contains three segments
D
Data and Link. i.e, Data, and two pointers.
raversal in a doubly linked list is only
T
raversalinasinglylinkedlistispossibleinonly
T
possibleinbothdirectionsforwardaswellas
a forward direction.
backward.
It uses less memory as every single node has It requires morememorythanasinglylinked
only one pointer. list as each node has two pointers.
asytouseandinsertnodesatthebeginningof
E lightly more complex to use and easy to
S
the list. insert at the end of the list.
he time complexity of insertion and deletion is
T he timecomplexityofinsertionanddeletion
T
O(n). is O(1).
203. Differentiate between Failfast and Failsafe.
FailFast FailSafe
ailsfast fails immediately when it detects
F
ailsafe continuestoiterateovertheoriginal
F
concurrent modification during the time of
collection and also creates a copy to modify.
iteration.
ailfast is generally used in single-threaded
F ailsafe is
F used in multithreaded
environments. environments.
55
ailfast does not allow any modification while
F ailsafe allows modification during the time
F
iteration. of iteration.
ailfastisfastcomparedtofailsafeasitdoesnot
F ailsafe is generally slow compared to
F
involve the copying of the collection. failfast.
ailSafe does not throws any exception but
F
ailFastthrowsConcurrentModificationException
F
instead, it createsacopyofthecollectionto
if the collection is modified during iteration.
iterate.
204. Differentiate between HashMap and TreeMap.
HashMap TreeMap
asmap uses a hashtable in order to store
H reemap uses Red-black trees to store
T
key-value pairs. key-value pair.
ashmapdoesnotmaintainanyspecificorderfor
H reemap maintains a natural ordering based
T
key-value pairs. on the keys.
rder of iteration is not guaranteed in the
O
Iteration is of sorted order based on keys.
hashmap.
ashmaps are faster for retrieval compared to
H etrievalinTreemapisslowerasitusestree
R
Treemap. traversal to find keys.
ashmap is implemented by using an Array of
H reeMap is implemented using a Red-black
T
linked list. Tree.
ashmapusestheequals()methodoftheObject
H reeMap uses compareTo() method to
T
class to compare keys. compare keys.
205. Differentiate between Queue and Deque.
Queue Deque
eque also known as a Double-ended queue
D
he queue is a linear Data structurethatisused
T is also a linear data structure that stores a
to store a collection of elements. collection of elements with operations to
remove and add from both ends.
lementsinthequeuecanonlybeinsertedatthe
E lements can be inserted from both ends of
E
end of the data structure. the data structure.
ueuecanbeimplementedusingArrayorLinked
Q equeue can be implemented using Circular
D
List. Array or Doubly Linked List.
56
ueuesaregenerallyusedtoimplementawaiting
Q eque is used to implement a stack or
D
list or task queue. dequeuing elements from both ends.
206. Differentiate between HashSet and TreeSet.
HashSet TreeSet
HashSet is unordered. TreeSet is based on natural ordering.
HashSet allows null elements. TreeSet does not allow null elements.
HashSet is Implemented by the HashSet class. TreeSet is Implemented by TreeSet class.
HashSet<String> hs = new HashSet<>(); TreeSet<String> ts = new TreeSet<>();
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