1

1. Give the evolution diagram of OOPS concept.

Machine language
Procedure language
Assembly language

2. What is Procedure oriented language?

Conventional programming, using high-level language such as COBOL,
FORTRAN and C are commonly known as Procedure oriented language (POP).
In POP number of functions are written to accomplish the tasks such as reading,
calculating and printing.

3. Give some characteristics of procedure-oriented language.

• Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms).
• Larger programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
• Most of the functions share global data.
• Data move openly around the system from function to function.
• Employs top-down approach in program design.

4. Write any four features of OOPS.

• Emphasis is on data rather than on procedure.
• Programs are divided into objects.
• Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions.
• Follows bottom -up approach in program design.

5. What are the basic concepts of OOS?

• Objects.
• Classes.
• Data abstraction and Encapsulation.
• Inheritance.
• Polymorphism.
• Dynamic binding.
• Message passing.

6. What are objects?

Objects are basic run-time entities in an object-oriented system. They may
represent a person, a place, a bank account, a table of data or any item that the
program has to handle. Each object has the data and code to manipulate the data
and theses objects interact with each other.
7. What is a class? 2
• The entire set of data and code of an object can be made a user-defined data
type with the help of a class.
• Once a class has been defined, we can create any number of objects belonging
to the classes.
• Classes are user-defined data types and behave like built-in types of the
programming language.

8. What are data members and member functions?

Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract
attributes such as size, weight, and cost and uses functions to operate on these
attributes. The attributes are sometimes called as data members because they
hold information. The functions that operate on these data are called as methods
or member functions.
Eg: int a,b; // a,b are data members
Void getdata ( ) ; // member function.

9. What is dynamic binding or late binding?

Binding refers to the linking of a procedure to the code to be executed in
response to the call. Dynamic binding means that the code associated with a
given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at the run-time.

10.Write the process of programming in an object-oriented language?

• Create classes that define objects and their behavior.
• Creating objects from class definition.
• Establishing communication among objects.

11.Give any four advantages of OOPS.

• The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build secure programs
that cannot be invaded by code in other parts of the program.
• It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-exist without any
interference.
• Object oriented programming can be easily upgraded from small to large
systems.
• Software complexity can be easily managed.

12.What are the features required for object-based programming Language?

• Data encapsulation.
• Data hiding and access mechanisms.
• Automatic initialization and clear up of objects.
• Operator overloading.

13.What are the features required for object oriented language?

• Data encapsulation.
 • Data hiding and access mechanisms. 3
• Automatic initialization and clear up of objects.
• Operator overloading.
• Inheritance.
• Dynamic binding.

14.Give any four applications of OOPS

• Real-time systems.
• Simulation and modeling.
• Object-oriented databases.
• AI and expert systems.

15.Give any four applications of c++?

• Since c++ allows us to create hierarchy-related objects, we can build special
object-oriented libraries, which can be used later by many programmers.
• C++ are easily maintainable and expandable.
• C part of C++ gives the language the ability to get close to the machine-level
details.
• It is expected that C++ will replace C as a general-purpose language in the near
future.

16.What are tokens?

The smallest individual units in a program are known as tokens. C++ has the
following tokens,
• Keyword
• Identifiers
• Constants
• Strings
• Operator

17.What are keywords?

The keywords implement specific C++ language features. They are explicitly
reserved identifiers and cannot be used as names fro the program variables or
other user defined program elements.
Eg: go to, If, struct , else ,union etc.

18.Rules for naming the identifiers in C++.

• Only alphabetic characters, digits and underscore are permitted.
• The name cannot start with a digit.
• The upper case and lower case letters are distinct.
• A declared keyword cannot be used as a variable name.
19.What are the operators available in C++?
All operators in C are also used in C++. In addition to insertion operator << and
extraction operator >> the other new operators in C++ are,
: : Scope resolution operator
 : : * Pointer-to-member declarator 4
->* Pointer-to-member operator
.* Pointer-to-member operator
delete Memory release operator
endl Line feed operator
new Memory allocation operator
setw Field width operator

20.What is a scope resolution operator?

Scope resolution operator is used to uncover the hidden variables. It also allows
access to global version of variables.
Eg:
#include<iostream. h>
int m=10; // global variable m
void main ( )
{
int m=20; // local variable m
cout<<”m=”<<m<<”\n”;
cout<<”: : m=”<<: : m<<”\n”;
}
output:
20
10 (: : m access global m)
Scope resolution operator is used to define the function outside the class.

21.What are free store operators (or) Memory management operators?

New and Delete operators are called as free store operators since they allocate
the memory dynamically.
New operator can be used to create objects of any data type.
Pointer-variable = new data type;
Initialization of the memory using new operator can be done. This can be done
as,
Pointer-variable = new data-type(value)
Delete operator is used to release the memory space for reuse. The general form
of its use is
Delete pointer-variable;

22.What are manipulators?

Setw, endl are known as manipulators.
Manipulators are operators that are used to format the display. The endl
manipulator when used in an output statement causes a linefeed to be inserted
and its effect is similar to that of the newline character”\n”.
Eg:Cout<<setw(5)<<sum<<endl;
23.What do you mean by enumerated datatype? 5
An enumerated datatype is another user-defined datatype, which provides a way
for attaching names to numbers, thereby increasing comprehensibility of the
code.The syntax of an enum statement is similar to that of the struct statesmen.
Eg:
enum shape{ circle, square, triangle}
enum color{ red, blue, green, yellow}

24.What are symbolic constants?

There are two ways for creating symbolic constants in C++:
• Using the qualifier constant.
• Defining a set of integer constants using enum keyword.
The program in any way cannot modify the value declared as constant in c++.
Eg:
Const int size =10;
Char name [size];

25.What do you mean by dynamic initialization of variables?

C++ permits initialization of the variables at run-time. This is referred to as
dynamic initialization of variables.
In C++ ,a variable can be initialized at run-time using expressions at the place of
declaration as,
……..
…......
int n =strlen(string);
……..
float area=3.14*rad*rad;
Thus declaration and initialization is done simultaneously at the place where the
variable is used for the first time.

26.What are reference variable?

A reference variable provides an alias(alternative name) for a previously defined
variable.
sum total For example , if make the variable a reference to the variable , then
sum and total can be used interchancheably to represent that variable.
Syntax :
Data-type &reference-name = variable-name
Eg:
float total = 100;
float sum = total;
27.What is member-dereferencing operator?
C++ permits to access the class members through pointers. It provides three
pointer-to-member operators for this purpose,
: :* To declare a pointer to a member of a class.
* To access a member using object name and a pointer to the member
 ->* To access a member using a pointer to the object and a pointer to that 6
member.

28.What is function prototype ?

The function prototype describes function interface to the compiler by giving
details such as number ,type of arguments and type of return values
Function prototype is a declaration statement in the calling program and is of the

following
Type function_name(argument list); Eg float volume(int x,float y);

29.What is an inline function ?

An inline function is a function that is expanded in line when it is invoked. That
is compiler replaces the function call with the corresponding function code.
The inline functions are defined as Inline function-header
{
function body
}

30.Write some situations where inline expansion may not work

• for functions returning values, if loop, a switch, or a goto exists
• for functions not returning values ,if a return statement exists
• if function contain static variables
• if inline functions are recursive

31.what is a default argument ?

Default arguments assign a default value to the parameter, which does not have
matching argument in the function call. Default values are specified when the f
unction is declared.
Eg : float amount(float principle, int period, float rate=0. 15)
Function call is
Value=amount(5000,7);
Here it takes principle=5000& period=7
And default value for rate=0.15
Value=amount(5000,7,0.34)
Passes an explicit value 0f 0.34 to rate
We must add default value from right to left

32.What are constant arguments ?

keyword is const. The qualifier const tells the compiler that the function should
not modify the argument. The compiler will generate an error when this
condition is violated. This type of declaration is significant only when we pass
arguments by reference or pointers
eg: int strlen( const char *p);
 7
33.How the member functions are defined ?
Member functions can be defined in two ways
• outside the class definition
Member function can be defined by using scope resolution operator::
General format is
Return type class_ name::function-name(argument declaration)
{
}
• Inside the class definition
This method of defining member function is to replace the function declaration
by the actual function definition inside the class. It is treated as inline function
Eg:class item
{
int a,b ;
void getdata(int x,int y)
{
a=x;
b=y;
};

34.What is static data member?

Static variable are normally used to maintain values common to the entire class.
Feature:
• It is initialized to zero when the first object is created. No other initialization is
permitted
• only one copy of that member is created for the entire class and is shared by all
the objects
• It is only visible within the class, but its life time is the entire class type and
scope of each static member variable must be defined outside the class
• It is stored separately rather than objects
Eg: static int count//count is initialized to zero when an object is created.
int classname::count;//definition of static data member .

35.What is static member function?

A member function that is declared as static has the following properties
• A static function can have access to only other static member declared in the
same class
• A static member function can be called using the classname as follows
classname ::function_name;
36.How the objects are used as function argument?
This can be done in two ways
• A copy of the entire object is passed to the argument
• Only address of the objects is transferred to the f unction
37.What is called pass by reference? 8
In this method address of an object is passed, the called function works directly
on the actual arguments.

38.Define const member

If a member function does not alter any data in the class, then we may declare it
as const member function as
Void mul(int ,int)const;

39.Define pointers to member

It is possible to take the address of a member of a class and assign it to a pointer.
The address of a member can be obtained by applying the operator &to a “fully
qualified” class member name. A class member pointer can be declared using
the operator::*with the class name.
Eg: class A
{
int m;
public:
void show( );
};
pointer to member m is defined as
int A::*ip=&A::m;
A::*->pointer to member of A class
&A::m->address of the m member of A class

40.When the deferencing operator ->* is used?

It is used to access a member when we use pointer to both the object and the
member.

41.When the deferencing operator .* is used?

It is used to access a member when the object itself is used as pointers.

42.Define local classes.

Classes can be defined and used inside a function or a block. such classes are
called local classes. It can use global variables and static variables declared
inside the function but cannot use automatic local variables.
Eg;
void test(int a)
{
…….
}
class student
{
………
 }; 9
student s1(a);
}

43.What are Friend functions? Write the syntax

A function that has access to the private member of the class but is not itself a
member of the class is called friend functions.
The general form is
friend data_type function_name( );
Friend function is preceded by the keyword ‘friend’.

44.Write some properties of friend functions.

• Friend function is not in the scope of the class to which it has been declared as
friend. Hence it cannot be called using the object of that class.
• Usually it has object as arguments.
• It can be declared either in the public or private part of a class.
• It cannot access member names directly. It has to use an object name and dot
membership operator with each member name. eg: ( A . x )

45.What is function overloading? Give an example.

Function overloading means we can use the same function name to create
functions that perform a variety of different tasks.
Eg: An overloaded add ( ) function handles different data types as shown below.
// Declarations
i. int add( int a, int b); //add function with 2 arguments of same type
ii. int add( int a, int b, int c); //add function with 3 arguments of same type
iii. double add( int p, double q); //add function with 2 arguments of
different type
//Function calls
add (3 , 4); //uses prototype ( i. )
add (3, 4, 5); //uses prototype ( ii. )
add (3 , 10.0); //uses prototype ( iii. )

46.Define local classes.

Classes can be defined and used inside a function or a block. such classes are
called local classes. It can use global variables and static variables declared
inside the function but cannot use automatic local variables.
Eg;
void test(int a)
{
…….
}
class student
{
………
 }; 10
student s1(a);}

47.Define constructor
A constructor is a special member function whose task is to initialize the objects
of its class. It is special because its name is same as class name. The constructor
is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created. It is called
constructor because it constructs the values of data members of the class
Eg:
integer Class
{
……
public:
integer( );//constructo r
………
}

48.Define default constructor

The constructor with no arguments is called default constructor
Eg:
Class integer
{
int m,n;
Public:
Integer( );
…….
};
integer::integer( )//default constructor
{
m=0;n=0;
}
the statement
integer a;
invokes the default constructor

49.Define parameterized constructor

constructor with arguments is called parameterized constructor
Eg;
Class integer
{ int m,n;
public:
integer(int x,int y)
{ m=x;n=y;
}
To invoke parameterized constructor we must pass the initial values as
 11
arguments to the constructor function when an object is declared. This is done in
two ways
1.By calling the constructor explicitly
eg: integer int1=integer(10,10);
2.By calling the constructor implicitly
eg: Integer int1(10,10);

50.Define default argument constructor

The constructor with default arguments are called default argument constructor
Eg:
Complex(float real,float imag=0);
The default value of the argument imag is 0
The statement complex a(6.0)
assign real=6.0 and imag=0
the statement
complex a(2.3,9.0)
assign real=2.3 and imag=9.0

51.Define copy constructor

A copy constructor is used to declare and initialize an object from another
object. It takes a reference to an object of the same class as an argument
Eg: integer i2(i1);
would define the object i2 at the same time initialize it to the values of i1.
Another form of this statement is
Eg: integer i2=i1;
The process of initializing through a copy constructor is known as copy
initialization .

52.Define dynamic constructor

Allocation of memory to objects at time of their construction is known as
dynamic constructor. The memory is allocated with the help of the NEW
operator
Eg:
Class string
{
char *name;
int length;
public:
string( )
{
length=0;
name=new char[ length +1];
}
void main( )
{
 string name1(“Louis”),name3(Lagrange); 12
}

53.Define destructor
It is used to destroy the objects that have been created by constructor. Destructor
name is same as class name preceded by tilde symbol(~)
Eg;
~integer()
{
}
A destructor never takes any arguments nor it does it return any value. The
compiler upon exit from the program will invoke it. new Whenever operator is
used to allocate memory in the constructor, we should
use delete to free that memory.

54.Define multiple constructors (constructor overloading).

The class that has different types of constructor is called multiple constructors
Eg:
#include<iostream. h>
#include<conio.h>
class integer
{
int m,n;
public:
integer( ) //default constructor
{
m=0;n=0;
}
integer(int a,int b) //parameterized constructor
{
m=a; n=b;
}
integer(&i) //copy constructor
{
m=i. m;
n=i.n;
}
void main()
{
integer i1; //invokes default constructor
integer i2(45,67);//invokes parameterized constructor
integer i3(i2); //invokes copy constructor
}
55.Write some special characteristics of constructor 13
• T hey should be declared in the public section
• They are invoked automatically when the objects are created
• They do not have return types, not even void and therefore, and they cannot
return values
• They cannot be inherited, though a derived class can call the base class
• They can have default arguments
• Constructors cannot be virtual f unction

56.How the objects are initialized dynamically?

To call parameterized constructor we should the pass values to the object ie,for
the constructor integer(int a,int b) it is invoked by integer a(10,18)
this value can be get during run time. i.e., f or above constructor
int p,q;
cin>>p>>q;
integer a(p,q);

57.Define Inline Function?

Inline function is defined as a function definition such that each call to the
function is in effect, replaced by the statements that define the function. It is
expanded in line when it is invoked. The general form is
inline function-header
{
function body
}

58.Explain return by reference with an example.

A function can also return a reference. Consider the following function
int & max( int &x , int &y)
{ if(x>y)
return x;
else
return y;
}
Since the return type of max ( ) is int & the function returns reference to x or y
(and not the values). Then a function call such as max ( a , b) will yield a
reference to either a or b depending on their values.
The statement
max ( a , b) = -1;
is legal and assigns –1 to a if it is larger, otherwise –1 to b.

59.List out the operators that cannot be overloaded.

• Class member access operator (. , .*)
• Scope resolution operator (::)
 • Size operator ( sizeof ) 14
• Conditional operator (?:)

60.What is the purpose of using operator function? Write its syntax.

To define an additional task to an operator, we must specify what it means in
relation to the class to which the operator is applied. This is done by Operator
function , which describes the task. Operator functions are either member
functions or friend functions. The general form is
return type classname :: operator (op-arglist )
{
function body
}
where return type is the type of value returned by specified operation.
Op- operator being overloaded. The op is preceded by a keyword operator.
operator op is
the function name.

61.List out the operators that cannot be overloaded using Friend function.
• Assignment operator =
• Function call operator ( )
• Subscripting operator [ ]
• Class member access operator

62.Explain basic to class type conversion with an example.

Conversion from basic data type to class type can be done in destination class.
Using constructors does it. Constructor takes a single argument whose type is to
be converted.
Eg: Converting int type to class type
class time
{
int hrs,mins;
public:
………….
Time ( int t) //constructor
{
hours= t/60 ; //t in minutes
mins =t % 60;
}
};
Constructor will be called automatically while creating objects so that this
conversion is done automatically.

63.Explain class to basic type conversion with an example.

Using Type Casting operator, conversion from class to basic type conversion can
be done. It is done in the source class itself.
 Eg: vector : : operator double( ) 15
{
double sum=0;
for(int I=0;I<size;I++)
sum=sum+v[ i ] *u[ i ] ;
return sqrt ( sum ) ;
}
This function converts a vector to the corresponding scalar magnitude.

64.Explain one class to another class conversion with an example.

Conversion from one class type to another is the combination of class to basic
and basic to class type conversion. Here constructor is used in destination class
and casting operator function is used in source class.
Eg: objX = objY
objX is the object of class X and objY is an object of class Y. The class Y type
data is converted into class X type data and the converted value is assigned to
the obj X. Here class Y is the source class and class X is the destination class.

65.What are the blocks used in the Exception Handling?

The exception-handling mechanism uses three blocks
1)try block
2)throw block
3)catch block
The try-block must be followed immediately by a handler,which is a catch-
block.
If an exception is thrown in the try-block

66.Write the syntax of try construct

The try keyword defines a boundary within which an exception can occur.A
block of code in which an exception can occur must be prefixed by the keyword
try.Following the try keyword is a block of code enclosed by braces.This
indicates that the program is prepared to test for the existence of exceptions

try
{
//code raising exception or referring to a function raising exception
}
catch(type_id1)
{
//actions for handling an exception
}
…
…
catch(type_idn)
{
 //actions for handling an exception 16
}

67.Write the syntax of catch construct

The exception handler is indicated by the catch keyword.
It must be used immediately after the statements marked by the try keyword.
The catch handler can also occur immediately after another catch. Each handler
will only evaluate an exception that matches,or can be covered to the type
specified in its argument list.

68. List out the tasks to be performed for error handling code
1)Detect the problem causing exception(Hit the exception)
2)Inform that an error has occurred(Throw the exception)
3)Receive the error information(Catch the exception)
4)Take corrective actions(Handle the exceptions)

69. Write the steps to be performed when an exception is raised

1)The program searches for a matching handler
2)If a handler is found, the stack is unwound to that point
3)Program control is transferred to the handler
4)If no handler is found, the program will invoke the terminate()function. If no
exceptions are thrown, the program executes in the normal fashion

70. Write the functions to handle uncaught exceptions

1)terminate()
2)set_terminate()
3)unexpected()
4)set_unexpected()

71. List out some of the error handling functions

a)eof()-Returns true if end-of-file is encountered
b)fail()-Returns true when an input or output operation has failed
c)bad()-Returns true if invalid operation is attempted by or any uncoverable
error has occurred
d)good()-Returns true if no error has occurred

72. Write the syntax of function template

template<class T,…>
ReturnType FuncName(arguments)
{
…..//body of the function template
…..
 } 17

73. Write the syntax of class template

template <class T1,class T2,…>

class classname
{
T1 data1;
….
//functions of template arguments T1,T2,….
void func1(T1 a,T2 &b);
…
T func2(T2 *x,T2 *y);
};

74. List the rules for inheritance

1)The default mode is private
2)Difficult to inherit the base class private members
3)The base class public and protected member functions are considered as public
and protected member functions in derived class,When those class is publicly
inherited from base class
4)The base class public and protected member functions are considered as
private member function in derived class,when those class is privately inherited
from base class.

75. List the class member’s visibility

There are three visibilities of class members.They are
i) Public visibility
ii)Private visibility
iii)Protected visibility

76. What is meant by single inheritance?

If a single class is derived from a single base class is called single inheritance.
Eg:
Base class
Derived class
Here class A is the base class from which the class D is derived. Class D is the public
derivation of class B hence it inherits all the public members of B. But D cannot access

private members of B.

77. What is multiple inheritance?

If a class is derived from more than one base class, it is called multiple inheritance.
Eg: Base classes
Derived class 18
Here class C is derived from two base classes A & B.

78. What is hierarchical inheritance?

If a number of classes are derived from a single base class then it is called
hierarchical inheritance.
Eg : Hierarchical classification of students in University
A
B
A
C
B

79. What is multilevel inheritance?

If a class is derived from a class, which in turn is derived from another class, is called
multilevel inheritance. This process can be extended to any number of levels.
Eg:
Base class Grand father
Intermediate
Base class Father
Derived class Child

80. What is hybrid inheritance?

It is the combination of one or more types of inheritance.
Multilevel
inheritance
Multiple
inheritance
The class result will have both the multilevel and multiple inheritances.

81. Write short notes on virtual base class.

A base class that is qualified as virtual in the inheritance definition. In case of multiple
inheritance, if the base class is not virtual the derived class will inherit more than one
copy of members of the base class. For a virtual base class only one copy of members
will be inherited regardless of number of inheritance paths between base class and
derived class.
Eg: Processing of students’ results. Assume that class sports derive the roll
number from class student. Class test is derived from class Student. Class result is
derived from class Test and sports. As a virtual base class

82. Write some of the basic rules for virtual functions

• Virtual f unctions must be member of some class.
• They cannot be static members and they are accessed by using object pointers
• Virtual f unction in a base class must be defined.
• Prototypes of base class version of a virtual function and all the derived class
versions must be identical. 19
• If a virtual function is defined in the base class, it need not be redefined in the derived
class.

83. What are pure virtual functions? Write the syntax.

A pure virtual function is a function declared in a base class that has no definition
relative to the base class. In such cases, the compiler requires each derived class to
either define the function or redeclare it as a pure virtual function. A class containing
pure virtual functions cannot be used to declare any object of its own. It is also known
as “donothing” function.
The “do-nothing” function is defined as follows:
virtual void display ( ) =0;

84. What are the types of polymorphism?

Basic Types
i)Runtime polymorphism
ii)Compile time polymorphism

Major Types
a.Run-time polymorphism
b.Compile time polymorphism
c.ad-hoc polymorphism
d.Parametric polymorphism
e.Virtual functions
f.Function name overloading
g.Operator overloading

85. What is compile time polymorphism?

The overloaded member functions are selected for invoking by matching
arguments both type and number.This information is known to the compiler at the
compile time and therefore compiler is able to select the appropriate function for a
particular call at the compile time itself.This is called early binding or static binding or
static linking.Also known as compile time polymorphism

86. List Out RTTI?

a)Base Type
b)Compound Type
c)Container Type

87. Explain the other functions of RTTI

i)insert elements into the container
ii)delete elements of the container
iii)iterate through the elements of the container

88. Explain the three parts of RTTI system

 1)RTTI description of Base Types 20
2)Property Description of compound and container types
3)Property iterators

89. Define Downcasting

Downcasting is used to cast a pointer or reference to a base class to a derived
class.Downcasting is the opposite of the basic object-oriented rule,which states objects
of a derived class,can always be assigned to variables of a base class.Since base class
variables can only sometimes be assigned to variables of a derived class downcasting
doesn’t always work

90. What are streams?

A Stream is a sequence of bytes. It can either as a source from which the input
data can be obtained or as a destination to which the output data can be sent
The stream source that provides data to the program is called the input stream
and the destination stream that receives output from the program is called output
stream

91. What are the stream classes for console operations?

a)ios
b)istrean
c)ostream
d)iostream
e)streambuf

92. Draw the console stream classes for hierarchy

ios Streambuf
*bp=&strstreambase::
bug
istream streambuf
ostream

iostream

istream_withassign iostream_withassign ostream_withassign

93. List out some of the unformatted I/O operators.

a)put()
b)get()
c)getline()
d)write()
94. List out some of the formatted I/O operations 21
C++ supports a number of feature that could be used for formatting the
output.These features include
a)ios stream class member functions and flags
b)Standard manipulators
c)User –defined manipulators

95. List some of the ios functions

a)width()
b)precision()
c)fill()
d)setf()
e)unsetf()

96. List some of the non-parameterized manipulators

a)dec
b)hex
c)oct
d)es
e)endl
f)ends
g)flush

97. Write the syntax of creating a custom manipulator

Ostream & manipulator(ostream & output, arguments_if_any)
{
……
……(manipulator code)
……
Return output;
}

98. List out some of the manipulators

a)setw(int width)
b)setprecision(int prec)
c)setfill(int fchar)
d)setbase(int base)
e)setiosflags(long flags)
f)resetioflags(long flags)

99. Draw the stream classes for hierarchy

 22
ios

istream streambuf ostream

iostream filebuf

ifstream fstream ofstream

fstreambase

100. What are the flags that do not have bit fields?
a)ios::showbase-Use base indicator on output
b)ios::showpos-Print + before positive integers
c)ios::showpoint-Show trailing decimal point and zeros
d)ios::uppercase-Use uppercase letters for hex output
e)ios::unitbuf-Flush all streams after insertion
g)ios::stdio-Flush stdout and stderr after insertion