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Tracing The Changes Notes

The document discusses the historical concept of 'foreigner' in medieval India, the political significance of the Marathas, and technological advancements such as the Persian wheel and spinning wheel. It also highlights major religious developments in Hinduism and the evolving meaning of 'Hindustan' over centuries. Additionally, it addresses the regulation of jati affairs and the challenges historians face when using manuscripts from the 13th and 14th centuries.

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2 views2 pages

Tracing The Changes Notes

The document discusses the historical concept of 'foreigner' in medieval India, the political significance of the Marathas, and technological advancements such as the Persian wheel and spinning wheel. It also highlights major religious developments in Hinduism and the evolving meaning of 'Hindustan' over centuries. Additionally, it addresses the regulation of jati affairs and the challenges historians face when using manuscripts from the 13th and 14th centuries.

Uploaded by

nabeelrozna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

TRACING CHANGES THROUGH A THOUSAND YEARS


1. Who was considered a “foreigner” in the past?
ANS. The term ‘foreigner’ is used in the sense of a person who is not an Indian. In the
medieval period it was applied to any stranger who appeared, say in a given village, someone
who was not a part of that society or culture. In this sense a forest-dweller was a foreigner for a
city-dweller. But two peasants living in the same village were not foreigners to each other, even
though they may have had different religious or caste backgrounds.

2. State whether true or false:


(a) We do not find inscriptions for the period after 700.
(b) The Marathas asserted their political importance during this period.
(c) Forest-dwellers were sometimes pushed out of their lands with the spread of
agricultural settlements.
(d) Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban controlled Assam, Manipur and Kashmir.
ANS. (a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False

3. Fill in the blanks:


(a) Archives are places where ——————— are kept.
(b) —————— was a fourteenth-century chronicler.
(c) ——, ———, ———, ——— and ——— were some of the new crops introduced into
the subcontinent during this period.
ANS. (a) Manuscripts
(b) Ziyauddin Barani
(c) Potatoes, com, chillies, tea, coffee.
4. List some of the technological changes associated with this period.
ANS. Some of the technological changes associated with this period are:
1. Persian wheel in irrigation.
2. Spinning wheel.
3. Fire-arms in combat.

5. What were some of the major religious developments during this period?
ANS. Some of the major significant religious developments occurred in Hinduism. The worship
of new deities, the construction of temples by royalty and growing importance of
Brahmanas, the priests, as dominant groups in society were the new changes.
Brahmanas’ importance grew due to their knowledge of Sanskrit language. They were
patronized by the Emperors. The idea of bhakti emerged among people. The merchants
and migrants brought with them the teachings of Quran, the holy book of Muslims.

6. In what ways has the meaning of the term “Hindustan” changed over the centuries?
ANS. The meaning of the term ‘Hindustan’ has changed over the centuries in the following
manner:
1. In the thirteenth century Minhaj-i-Siraj used the term ‘Hindustan’. He meant areas of
Punjab, Haryana and the lands between Ganga and Yamuna. He used this term in a
political sense that were a part of the dominions of the Delhi Sultanate. The term never
included South India.
2. In the sixteenth century poet Babur used the term ‘Hindustan’ to describe the
geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinent.
3. In fourteenth-century poet Amir Khusrau used the term ‘Hind’ in the same sense as
Babur did in the sixteenth century.
4. ‘Hindustan’ did not carry the political and national meanings as the term ‘India’ does
today.

7. How were the affairs of jatis regulated?


ANS. The affairs of jatis were regulated in the following way:
1. Jatis formed their own rules and regulations.
2. There was an assembly of elders called jati panchayat.
3. It enforced the rules and regulations.
4. Jatis were also directed to follow the rules of the village.
5. Several villages were governed by a chieftain.

8. OMITTED.
9. What are the difficulties historians face in using manuscripts?
ANS. Historians faced a lot of difficulties while using manuscripts because:
1. There was no printing press in the 13th and 14th centuries. Scribes in those days
made manuscripts by hand.
2. To copy was not an easy exercise. Scribes could not read the handwriting of the
other writers.
3. They were forced to guess. So there were small but significant differences in the
copy of the scribed.
4. These small words or sentences here and there grew over centuries of copying.
5. The manuscripts of the same text became a great extent different from the original.

10. OMITTED

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