4/16/2024

Object-Oriented Programming

How to create
and use classes

C12, Slide 1

Objectives
Applied
1. Given the specifications for an app that uses classes, structures,
records, or record structs, develop the app.

Knowledge
1. List and describe the three layers of a three-layered application.
2. Describe these members of a class: constructor, method, and
property.
3. Describe the concept of encapsulation.
4. Explain how instantiation works.
5. Describe the main advantage of using object initializers.
6. Explain how auto-implemented properties work and how they
differ from properties that use a private field.

C12, Slide 2

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Objectives (continued)
7. Explain how expression-bodied methods, constructors, properties,
and accessors work.
8. Explain what a static member is.
9. Describe the concept of overloading a method or constructor.
10. Explain what a required property is.
11. Describe the use of property patterns with objects.
12. Describe the difference between a class, a structure, a record and a
record struct.

C12, Slide 3

The architecture of a three-layered app

 Presentation layer (form classes)
 Middle layer (business classes)
 Database layer (database access classes)

C12, Slide 4

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The code for the Product class

namespace ProductMaintenance
{
public class Product
{
// a constructor
public Product() { }

// three public properties

public string Code { get; set; } = "";
public string Description { get; set; } = "";
public decimal Price { get; set; }

// a public method
public string GetDisplayText(string sep) =>
$"{Code}{sep}{Price.ToString("c")}
{sep}{Description}";
}
}

C12, Slide 5

Class and object concepts

 An object is a self-contained unit that has properties, methods,
and other members.
 A class contains the code that defines the members of an object.
 An object is an instance of a class, and the process of creating an
object is called instantiation.
 Encapsulation is one of the fundamental concepts of object-
oriented programming.
 The data of a class is typically encapsulated within a class using
data hiding.

C12, Slide 6

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Code that declares and creates

two Product objects
Product product1 = new Product();
product1.Code = "C#";
product1.Description = "Murach's C#";
product1.Price = 59.50m;

Product product2 = new(); // C# 9.0 and later

product2.Code = "ASPMVC";
product2.Description = "Murach's ASP.NET MVC";
product2.Price = 61.50m;

C12, Slide 7

Code that declares and creates an object

with an object initializer
Product product1 = new() { // C# 9.0 and later
Code = "C#",
Description = "Murach's C#",
Price = 59.50m
};

C12, Slide 8

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The dialog for adding a class

C12, Slide 9

The starting code for a new class

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace ProductMaintenance
{
internal class Product
{
}
}

C12, Slide 10

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Getting and setting the value of a property

A statement that sets the value of a property
product.Code = txtProductCode.Text;

A statement that gets the value of a property

string code = product.Code;

C12, Slide 11

11

A read-only property with a getter

and an initial value
public string Code { get; } = "C#";

The same read-only property coded

with an expression body
public string Code => "C#";

C12, Slide 12

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A property with an init-only setter

(C# 9.0 and later)
public string Code { get; init; };

A statement that uses an object-initializer

to set the init-only property
Product product2 = new() { Code = "C#" };

C12, Slide 13

13

A method that accepts parameters

public string GetDisplayText(string sep)
{
return $"{Code}{sep}{Price.ToString("c")}{sep}
{Description}";
}

The same method coded with an expression body

public string GetDisplayText(string sep) =>
$"{Code}{sep}{Price.ToString("c")}{sep}{Description}";

C12, Slide 14

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Constructors with and without parameters

A constructor with no parameters
public Product()
{
}

A constructor with three parameters

public Product(string code, string description,
decimal price)
{
this.Code = code;
this.Description = description;
this.Price = price;
}

C12, Slide 15

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Statements that call these constructors

Product product1 = new Product();
Product product2 = new(); // C# 9.0 and later
Product product3 = new Product("C#","Murach's C#",59.50m);
Product product4 = new("C#", "Murach's C#", 59.50m);
// C# 9.0 and later

C12, Slide 16

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A constructor with an expression body

(C# 7.0 and later)
public Product(string code) => this.Code = code;

A constructor with an expression body

and a tuple (C# 7.0 and later)
public Product(string code, string description,
decimal price) =>
(this.Code, this.Description, this.Price) =
(code, description, price);

C12, Slide 17

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A class that contains static members

public static class Validator
{
public static string LineEnd { get; set; } = "\n";

public static string IsPresent(

string value, string name)
{
string msg = "";
if (value == "")
{
msg = $"{name} is a required field.{LineEnd}";
}
return msg;
}
}

C12, Slide 18

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Code that uses static members

string errorMessage = "";
errorMessage += Validator.IsPresent(
txtCode.Text, nameof(Product.Code));
errorMessage += Validator.IsPresent(
txtDescription.Text, nameof(Product.Description));
if (errorMessage != "")
{
MessageBox.Show(errorMessage, "Entry Error");
}

C12, Slide 19

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A using directive for the static Validator class

using static ProductMaintenance.Validator;

C12, Slide 20

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The Product Maintenance form

C12, Slide 21

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The New Product form

C12, Slide 22

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The Confirm Delete dialog

C12, Slide 23

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The code for the Product Maintenance form

(part 1)
public partial class frmProductMain : Form
{
public frmProductMain()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private List<Product> products = null!;

private void frmProductMain_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
products = ProductDB.GetProducts();
FillProductListBox();
}
private void FillProductListBox()
{
lstProducts.Items.Clear();
foreach (Product p in products) {
lstProducts.Items.Add(p.GetDisplayText("\t"));
}
}

C12, Slide 24

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The Product Maintenance code (part 2)

private void btnAdd_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
frmNewProduct newProductForm = new();
Product product = newProductForm.GetNewProduct();
if (product != null)
{
products.Add(product);
ProductDB.SaveProducts(products);
FillProductListBox();
}
}

private void btnDelete_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
int i = lstProducts.SelectedIndex;
if (i != -1)
{
Product product = products[i];
string message = "Are you sure you want to delete "
+ product.Description + "?";

C12, Slide 25

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The Product Maintenance code (part 3)

DialogResult button =
MessageBox.Show(message, "Confirm Delete",
MessageBoxButtons.YesNo);
if (button == DialogResult.Yes)
{
products.Remove(product);
ProductDB.SaveProducts(products);
FillProductListBox();
}
}
}

private void btnExit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
this.Close();
}
}

C12, Slide 26

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The code for the New Product form (part 1)

public partial class frmNewProduct : Form
{
public frmNewProduct()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private Product product = null!;

public Product GetNewProduct()

{
this.ShowDialog();
return product;
}

C12, Slide 27

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The code for the New Product form (part 2)

private void btnSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (IsValidData())
{
product = new()
{
Code = txtCode.Text,
Description = txtDescription.Text,
Price = Convert.ToDecimal(txtPrice.Text)
};
this.Close();
}
}

C12, Slide 28

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The code for the New Product form (part 3)

private bool IsValidData()
{
bool success = true;
string errorMessage = "";
errorMessage += Validator.IsPresent(txtCode.Text,
nameof(Product.Code));
errorMessage += Validator.IsPresent(txtDescription.Text,
nameof(Product.Description));
errorMessage += Validator.IsDecimal(txtPrice.Text,
nameof(Product.Price));

if (errorMessage != "")
{
success = false;
MessageBox.Show(errorMessage, "Entry Error");
}
return success;
}
private void btnCancel_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
this.Close();
}
}

C12, Slide 29

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The code for the Validator class

public static class Validator
{
public static string LineEnd { get; set; } = "\n";

public static string IsPresent(string value, string name)

{
string msg = "";
if (value == "")
{
msg = $"{name} is a required field.{LineEnd}";
}
return msg;
}
public static string IsDecimal(string value, string name)
{
string msg = "";
if (!Decimal.TryParse(value, out _))
{
msg = $"{name} must be a valid decimal value.{LineEnd}";
}
return msg;
}

C12, Slide 30

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The code for the Validator class (continued)

public static string IsInt32(string value, string name) {
string msg = "";
if (!Int32.TryParse(value, out _))
{
msg = $"{name} must be a valid integer value.{LineEnd}";
}
return msg;
}
public static string IsWithinRange(string value, string name,
decimal min, decimal max) {
string msg = "";
if (Decimal.TryParse(value, out decimal number))
{
if (number < min || number > max)
{
msg =
$"{name} must be between {min} and {max}.{LineEnd}";
}
}
return msg;
}
}

C12, Slide 31

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A getter that processes the field value

before returning it
private string code;

public string Code

{
get
{
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(code))
return "N/A";
else
return code;
}
set => code = value;
}

C12, Slide 32

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A setter that processes the field value

before setting it
private string code;

public string Code

{
get => code;
set
{
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
value = "N/A";
code = value;
}
}

C12, Slide 33

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How to code overloaded methods

The GetDisplayText() method of the Product class
public string GetDisplayText(string sep) =>
$"{Code}{sep}{Price.ToString("c")}{sep}{Description}";

An overloaded version of the GetDisplayText() method

public string GetDisplayText() => GetDisplayText(", ");

Two statements that call the GetDisplayText() method

lblProduct.Text = product.GetDisplayText("\t");
lblProduct.Text = product.GetDisplayText();

C12, Slide 34

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How to code overloaded constructors

A constructor of the Product class with no parameters
public Product() { }

A constructor of the Product class with three parameters

public Product(string code, string description,
decimal price)
{
this.Code = code;
this.Description = description;
this.Price = price;
}

C12, Slide 35

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A Product class with three required properties

public class Product
{
public required string Code { get; set; }
public required string Description { get; set; }
public required decimal Price { get; set; }
...
}

C12, Slide 36

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How to use the SetsRequiredMembers attribute

using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
...
public class Product
{
public Product() { }

[SetsRequiredMembers]
public Product(string code, string description,
decimal price)
{
Code = code;
Description = description;
Price = price;
}

public required string Code { get; set; }

public required string Description { get; set; }
public required decimal Price { get; set; }
...
}

C12, Slide 37

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Nested if statements that test an object’s type

and property value
private static decimal GetDiscountPercent(Object o)
{
decimal discountPercent = .0m;
if (o is Product p)
{
if (p.Category == ".NET")
discountPercent = .1m;
else if (p.Category == "Java")
discountPercent = .2m;
}
return discountPercent;
}

C12, Slide 38

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A switch statement that tests an object’s type

and property value
private static decimal GetDiscountPercent(Object o)
{
switch (o)
{
case Product p when p.Category == ".NET":
return .1m;
case Product p when p.Category == "Java":
return .2m;
default:
return .0m;
}
}

C12, Slide 39

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A switch expression that uses a property pattern

to test an object’s type and property value
private static decimal GetDiscountPercent(Object o) =>
o switch
{
Product { Category: ".NET" } => .1m,
Product { Category: "Java" } => .2m,
_ => .0m
};

C12, Slide 40

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A method that tests two types of objects

private static decimal GetDiscountPercent(Object o) =>
o switch
{
Product { Category: ".NET" } => .1m,
Product { Category: "Java" } => .2m,
Product { Category: "Web" } => .3m,
Product { Category: "Mainframe"} => .4m,
Vendor { DiscountType: "Quantity"} => .2m,
Vendor { DiscountType: "Terms", Terms: 30 } => .3m,
_ => .0m
};

C12, Slide 41

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A method that tests a specific type of object

private static decimal GetDiscountPercent(Product p) =>
p switch
{
{ Category: ".NET" } => .1m,
{ Category: "Java" } => .2m,
_ => .0m
};

C12, Slide 42

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How to refer to a nested property

in a property pattern
Prior to C# 10.0
private static decimal GetTaxPercent(Object o) => o switch
{
Vendor { State: { StateCode: "CA" } } => 7.5m,
Vendor { State: { StateCode: "NY" } } => 6m,
...
_ => .0m
};

C# 10.0 and later

private static decimal GetTaxPercent(Object o) => o switch
{
Vendor { State.StateCode: "CA" } => 7.5m,
Vendor { State.StateCode: "NY" } => 6m,
...
_ => .0m
};

C12, Slide 43

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A Product structure
public struct Product
{
public Product(string code, string description,
decimal price)
{
this.Code = code;
this.Description = description;
this.Price = price;
}
public string Code { get; set; }
public string Description { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }

public string GetDisplayText(string sep) =>

$"{Code}{sep}{Price.ToString("c")}{sep}{Description}";
}

C12, Slide 44

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A read-only Product structure (C# 7.2 and later)

public readonly struct Product
{
public Product(string code, string description,
decimal price) {...}

public string Code { get; }

public string Description { get; }
public decimal Price { get; }

public string GetDisplayText(string sep) =>

$"{Code}{sep}{Price.ToString("c")}{sep}{Description}";
}

C12, Slide 45

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Code that works with an instance

of a structure type
// Create an instance of the Product structure
// using the default constructor
Product p = new();

// Assign values to each property

p.Code = "C#";
p.Description = "Murach's C#";
p.Price = 59.50m;

// Call a method
string msg = p.GetDisplayText("\n");

C12, Slide 46

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Code that initializes properties

With a constructor
Product p = new("C#", "Murach's C#", 59.50m);

With an object initializer

Product p = new() {Code="C#",Description="Murach's C#",
Price = 59.50m};

C12, Slide 47

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Code that creates and compares two structures

Product p1 = new("C#", "Murach's C#", 59.50m);
Product p2 = new("C#", "Murach's C#", 59.50m);
bool isEqual = p1.Equals(p2); // isEqual is true

p2.Price = 61.50m;
isEqual = p1.Equals(p2); // isEqual is false

C12, Slide 48

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Code that copies a structure and changes a value

Product product = new("C#", "Murach's C#", 59.50m);
Product copy = product;
copy.Price = 61.50m;

C12, Slide 49

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A Product record
public record Product
{
public Product(string code, string description,
decimal price) {...}

public string Code { get; set; }

public string Description { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }

public string GetDisplayText(string sep) =>

$"{Code}{sep}{Price.ToString("c")}{sep}{Description}";
}

C12, Slide 50

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Code that creates and compares

two record instances
Product p1 = new("C#", "Murach's C#", 59.50m);
Product p2 = new("C#", "Murach's C#", 59.50m);
bool isEqual = p1.Equals(p2); // isEqual is true

p2.Price = 61.50m;
isEqual = p1 == p2; // isEqual is false

C12, Slide 51

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A read-only Product record

public record Product(string Code, string Description,
decimal Price);

C12, Slide 52

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Code that copies an instance of a read-only

record and changes a value
Product product = new("C#", "Murach's C#", 59.50m);

By passing the values of the original

to the constructor of the copy
Product copy1 =
new(product.Code, product.Description, 61.50m);

By using the with keyword

Product copy2 = product with { Price = 61.50m };

C12, Slide 53

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A Product record struct

public record struct Product
{
public Product(string code, string description,
decimal price) {...}

public string Code { get; set; }

public string Description { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }

public string GetDisplayText(string sep) =>

$"{Code}{sep}{Price.ToString("c")}{sep}{Description}";
}

C12, Slide 54

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Code that creates and compares

two record struct instances
Product p1 = new("C#", "Murach's C#", 59.50m);
Product p2 = p1; // makes a copy
bool isEqual = p1.Equals(p2); // isEqual is true

p2.Price = 61.50m; // changes p2 but not p1

isEqual = p1 == p2; // isEqual is false

C12, Slide 55

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A read-only Product record struct

public readonly record struct Product(string Code,
string Description, decimal Price);

C12, Slide 56

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When to use classes, structures, records,

and record structs
 Use a class when your object is complex, has many methods, or
you need to create a hierarchy.
 Use a structure when your object primarily stores data and is
small enough to copy efficiently.
 Use a record when your object primarily stores data and is small
enough to copy efficiently.
 Use a record struct when your object primarily stores data, is
small enough to copy efficiently, and you want improved
equality comparison features and performance.

C12, Slide 57

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The Product Maintenance app with a record

The Product record
public record Product(string Code, string Description,
decimal Price)
{
public string GetDisplayText() => GetDisplayText(", ");
public string GetDisplayText(string sep) =>
$"{Code}{sep}{Price.ToString("c")}{sep}{Description}";
}

The Save button event handler for the New Product form
private void btnSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (IsValidData())
{
product = new(txtCode.Text, txtDescription.Text,
Convert.ToDecimal(txtPrice.Text));
this.Close();
}
}

C12, Slide 58

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The Product Maintenance app (continued)

The Add button event handler for the Maintenance form
private void btnAdd_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
frmNewProduct newProductForm = new();
Product product = newProductForm.GetNewProduct();
if (product != null)
{ if (products.Contains(product)) {
MessageBox.Show(
"A product with values " +
product.GetDisplayText() +
" is already in list.", "Unable to add");
}
else {
products.Add(product);
ProductDB.SaveProducts(products);
FillProductListBox();
}
}
}

C12, Slide 59

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