SUPPLY CHAIN SYSTEMS

(ELES424)

Chapter three
 DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN E-SUPPLY CHAIN
MANAGEMENT

 Digital technologies play a crucial role in e-SCM by enhancing efficiency, transparency,

and responsiveness across all stages of the supply chain.

 Through innovations such as IoT, AI, and blockchain, businesses gain real-time insights,
enabling them to monitor the movement of goods, predict demand accurately, and respond
swiftly to market changes or disruptions. This leads to:

 improved decision-making
 cost reductions
 higher service levels
 streamline collaboration among suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors, fostering
better communication and more agile operations.
 KEY DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN e-SCM (1)

 Internet of Things (IoT):

 Use: IoT enables real-time monitoring of goods, vehicles, and equipment throughout the supply chain.
 Example: Smart sensors on shipping containers provide data on location, temperature, and humidity,
ensuring perishable goods remain within safe conditions.

 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML):

 Use: AI and ML facilitate demand forecasting, predictive maintenance, and inventory optimization.
 Example: Algorithms predict future demand based on historical sales and external factors such as weather
or economic trends.

 Blockchain:
 Use: Blockchain provides transparent records for all transactions, ensuring trust and traceability.
 Example: Food supply chains use blockchain to track product origin and certifications, reducing fraud and
increasing consumer confidence.
 KEY DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN e-SCM (2)

 Robotic Process Automation (RPA):

 Use: RPA automates repetitive and time-consuming tasks like order processing, invoicing, and data
entry.
 Example: A logistics company automates the scheduling of deliveries and documentation,
minimizing manual input and human error.

 Big Data Analytics:

 Use: Big data helps analyze vast amounts of information to optimize logistics, identify supply chain
risks, and make data-driven decisions.
 Example: Real-time data from multiple sources can be analyzed to predict potential disruptions,
allowing companies to take preventive actions.
 KEY DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN e-SCM (3)

 Cloud Computing:
 Use: Cloud-based platforms enable seamless collaboration, real-time data sharing, and remote
management of supply chain activities.
 Example: Cloud services help multinational supply chain teams work in unison by accessing
centralized data and applications.

 Drones and Autonomous Vehicles:

 Use: Drones are used for inventory checks in large warehouses, while autonomous vehicles are
employed for last-mile deliveries.
 Example: E-commerce giants use drones for fast deliveries, especially in areas difficult to access by
traditional transport.
 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) IN SCM

 IoT refers to the interconnected network of physical devices embedded with sensors,
software, and other technologies that communicate and exchange data.
 IoT enables real-time tracking of products, vehicles, and equipment, allowing for more
precise inventory management, route optimization, and enhanced visibility throughout the
supply chain.
 With IoT, companies can track shipment locations, monitor environmental conditions such as
temperature and humidity for perishable goods, and detect potential issues before they
escalate.
 IoT data can be integrated with advanced analytics and AI systems to optimize logistics,
predict maintenance needs, and automate processes, resulting in cost savings and improved
efficiency.
 IoT USE CASES (1)

 DHL has employed IoT-enabled sensors to

improve real-time tracking and monitoring of
shipments.
 These sensors provide data on location,
temperature, and humidity, ensuring that goods,
especially perishable or sensitive items, are stored
and transported under optimal conditions.
 This level of visibility helps DHL proactively
address potential issues, minimize delays, and
DHL and smart sensors maintain high customer satisfaction.
 IoT USE CASES (2)

 Maersk has integrated IoT technology into its

fleet of shipping containers.
 The company uses sensors that transmit real-time
data on location, temperature, and container
integrity.
 This has been particularly valuable in transporting
temperature-sensitive goods like pharmaceuticals
and food.
Maersk’s Connected
Shipping Containers
 With these IoT-enabled containers, Maersk can
track the precise status of shipments, detect
deviations, and take corrective actions promptly,
which enhances the reliability of their service.
 IoT USE CASES (3)

 Walmart has harnessed IoT to improve

food safety and traceability throughout its
supply chain.
 By deploying IoT sensors in its warehouses
and along its logistics routes, the company
can monitor conditions such as temperature
and humidity to ensure perishable goods
Walmart’s Food Safety Initiative remain fresh.
 This integration allows Walmart to quickly
identify the source of any contamination or
quality issue, strengthening its ability to
carry out efficient product recalls and
uphold consumer trust.
 IoT USE CASES (4)

 Rolls-Royce has implemented IoT technology

in its aircraft engine supply chain by
embedding sensors in its engines.
 These sensors collect and transmit real-time
performance data during flights, allowing the
company to monitor the health of engines
continuously.
 This data supports predictive maintenance,
where issues can be anticipated and resolved
Rolls-Royce’s Aircraft Engine before they become critical, reducing
Monitoring unplanned downtime and improving
operational efficiency for airline customers.
 IoT USE CASES (5)

 Amazon has embraced IoT technology

extensively in its warehouse operations.
 IoT-enabled devices and robots work in tandem to
manage inventory, track the movement of goods,
and automate the picking and packing processes.
 By using IoT, Amazon can achieve faster and
Amazon’s Warehouse Automation more precise order fulfillment while reducing
human error.
 The integration of IoT with other advanced
technologies like AI and robotics makes
Amazon’s supply chain one of the most advanced
in the world.
 IoT USE CASES (6)

 Caterpillar uses IoT to monitor the

performance and condition of its equipment.
 Customers using Caterpillar machines can
access real-time data on usage, fuel levels, and
maintenance needs.
 This data helps both Caterpillar and its
clients optimize equipment performance,
schedule timely maintenance, and reduce the
likelihood of costly breakdowns.
 The use of IoT in their supply chain has
allowed Caterpillar to provide value-added
Caterpillar’s Equipment
Monitoring
services, enhancing customer satisfaction and
operational efficiency.
 BLOCKCHAIN FOR SUPPLY CHAIN TRANSPARENCY

 Blockchain technology significantly enhances supply chain transparency by

creating a secure, immutable, and decentralized record of transactions and
data.

 This transformative approach allows all stakeholders—from manufacturers

and suppliers to distributors and consumers—to access accurate, real-time
information about a product’s journey throughout the supply chain.
 HERE’S HOW BLOCKCHAIN ACHIEVES
TRANSPARENCY AND ITS IMPACT

1. Immutable Ledger of Records

2. End-to-End Visibility
3. Provenance Tracking
4. Improved Collaboration
5. Consumer Benefits
6. Reduced Fraud and Counterfeiting
Blockchain USE CASES

 Walmart’s Food Safety Initiative: Walmart has implemented

blockchain technology to enhance food traceability. By using
blockchain, the company can track the journey of produce from farm
to store in seconds, down from several days. This capability improves
food safety and helps ensure timely recalls if needed.

 IBM Food Trust: IBM has collaborated with food suppliers and
retailers to create the IBM Food Trust, a blockchain-based platform
that provides a secure and transparent view of the food supply chain.
This helps companies comply with safety regulations and increase
consumer trust.

 Maersk and TradeLens: Maersk partnered with IBM to develop

TradeLens, a blockchain-based platform for global shipping that
connects various stakeholders, including shippers, ports, and customs
authorities. TradeLens digitizes supply chain processes and provides a
single source of truth, improving the speed and efficiency of shipping
operations.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE
LEARNING IMPACT IN SCM (1)

1. Demand Forecasting and Planning: AI and ML algorithms can analyze historical

sales data, market trends, and external factors such as seasonality and economic
indicators to make accurate demand forecasts. Unlike traditional forecasting methods,
AI can adapt and improve over time by learning from new data inputs, resulting in
better predictions and reducing the risk of stockouts or overstocking.

2. Supply Chain Optimization: AI-driven tools help streamline complex supply chain
networks by optimizing routes, schedules, and resource allocation. ML models can
simulate different scenarios and identify the most efficient paths for transportation and
logistics, reducing delivery times and costs.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE
LEARNING IMPACT IN SCM (2)

3. Predictive Maintenance: AI and ML are essential for predictive maintenance in

supply chains, particularly in manufacturing and logistics. By analyzing sensor data
and historical maintenance records, AI systems can predict when equipment or vehicles
are likely to fail, allowing for proactive repairs and minimizing downtime.

4. Warehouse Automation and Robotics: AI-driven robotics and automated systems

improve the efficiency of warehouse operations by handling repetitive tasks such as
picking, packing, and sorting. ML algorithms can optimize the layout of warehouses to
maximize space and speed up the retrieval process.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE
LEARNING IMPACT IN SCM (3)

5. Enhanced Supply Chain Visibility and Risk Management: AI and ML enable real-
time visibility into the supply chain by tracking products and shipments throughout
their journey. These technologies can identify potential disruptions, such as delays or
supply shortages, and alert managers to take corrective actions. Additionally, AI
models can assess risks by analyzing factors like supplier reliability, geopolitical
events, and environmental conditions.

6. Quality Control and Inspection: AI systems equipped with computer vision can
perform quality control checks and identify defects in products faster and more
accurately than human inspectors. ML algorithms can learn to recognize patterns that
indicate potential quality issues and trigger corrective measures.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE
LEARNING IMPACT IN SCM (4)

7. Supplier Management and Collaboration: AI simplifies supplier management by

assessing supplier performance based on key metrics such as delivery reliability, cost,
and quality. ML models can rank suppliers and suggest the best partners for specific
needs. This data-driven approach also facilitates better collaboration between
stakeholders, improving overall supply chain efficiency.

8. Personalization and Customer Service: AI algorithms can analyze customer

behavior and preferences to create personalized product recommendations and enhance
the shopping experience. In SCM, this data helps companies tailor their inventory and
fulfillment strategies to meet specific customer demands.
 AI and ML USE CASES(1)

 Amazon uses a combination of robotics, computer vision,

and AI algorithms to manage warehouse operations
efficiently.
 Automated systems, powered by AI, handle tasks such as
sorting, picking, and packing, allowing Amazon to fulfill
orders faster and more accurately.
 Machine learning models optimize inventory management
by predicting demand based on historical data, customer
behavior, and market trends.
Amazon’s Automated Warehouses

Result: Improved order fulfillment speed, reduced

operational costs, and enhanced customer satisfaction.
 AI and ML USE CASES(2)

 Walmart leverages machine learning algorithms to

refine its demand forecasting processes.
 The company utilizes vast amounts of data, including
sales history, weather forecasts, social media trends,
and local events, to predict customer demand
accurately.
 These forecasts help Walmart manage its inventory
more effectively, reducing the chances of stockouts
and overstock situations.

Walmart’s Demand Forecasting Result: Greater accuracy in demand forecasting,

System reduced inventory costs, and increased responsiveness
to changing market conditions.
AI and ML USE CASES(3)

 DHL has integrated AI and ML into its logistics

operations to predict shipping delays and optimize
routes.
 By analyzing data such as traffic patterns, weather
conditions, and vehicle performance, the company
uses predictive analytics to plan the best routes and
times for delivery.
 Machine learning models also help DHL anticipate
supply chain disruptions and develop contingency
plans.

Result: Increased delivery efficiency, lower fuel

DHL’s Predictive Analytics for consumption, and improved customer service.
Logistics
 AI and ML USE CASES(4)

 Procter & Gamble (P&G) uses AI and ML to enhance its

supply chain by predicting production and inventory needs.
 The company has developed advanced algorithms that
analyze data from various sources, such as customer orders,
sales data, and market insights, to optimize production
schedules and distribution plans.
 P&G’s AI systems also monitor supplier performance and
detect potential issues early, enabling proactive risk
management.

Result: Improved supply chain efficiency, reduced lead times,

Procter & Gamble’s Smart Supply Chain and better alignment with consumer demand.
AI and ML USE CASES(5)

 PepsiCo uses machine learning in its demand

sensing strategy to forecast demand with high
accuracy.
 The company analyzes multiple data sources,
including promotions, holidays, and sales
trends, to make near real-time adjustments to
production and distribution.
 This helps the company better align inventory
with current market needs and reduce waste.

PepsiCo’s Demand Sensing Result: Increased supply chain agility, reduced

waste, and better resource utilization.
AI and ML USE CASES(6)

 Alibaba, one of the largest e-commerce

platforms globally, employs AI and
machine learning to optimize its massive
supply chain.
 The company’s logistics arm, Cainiao,
uses AI algorithms to predict shipping
demand and optimize delivery routes.
Machine learning models also help
forecast inventory needs by analyzing
consumer purchasing behavior and sales
trends across its platform.

Result: Faster delivery times, lower

logistics costs, and enhanced scalability of
operations.
Alibaba’s AI-Powered Forecasting and Logistics
AI and ML USE CASES(7)

 UPS developed its On-Road Integrated

Optimization and Navigation (ORION) system,
which uses AI and ML to optimize delivery routes
for its drivers.
 ORION analyzes historical delivery data, current
traffic patterns, and weather conditions to create
the most efficient delivery routes. The system can
make real-time adjustments to routes, helping
drivers avoid traffic jams and reduce fuel usage.

Result: Significant cost savings in fuel

consumption, reduced carbon emissions, and
UPS’s ORION System improved delivery efficiency.
 ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION IN WAREHOUSING AND
LOGISTICS (1)

1. Increased Efficiency:
 Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs): These robots navigate through warehouses to transport goods, reducing the time
workers spend moving items manually.
 Robotic Picking Systems: Robots equipped with AI and machine learning can identify, pick, and pack items with high
precision, speeding up order fulfillment.
2. Enhanced Accuracy
 Inventory Management: Automated systems use RFID and barcode scanning to track inventory in real-time, minimizing
human errors and ensuring accurate stock levels.
 Order Fulfillment: Robots can sort and package products with high accuracy, reducing the likelihood of shipping errors.
3. Cost Reduction
 Labor Costs: While there is an initial investment in automation technology, the long-term savings on labor costs can be
substantial. Robots can work around the clock without breaks.
 Operational Costs: Automation reduces the need for large workforce teams, cutting overhead costs associated with training,
health benefits, and insurance.
4. Improved Safety
 Reduced Workplace Injuries: Robots can handle heavy lifting and dangerous tasks, decreasing the risk of injury for human
workers.
 Smart Warehouses: Automation can also include safety monitoring systems that help ensure compliance with safety
protocols.
 ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION IN WAREHOUSING AND
LOGISTICS (2)

5. Scalability and Flexibility

 Adapting to Demand Fluctuations: Automated systems can be scaled up or down based on demand,
allowing businesses to respond quickly to market changes without the challenges of adjusting
human labor.
 Multi-tasking Robots: Modern robots can be programmed for multiple tasks, enhancing their utility
in dynamic warehouse environments.
6. Data Analytics
 Enhanced Decision-Making: Automation systems can collect and analyze data on warehouse
operations, providing insights that help optimize processes and improve supply chain efficiency.
7. Integration with Other Technologies
 AI and Machine Learning: Combining robotics with AI allows for smarter operations, such as
predictive maintenance and optimized routing for logistics.
 Internet of Things (IoT): IoT devices can provide real-time data about inventory levels and
equipment status, integrating seamlessly with automated systems.
 ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION
USE CASES (1)
1. Amazon Predictive Analytics: Amazon utilizes AI algorithms to
forecast demand for products, allowing for optimized inventory levels.
Their system analyzes historical sales data, customer behavior, and even
external factors like weather to anticipate product demand.
 Robotic Fulfillment Centers: Amazon's warehouses use robots for
picking and packing items, enhancing efficiency and reducing the time
taken to fulfill orders.

2. Walmart Inventory Management: Walmart employs AI to manage

inventory more effectively. Their AI system analyzes sales patterns and
seasonal trends to predict inventory needs, ensuring stores are stocked
appropriately.
 Supply Chain Optimization: Using machine learning algorithms,
Walmart optimizes its supply chain logistics by analyzing data from
various sources, which helps in route planning and reducing delivery
times.
 ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION
USE CASES (2)

3. DHL Parcelcopter: DHL has experimented with drone deliveries,

integrating AI for navigation and real-time decision-making to enhance
last-mile delivery efficiency.
 Smart Warehouses: DHL uses AI and robotics in their warehouses to
automate sorting processes and enhance productivity. Their “smart
warehouse” initiative integrates machine learning to optimize storage
and retrieval processes.
4. Coca-Cola Demand Forecasting: Coca-Cola uses AI to analyze data
from various sources (like social media trends and historical sales) to
predict demand for their beverages in different regions, allowing for
better inventory management and distribution strategies.
 Route Optimization: Their AI system helps optimize delivery routes
for their fleet, reducing fuel costs and improving delivery times.
 ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION
USE CASES (3)

5. Siemens Predictive Maintenance: Siemens uses AI to monitor

equipment in their supply chain and manufacturing processes. By
analyzing data from sensors, they can predict when a machine might
fail, allowing for maintenance before breakdowns occur.
 Supply Chain Risk Management: AI algorithms analyze potential
risks in the supply chain, such as geopolitical issues or supplier
disruptions, enabling proactive risk management strategies.
6. Procter & Gamble (P&G)Consumer Insights: P&G employs AI to
analyze consumer behavior data from various channels, allowing
them to anticipate demand for products and tailor their supply chain
strategies accordingly.
 Inventory Optimization: They utilize machine learning algorithms
to optimize their inventory across various distribution centers,
ensuring timely delivery to retailers.
 ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION
USE CASES (4)

7. Unilever Sustainable Sourcing: Unilever leverages AI to

analyze supplier performance and sustainability metrics, helping
them make better sourcing decisions that align with their
sustainability goals.
 Sales Forecasting: AI models are used to forecast sales at a
granular level, allowing Unilever to optimize production and
distribution processes.
8. Ford Supply Chain Analytics: Ford uses AI for real-time data
analysis from its supply chain, which helps in identifying
bottlenecks and optimizing logistics.
 Production Planning: The company employs AI to analyze
market trends and adjust production schedules accordingly,
ensuring they meet consumer demand without excess inventory.
 ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION
USE CASES (5)

9. Tesla Autonomous Supply Chain: Tesla incorporates AI in its

supply chain operations to streamline processes such as sourcing
materials, managing inventory, and automating logistics with self-
driving vehicles.
 Demand Prediction: Tesla uses AI to analyze customer data and
market trends, allowing for more accurate production and
inventory planning.

10. Zara (Inditex)Fast Fashion Supply Chain: Zara uses AI to

gather and analyze customer feedback and sales data, allowing
them to quickly adapt their product offerings and replenish stock in
real-time based on consumer demand.
 Production Planning: The company employs machine learning
to optimize production schedules and supply chain logistics,
ensuring rapid turnaround from design to store.
 ROLE OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN SCM (1)

1. Enhanced Collaboration:
 Real-Time Data Sharing: Cloud platforms allow all stakeholders in the supply chain (suppliers, manufacturers,
distributors, retailers) to access and share data in real-time, fostering better communication and collaboration.
 Integrated Platforms: Many cloud-based SCM solutions integrate various functionalities (like procurement, inventory
management, and logistics) into a single platform, enabling seamless information flow across the supply chain.

2. Scalability and Flexibility:

 Resource Management: Cloud services can be scaled up or down based on demand. Companies can easily increase their
cloud resources during peak seasons and reduce them during slower periods, optimizing costs.
 Adapting to Changes: Businesses can quickly adjust their supply chain operations in response to market changes without
the need for significant infrastructure investments.

3. Cost Reduction
 Lower IT Costs: By using cloud services, companies can reduce the costs associated with maintaining on-premises servers
and software, including hardware expenses, maintenance, and upgrades.
 Pay-as-You-Go Models: Many cloud providers offer flexible pricing models, allowing companies to pay only for the
resources they use, making budgeting easier.
 ROLE OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN SCM (2)

4. Data Analytics and Insights

 Big Data Processing: Cloud computing provides the necessary infrastructure to process and analyze large volumes of data, enabling businesses
to derive valuable insights for decision-making.
 Predictive Analytics: SCM solutions on the cloud can leverage AI and machine learning to analyze trends and forecast demand, helping
companies to optimize inventory levels and production schedules.

5. Improved Visibility and Tracking

 End-to-End Visibility: Cloud-based SCM solutions provide visibility across the entire supply chain, allowing companies to track shipments,
monitor inventory levels, and assess supplier performance in real time.
 IoT Integration: Cloud platforms can integrate with IoT devices, enhancing tracking capabilities and providing real-time data on assets, such as
the location and condition of shipments.

6. Disaster Recovery and Security

 Data Backup and Recovery: Cloud computing offers robust disaster recovery solutions, ensuring that data is backed up and
can be recovered quickly in the event of a failure or cyber attack.
 Security Features: Many cloud providers invest heavily in security measures, providing advanced protections that may be
cost-prohibitive for individual companies to implement on their own.
 ROLE OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN SCM (2)

7. Enhanced Customer Experience

 Faster Order Fulfillment: With improved data access and collaboration, companies can respond to customer
orders more quickly and accurately, enhancing overall customer satisfaction.
 Personalization: Cloud solutions enable businesses to analyze customer data and tailor their offerings, leading
to a more personalized shopping experience.

8. Sustainability
 Energy Efficiency: By utilizing cloud services, companies can reduce their carbon footprint compared to
maintaining their own data centers, contributing to sustainability goals.
 Supply Chain Optimization: Advanced analytics in the cloud can help companies identify inefficiencies and
optimize their supply chains, reducing waste and improving resource utilization.

9. Global Reach
 Access to Global Markets: Cloud computing enables companies to operate globally without the need for
extensive physical infrastructure, making it easier to manage international supply chains.
 Local Compliance: Cloud solutions can help companies comply with local regulations and standards in
different regions, facilitating smoother operations.
 EXAMPLES OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN SCM

 SAP Ariba: A cloud-based procurement solution that enhances supplier

collaboration and optimizes sourcing processes.

 Oracle SCM Cloud: A comprehensive suite of cloud applications designed for

supply chain planning, procurement, and logistics management.

 Microsoft Dynamics 365 Supply Chain Management: Offers integrated modules

for managing supply chain operations, from inventory to demand forecasting.
 CLOUD COMPUTING USE CASES (1)

1. Procter & Gamble Integrated Supply Chain Management: P&G uses cloud-based applications for
its supply chain operations, allowing real-time collaboration among suppliers, manufacturers, and
distributors. By utilizing cloud technology, P&G has improved forecasting accuracy and reduced inventory
levels, resulting in significant cost savings.
2. Coca-Cola Collaborative Planning: Coca-Cola adopted a cloud-based supply chain management
system to enhance collaboration with its bottlers and suppliers. The cloud platform enables them to share
data in real-time, improving demand forecasting and inventory management across the supply chain.
3. Zara Fast Fashion Model: Zara uses cloud computing to support its agile supply chain model. The
company collects and analyzes data from sales and customer feedback through cloud-based platforms,
allowing for rapid adjustments to inventory and production. This approach helps Zara quickly respond to
fashion trends and consumer preferences.
4. Unilever Real-Time Supply Chain Analytics: Unilever utilizes cloud-based platforms for real-time
analytics across its supply chain. This allows them to better manage inventory, predict demand, and
optimize transportation logistics. The cloud enables Unilever to enhance visibility and responsiveness in its
supply chain.
 CLOUD COMPUTING USE CASES (2)

6. Ford Motor Company Connected Supply Chain: Ford employs cloud computing to connect its
supply chain partners and streamline operations. By integrating data from suppliers, manufacturing
plants, and logistics providers into a cloud platform, Ford enhances collaboration and improves supply
chain efficiency.
7. DHL Cloud Logistics Solutions: DHL utilizes cloud computing for its logistics operations, allowing
for better tracking and management of shipments. By implementing cloud-based tools, DHL improves
visibility and communication throughout its supply chain, leading to enhanced customer service.
8. Pepsi Co Cloud-Based Analytics: PepsiCo uses cloud computing to analyze supply chain data and
improve demand forecasting. This helps the company to manage inventory levels more effectively and
respond quickly to market changes, optimizing its overall supply chain performance.
9. Walmart Supply Chain Visibility and Collaboration: Walmart employs cloud-based solutions for
better supply chain visibility and collaboration with suppliers. The company uses these platforms to share
data and analytics with its suppliers, improving inventory management and reducing stockouts.
 THANK YOU

For any questions, please send an email to:

Nancy.draz@aast.edu