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CI Presentation - Unit 2-3-1-1 (1)

The document provides an overview of various types of computer systems, including desktops, laptops, mainframes, and supercomputers, along with their basic components such as the CPU, memory, and storage types. It explains how computers process data through the machine cycle, instruction and execution times, and the significance of binary data representation. Additionally, it touches on emerging technologies and the evolution of computer hardware since 1985.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views31 pages

CI Presentation - Unit 2-3-1-1 (1)

The document provides an overview of various types of computer systems, including desktops, laptops, mainframes, and supercomputers, along with their basic components such as the CPU, memory, and storage types. It explains how computers process data through the machine cycle, instruction and execution times, and the significance of binary data representation. Additionally, it touches on emerging technologies and the evolution of computer hardware since 1985.

Uploaded by

sharlene.burke
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Hardware

Unit 2 eTutor presentation


MGMT1000 - Introduction to Computers
Objectives

At the end of Unit 2 you should be able to:-


▧Evaluate the various types of computer
systems that have evolved since 1985
▧Describe the basic components of a
computer system.
▧Explain how a computer processes data.
Types of Computer Brief Description
System

Desktop Computer A PC that is expected to be placed on the top of a computer or


other desk. Desktops usually are powerful and have
reasonably large secondary storage. Desktops require a
number of input and out devices to make them useful.

Laptop/Notebook Compared to the desktop, laptops are portable computers that


have their monitor, keyboard, and other memory and storage
devices all included in a package that is up 20 inches in size
and is powered by a special battery. Laptops are also called
notebooks.

Mainframe Mainly associated with large companies, that process millions


of transactions calculations from multiple sources at one time,
mainframes previously filled large rooms, but today consist of
a number of linked components that allow the different
processors to communicate with one another and share their
total computing power.
Types of Computer Brief Description
System

Minicomputer Minicomputers are powerful and can support many users at


once. Their size is between microcomputers (PCs) and
mainframes.

Personal Computer Personal Computers (PC) were designed to be used by


individuals for general use. The PC is not usually associated
with the Apple Mac although it is a PC. Often the term desktop
and PC are used interchangeably.

Server A computer that has been optimized to provide services to


other computers over a network. Servers usually have
powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives.
They often provide custom services such as an e-mail server,
a backup server, a database server, etc.

Supercomputer Supercomputers have the world’s fastest processors and are


able to perform millions of computations a minute.
Supercomputers are normally comprised of multiple high
performance computers working in parallel as a single
system. The best known supercomputers are built by Cray
Supercomputers.
Types of Computer Brief Description
System

Tablet A mobile device with a touchscreen display, circuitry


and battery in a single device. Tablets come equipped
with sensors, including cameras, a microphone and an
accelerometer, and the touchscreen display uses
finger or stylus gestures substituting for the use of
computer mouse and keyboard. They are compact
and often use special secondary flash memory instead
of a typical hard drive for storage. They usually have
optional keyboards.

Wearable Computer This is the latest trend in computing where common


computer applications such as electronic mail, are
integrated into watches, cell phones, visors and even
clothing.

Workstation A workstation is a desktop computer with a more


powerful processor, and more memory for performing
special functions, such as 3D Graphics.
Components of a Basic Computer System

▧Central Processing Unit (CPU)


▧Control Unit (CU)
▧Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
▧Memory
Type of computers & their usage

▧ Portable computers like ▧ The needs of a multiple


laptops/notebooks are branch global
normally used by multimillion dollar
travelling salespersons, company needs a client-
executives etc Server network to meet
▧ A personal computer its computing needs
can meet the needs of a ▧ When we are looking at a
student working on bank that does millions
accounting project of transactions and much
number crunching, a
mainframe is necessary.
Central Processing Unit
▧ Complex set of electronic
circuitry
▧ Executes stored program
instructions
Five (5) parts
▧ Control unit
▧ Arithmetic/logic unit
(ALU)
▧ Registers/Cache
▧ Systems clock
▧ Systems bus
Control Unit

▧The brain of the computer


▧Directs the computer system to execute
stored program instructions
▧Must communicate with memory and ALU
▧Sends data and instructions from secondary
storage to memory as needed
Arithmetic Logic Unit

▧ Executes all arithmetic and logical operations


▧ Arithmetic operations
Addition, subtraction, multiplication,division
▧ Logical operations
Compare numbers, letters, or special
characters
Tests for one of three conditions
Equal-to condition
Less-than condition
Greater-than condition
Data Storage and the CPU

▧Two types of storage:


Primary storage (memory)
Stores data temporarily
CPU refers to it for both program instructions
and data
▧Secondary storage
Long-term storage
Stored on external medium, such as a disk
The CPU and Memory

▧ CPU cannot process data from disk or input


device
It must first reside in memory
Control unit retrieves data from disk and moves
it into memory
▧ Items sent to ALU for processing
Control unit sends items to ALU, then sends
back to memory after processing
▧ Data and instructions held in memory until sent
to an output or storage device or program is
shut down
How computer process data

youtu.be/8zH3iw_wkFA<-click for additional information.


Temporary Storage Areas

▧Registers

▧Memory
Registers

▧ High-speed temporary storage


areas
Storage locations located
within the CPU
▧ Work under direction of control
unit
Accept, hold, and transfer
instructions or data
Keep track of where the next
instruction to be executed
or needed data is stored
Memory

▧Also known as primary storage and main


memory
Often expressed as random-access
memory (RAM)
Not part of the CPU
▧Holds data and instructions for processing
▧Stores information only as long as the
program is in operation
Memory and CPU
RAM and ROM

RAM - is volatile because data stored in RAM is


temporary so it goes if the computer is
improperly shut down - such as a power failure.

ROM - Read Only Memory is computer


memory that cannot be changed - eg. The
program that allows the computer to boot up is
stored in ROM.
Now Pay Attention!
The following concepts need all of your
faculty but I know you will follow!
The Machine Cycle

▧The time required


to retrieve,
execute, and store
an operation
▧Components
Instruction time
Execution time
▧System clock
synchronizes
operations
Instruction Time

▧Also called I-time


▧Control unit gets instruction from memory
and puts it into a register
▧Control unit decodes instruction and
determines the memory location of needed
data
Execution Time

▧Control unit moves data from memory to


registers in ALU
▧ALU executes instruction on the data
▧Control unit stores result of operation in
memory or in a register
Data Representation

▧Computers understand
two things: on and off
▧Data represented in
binary form
Binary (base 2) number
system
Contains only two digits, 0
and 1
Corresponds to two
states, on and off
Storage Sizes

▧Kilobyte: 1024 (210) bytes


Memory capacity of older personal computers
▧Megabyte: roughly one million (220) bytes
Personal computer memory
Portable storage devices (diskette,CD-ROM)
▧Gigabyte: roughly one billion (230) bytes
Storage devices (hard drives)
Mainframe and network server memory
▧Terabyte: roughly one trillion (240) bytes
Storage devices on very large systems
Coding Schemes

▧Provide a common way of representing a


character of data
▧Needed so computers can exchange data
▧Common Schemes
ASCII
EBCDIC
Unicode
The System Bus

▧Parallel electrical paths that transport data


between the CPU and memory
▧The faster the bus speed, the faster data
travels through the system
Computer Processing Speeds

▧Instruction speeds measured in fractions of


seconds
Millisecond: one thousandth of a second
Microsecond: one millionth of a second
Nanosecond: one billionth of a second
Modern computers have reached this speed
▧Picosecond: one trillionth of a second
Microprocessor Speeds

▧Measure of system clock speed


How many electronic pulses the clock produces
per second
Usually expressed in gigahertz (GHz)
Billions of machine cycles per second
Some old PCs measured in megahertz (MHz)
▧Comparison of clock speed only meaningful
between identical microprocessors
Cache

▧A temporary storage area


Speeds up data transfer within computer
Embedded Systems
▧ A type of computer Examples of Embedded
system systems
▧ Designed to perform
specific tasks (single Smart watches, traffic
purposed) lights, microwave oven, Air
▧ Has only one form of Conditioning units,
input and/or output Thermostat, Security
▧ Uses only certain types systems, Smartphones and
of hardware tablets (hand-held
computers).
Emerging Technologies

▧ The newest technology on the horizon


▧ Google Cardboard Virtual Reality viewer made from
cardboard (recently used to save a child's life)
▧ Leap motion - controlling computers without
touching any input devices - by gestures.
▧ Flexible screens that can be folded.
▧ 3D printing
▧ 3D mapping - Project Tango (by Google)
▧ One manned self flying drone
▧ Re-usable rockets

What other emerging Technology do you know about?

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