Image Processing -

Fundamentals

Dr. Sakshi Arora

Why Image Processing?
• Human beings are primarily visual creatures.

• Other than humans……. Bats….They emit sound waves which reflect back
when they encounter some obstruction……..cats……….snakes…fishes.

• What happens when we look at an object?

• When do we learn Image processing?

• What is an Image processing system?

 Image Processing ?
• Processing of a digital Image by means of a Computer.
Process
INPUT
•IMAGE PROCESSING OUTPUT
•IMAGE ALGORITHM
•VECTOR of Features

• What if Image is a face?

• What if input is a low contrast image?
• What is the difference between Image processing and
Image Analysis?
Image Processing, Image Analysis & Computer Vision
• Image processing is when input and output are both are images.
• Image analysis is, where Input is an Image and Output is attribute
extracted eg. Edge.
• Computer Vision involves, emulating human vision and
recognizing objects.
• Computer Graphics deals with the synthesis of images.
Image Processing Image Analysis Computer Vision
Enhancement Segmentation Object Recognition
Noise Removal Feature Determination A.I. & M.L.
Restoration Classification
Compression
What is DIP? (cont…)
The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be
broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes

Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene
removal, image recognition, understanding,
sharpening segmentation autonomous navigation

In this course we will

stop here
What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks
• Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation
• Processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation for
autonomous machine perception
Some argument about where image processing ends and fields such as
image analysis and computer vision start
Image Processing essentials
• Image Processing deals mainly with Enhancement

Improving Quality
• Steps involved in Image Processing: Cropping
• Image Acquisition
• Capturing Blending
• Digitization
• Scaling
• Image Preprocessing Morphing
• Filters for Noise Removal
• Image Enhancement (Noise Removal , Contrast Enhancement)
• Spatial
• Frequency
• Morphological Operations (Shape altering)
• Recognizing Edges and Boundaries
• Image Segmentation
• Feature Extraction
• Image Recognition
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Aquisition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Enhancement
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Examples: Image Enhancement
One of the most common uses of DIP techniques: improve quality,
remove noise etc
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Restoration
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Morphological Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Segmentation
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Object Recognition
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Image Compression
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Key Stages in Digital Image Processing:
Colour Image Processing
Image Morphological
Restoration Processing

Image
Segmentation
Enhancement

Image Object
Acquisition Recognition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image
Processing Compression
Image Processing Applications
• Astronomy
• Material Science (Surface Modelling)
• Medical Image Analysis (MRI, X-Ray)
• Biometric & Security
• Remote Sensing
• Environmental Modelling
• Agriculture
• Image Restoration
Examples: The Hubble Telescope
Launched in 1990 the Hubble
telescope can take images of
very distant objects
However, an incorrect mirror
made many of Hubble’s
images useless
Image processing
techniques were
used to fix this
Examples: Artistic Effects
Artistic effects are used
to make images more
visually appealing, to
add special effects and
to make composite
images
 Examples: Medicine
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Take slice from MRI scan of canine heart, and find boundaries between
types of tissue
• Image with gray levels representing tissue density
• Use a suitable filter to highlight edges

Original MRI Image of a Dog Heart Edge Detection Image

 Examples: GIS
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Geographic Information Systems

• Digital image processing techniques are used extensively to manipulate
satellite imagery
• Terrain classification
• Meteorology
 Examples: Law Enforcement
Image processing techniques
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

are used extensively by law

enforcers
• Number plate recognition for
speed cameras/automated
toll systems
• Fingerprint recognition
• Enhancement of CCTV images
 Types of Images

Image

Domain
Nature Attributes Colour Dimensions Data types
Specific

Natural Synthetic Pseudo Range Multispectral

Raster Vector Monochrome True colour 2D 3 D(voxels)
Image Image Colour Images Images

Signed Unsigned
Binary Grey Scale Float Logical Double
integer Integer
 Images(f(x,y)) based on Colours
True colour Images Indexed Images Pseudo Colour Images

Pixel colour is obtained Colour map has RGB These are used in remote
by mixing primary components sensing applications.
colours RGB.
Each colour component Maintains a color map Multi band, multispectral
is represented like a palette. Pixel value is images are used.
Attribute Grey Scale Images Binary Images grey scale image using 8 considered as pointer to the
bits. index.
No. of 8 (As human 1. As pixel assumes a
bits/pixel vision can detect value of 0 or1. Uses 24 bits Uses reduced no. of bits
only 32 shades of
grey) Are 3 band images Full range of colours is not Typically have 3-11 bands
Are obtained from grey level used.
images using threshold No. od colours possible Only a few colours are used This information is beyond
process. is (256)3 in most images. human perceptual range.
Used CT scan, MRI, To represent basic shapes Hence may not be visible to
Xrays. such as line drawings. Also the human observer.
used as masks. DAC is used to convert DAC is used to convert RGB Colour is artificially added to
Quality Good Very poor quality images, as colour value to pixel value to pixel intensity of the increase perceptual
most of the details are intensity monitor. convenience. Eg.
eliminated. Doplercolour images.
Thank You
• To Solve: An image is 2400 pixels wide and 2400 pixels high. The
image was scanned at 300 dpi. What is the physical size of the image?
• Solution:
Physical size = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑋
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2400 2400
= X
300 300

= 8 inch x 8 inch

Hence, the physical size of the image is 8 x 8 inch2

• To solve: A scenic image whose physical dimension is 2.5 inch X 2 inch
on paper is scanned at 150 dpi. How many pixels would be there in
the scanned image?
• Solution: The calculations are as follows:
No. of pixels = Physical dimension X Resolution
2.5 𝑋 150 𝑋 (2 𝑋 150)
= 375 𝑋 300 =
112,500 𝑝𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡.
• To Solve: Given a grey scale image on paper whose physical dimension is 2.5 inch X 2 inch,
scanned at the rate of 150 dpi. Calculate the following:
(a) How many bits are required to represent the image?
(b) How much time is required to transmit the image if the modem is 28 kbps?
(c) Estimate these two values if it were a binary image.
• Solution:
(a) The number of bits required to represent a greyscale image (A pixel uses 8 bits for
grey scale image) is given as follows:
2.5 X 150 X 2 X 150 X 8 = 375 X 300 X 8 112,500 X 8 bits = 900,000 bits.
(b) The total time taken to transmit the image is as follows:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 900,000
= = 32.14 s
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 28,000
(c) If it were a binary image, then the number of bits required to represent the binary
image is calculated as follows:
2.5 X 150 X 2 X 150 X 1 = 375 X 300 X 1 = 112,500 bits.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 1,12,500
The total transmission time would be = = = 4.017 s
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 28,000
• To solve: Consider a medical image of 8 X 8 inch2 dimension. The
sampling resolution is 5 cycles/mm. How many pixels are required?
Will an image size of 256 X 256 be enough?
• Solution: The sampling resolution is 5 cycles/mm. Therefore, for
better quality, two pixels per cycle are required. This means that 10
pixels/mm are required.
Therefore, the pixels size is 0.1 mm.
The minimum number of pixels required = 8 X 2.54 X 10 = 203.2
pixels X 203.2 mm. As 10 pixels/mm is required, image size should
be 2032 X 2032 pixels. Hence, an image of size 256 X 256 is not
enough.