Write a Python program that allows the user to input a complex number and displays its real

and imaginary parts.

Write a Python program that accepts a string and reverses it without using the built-in
reverse() method.

Write a Python program that takes a list of numbers as input and prints the sum and average
of the numbers.

Write a Python program to make a new list that will store squares of elements from the
existing list [10,8,6,4,2]

Write a program in Python that accepts ten values and returns the maximum of them.
(Use *args)
# Function to find maximum using *args
def find_maximum(*args):
max_value = args[0]
for num in args:
if num > max_value:
max_value = num
return max_value
# Input: Accept 10 integer numbers from user
num = input("Enter number: ")
a=eval(num)
# Call the function using *args
maximum = max(a)
# Output
print("The maximum value is:", maximum)
Write a Python program to display the Fibonacci sequence (first 20 terms) using the recursive
function.
# Define a recursive function to find Fibonacci number
def fibonacci(n):
if n == 0:
return 0 # First term
elif n == 1:
return 1 # Second term
else:
return fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2) # Recursive step

# Print the first 20 Fibonacci numbers

print("Fibonacci sequence (first 20 terms):")
for i in range(20):
print(fibonacci(i), end=" ")
Write a Python program to define a class Student with data members: name, branch,
and grade. Include appropriate member functions to input and display student details.
# Define a class called Student
class Student:
# Function to input student details
def input_details(self):
self.name = input("Enter student name: ")
self.branch = input("Enter branch: ")
self.grade = input("Enter grade: ")

# Function to display student details

def display_details(self):
print("\nStudent Details:")
print("Name :", self.name)
print("Branch :", self.branch)
print("Grade :", self.grade)

# Create an object of Student class

s = Student()

# Call the input function to get data from user

s.input_details()

# Call the display function to show the data

s.display_details()
Write a Python program to demonstrate single level inheritance using the following
classes:
 Device: contains an attribute brand.
Sensor: inherits from Device and includes an attribute sensor_type.
# Base class
class Device:
def __init__(self, brand):
self.brand = brand

def display_brand(self):
print("Device Brand:", self.brand)

# Derived class (inherits from Device)

class Sensor(Device):
def __init__(self, brand, sensor_type):
# Call the constructor of the base class
super().__init__(brand)
self.sensor_type = sensor_type

def display_sensor_details(self):
# Call base class method
self.display_brand()
print("Sensor Type :", self.sensor_type)

# Create an object of Sensor class

s = Sensor("Honeywell", "Temperature")

# Display details
s.display_sensor_details()
Write a Python program that reads a list of numbers from a text file and checks whether a
user-specified number is present in the list. Display an appropriate message based on the
result.

Write a Python program to:

o Read a set of temperature values from a text file
o Store all values > 30°C in another file
Use try-except-finally blocks to manage file operations and errors.
try:
# Try to open and read from the input file
input_file = open("temps.txt", "r")
 content = input_file.read()

# Convert the string into a list of numbers

temp_list = [int(x) for x in content.split()]

# Create a list of temperatures greater than 30

high_temps = [temp for temp in temp_list if temp > 30]

# Write the high temperatures to another file

output_file = open("high_temps.txt", "w")
for temp in high_temps:
output_file.write(str(temp) + "\n")

print("High temperatures saved to 'high_temps.txt'.")

except FileNotFoundError:
print("Error: 'temps.txt' not found.")

except ValueError:
print("Error: Make sure the file contains only numbers.")

except Exception as e:
print("Something went wrong:", e)

finally:
# Close the files if they were opened
try:
input_file.close()
except:
pass
try:
output_file.close()
except:
pass
Write a Python program for home automation using Raspberry Pi. Include:
  Device control through GPIOs
 Sensor interface (e.g., IR sensor or PIR sensor)
 WiFi-controlled LED
Data logging and cloud upload via ThingSpeak
Answer :
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
import requests

# ==== GPIO Setup ====

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)
GPIO.setwarnings(False)

# Device connected to GPIO

DEVICE_PIN = 17 # Example: Relay or Bulb
SENSOR_PIN = 18 # PIR or IR sensor
LED_PIN = 27 # LED controlled via WiFi

# Setup GPIO pins

GPIO.setup(DEVICE_PIN, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(SENSOR_PIN, GPIO.IN)
GPIO.setup(LED_PIN, GPIO.OUT)

# ==== ThingSpeak Details ====

THINGSPEAK_API_KEY = 'YOUR_API_KEY_HERE'
THINGSPEAK_URL = 'https://api.thingspeak.com/update'

def upload_to_thingspeak(sensor_value):
try:
response = requests.get(THINGSPEAK_URL, params={
'api_key': THINGSPEAK_API_KEY,
'field1': sensor_value
})
print("Data uploaded to ThingSpeak:", response.text)
except:
print("Failed to upload data")

# ==== Main Loop ====

try:
print("Home Automation System Running...")

while True:
sensor_state = GPIO.input(SENSOR_PIN)

if sensor_state == 1:
print("Motion Detected! Turning ON device.")
 GPIO.output(DEVICE_PIN, GPIO.HIGH) # Turn ON device
GPIO.output(LED_PIN, GPIO.HIGH) # Turn ON LED
else:
print("No motion. Turning OFF device.")
GPIO.output(DEVICE_PIN, GPIO.LOW) # Turn OFF device
GPIO.output(LED_PIN, GPIO.LOW) # Turn OFF LED

# Upload sensor status (1 or 0) to ThingSpeak

upload_to_thingspeak(sensor_state)

time.sleep(10) # Delay to avoid too many requests

except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("Program stopped by user.")

finally:
GPIO.cleanup()

Write a Python program to interface a Raspberry Pi with a gas sensor (like MQ-2) to monitor
air quality. The program should read the gas concentration level from the sensor and trigger
an alert if it exceeds a specified threshold.
Answer :
import spidev
import time
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

# Setup SPI for MCP3008 ADC

spi = spidev.SpiDev()
spi.open(0, 0) # Bus 0, device 0
spi.max_speed_hz = 1350000

# Gas threshold (adjust as per calibration)

GAS_THRESHOLD = 300 # Example threshold value (0-1023 ADC scale)

# Function to read SPI data from MCP3008 channel

def read_adc(channel):
# MCP3008 protocol: 3 bytes transaction
# Start bit + single/diff bit + channel (3 bits)
adc = spi.xfer2([1, (8 + channel) << 4, 0])
data = ((adc[1] & 3) << 8) + adc[2]
return data

try:
print("Starting MQ-2 Gas Sensor Monitoring...")
while True:
gas_level = read_adc(0) # Read channel 0 where MQ-2 is connected
 print("Gas Level:", gas_level)

if gas_level > GAS_THRESHOLD:

print("ALERT! Gas concentration is HIGH!")

else:
print("Gas concentration is normal.")

time.sleep(2) # Delay between readings

except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("Program stopped by user.")

finally:
spi.close()

Write a Python program that interfaces with a pH sensor connected to a Raspberry Pi, reads
the analog data, converts it to pH value, and displays it on a connected LCD screen.
Answer :
import spidev
import time
from lcd_api import LcdApi # Import LCD API (make sure you have this or your own
driver)
from i2c_lcd import I2cLcd # I2C LCD driver

# MCP3008 SPI setup

spi = spidev.SpiDev()
spi.open(0, 0) # SPI bus 0, device 0
spi.max_speed_hz = 1350000

# LCD I2C address (change if different)

I2C_ADDR = 0x27
LCD_ROWS = 2
LCD_COLS = 16

# Initialize LCD
lcd = I2cLcd(1, I2C_ADDR, LCD_ROWS, LCD_COLS)

# Function to read ADC channel

def read_adc(channel):
adc = spi.xfer2([1, (8 + channel) << 4, 0])
data = ((adc[1] & 3) << 8) + adc[2]
return data

# Convert ADC value to pH (assuming linear conversion)

# You must calibrate your sensor for accurate conversion.
def adc_to_ph(adc_value):
# Example calibration:
# ADC 0 -> pH 0
# ADC 1023 -> pH 14
ph = (adc_value / 1023.0) * 14.0
return round(ph, 2)

try:
lcd.clear()
lcd.putstr("pH Sensor Ready")
time.sleep(2)

while True:
adc_value = read_adc(0) # Read channel 0 where pH sensor is connected
ph_value = adc_to_ph(adc_value)

lcd.clear()
lcd.putstr("pH Value:")
lcd.move_to(0, 1)
lcd.putstr(str(ph_value))

print("ADC:", adc_value, "pH:", ph_value)

time.sleep(2)

except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("Program stopped by user.")

finally:
spi.close()
lcd.clear()
lcd.putstr("Goodbye!")
time.sleep(2)
lcd.clear()

Design a Python-based IoT application using Raspberry Pi where:

 A temperature sensor is connected via GPIO
 Data is read and displayed locally
 Readings above 40°C are sent to ThingSpeak
Abnormal values are logged into a local file
Answer :
import Adafruit_DHT
import time
import requests

# Sensor setup
SENSOR = Adafruit_DHT.DHT11 # Use DHT22 if you have that sensor
GPIO_PIN = 4 # GPIO pin where sensor is connected

# ThingSpeak details
THINGSPEAK_API_KEY = 'YOUR_API_KEY'
THINGSPEAK_URL = 'https://api.thingspeak.com/update'

# Log file for abnormal values

LOG_FILE = 'temp_abnormal_log.txt'

def log_abnormal(temp):
with open(LOG_FILE, 'a') as file:
file.write(f"High Temp Alert: {temp} C at {time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}\
n")

def send_to_thingspeak(temp):
try:
response = requests.get(THINGSPEAK_URL, params={
'api_key': THINGSPEAK_API_KEY,
'field1': temp
})
if response.status_code == 200:
print("Data sent to ThingSpeak successfully.")
else:
print("Failed to send data to ThingSpeak.")
except Exception as e:
print("Error sending data:", e)

try:
print("Starting Temperature Monitoring...")
while True:
humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(SENSOR, GPIO_PIN)

if temperature is not None:

print(f"Temperature: {temperature:.1f}°C, Humidity: {humidity:.1f}%")

if temperature > 40:

print("Temperature above 40°C! Logging and sending to ThingSpeak...")
log_abnormal(temperature)
send_to_thingspeak(temperature)
else:
print("Failed to get reading. Try again!")

time.sleep(10)

except KeyboardInterrupt:
print("Program stopped by user.")