CHAPTER 4.

PERIODIC PROPERTIES

1) Atomic Radius
Atomic radius is the distance from the nucleus to the outermost shell.
 The atomic radius in a group
From top to bottom have an increasing atomic radius, because the number of shell
that the atoms have is increasing.

 The atomic radius in a period

From left to right the atomic radius is decrease, because the elements that are in
the same period have the same number of shell

2)
Ionization
energy
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from isolated atom or molecule in
gas state
The value of the ionization energy is determined by the following factors:
Atomic radius
The greater the atomic radius, the smaller the ionization energy has
1) When the atomic radius increases, the distance the valence electrons are farther
away from the nucleus.
2) If the distance is further away, then the attraction / charge on the nucleus is
getting smaller, so the electrons are easier to be attracted.
3) The easier the electrons are attracted by the nucleus, the smaller the EI required
Positively charged nucleus
The greater the nuclear charge, the greater the ionization energy has

The greater the number of protons or charges in the atomic nucleus, the greater the
attraction of the atomic nucleus to the electrons in the atomic shell. This causes the
electrons to be more difficult to lose from the atomic arrangement.

Ionization energy = easy to lose electrons

Ionization energy = difficult to lose electron

 The ionization energy in a group

From top to bottom ionization energy is decreasing, because the atomic number is
getting bigger
  The ionization energy in a period
From left to right ionization energy is increasing, because the atomic number is
getting smaller

Example:

Ca(g) Ca+(g) + e

(1st ionization energy= the energy needed to remove one electron from each atom in the
gaseous state to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ion )

Ca+ (g) Ca2+ (g) + e

(the 2nd ionization energy: removed from each ion in a mole a gaseous 1+ ion to form one
mole of gaseous 2+ ions)

We can continue to remove electrons from an atom until only the nucleus is left.
We call this sequence of ionization energies, successive ionization energy.
The successive ionization energies for the first 20 elements in periodic table are
shown in Table below.
The data in table shows us that:
- For each element, the successive ionization energies increase. This is because the
charge on the ion gets greater as each electron is removed. As each electron is
removed there is a greater attractive force between the positively charged protons
in nucleus and the remaining negatively charged electrons. Therefore, more energy
is needed to overcome these attractive forces.
- There is a big difference between some successive ionization energies. For
nitrogen, this occurs between the 5th and 6th ionization energies. For sodium, the
first big difference occurs between the 1st and 2nd ionization energies
 Three factors that influence ionization energies.
a) The size of nuclear charge
Ionization energy increase as the atomic number increase. Because the bigger
the positive charge, the greater the attractive force between nucleus and the
electrons. So, more energy is need to overcome these attractive forces if an electron is
to be removed.
b) Distance of outer electrons from the nucleus
The further the outer electron shell is from the nucleus, the lower the ionization
energy.
The force of attraction between positive and negative charge decreases rapidly as the
distance between them increase. So electrons in shells further away from the nucleus
are less attracted to the nucleus than those closer to the nucleus.

c) Shielding effect of inner electrons

The next factor is the number of electrons in the atomic shell between the nucleus
and the outermost shell of the atom. The energy in the protons will be absorbed by
the electrons located between the nucleus and this outer shell. That way the electrons
in the outermost shell of the atom will only get a very small pull from the atomic
nucleus. This reduction in the attraction of the atomic nucleus is referred to as
screening and also shielding. This greatly affects whether or not the ionization energy
is required by an atom.
3) Electron Affinity (EA)
The energy involved when a gaseous atom or ion receives one electron to form a negative
ion.

electron affinity = difficult to gain electron

electron affinity = easy to gain electron

 The electron affinity in a group

From top to bottom ionization energy is decreasing, because the atomic number is
getting bigger
 The electron affinity in a period
From left to right ionization energy is increasing, because the atomic number is
getting smaller
4) Electronegativity ()
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract a pair of electrons that are shared
in forming bonds.
electronegativity difficult to gain electrons
electronegativity easy to gain electrons

atomic number >> electron < ( group)

F, Cl, Br, I
atomic > electronegativuty > (period)
O<F

SELF PRACTICE
1. Which of the following periodic properties is correct in one group?
A. atomic radius decreases
B. electronegativity increases
C. ionization energy increases
 D. electron affinity decreases
E. metal properties are decreasing
2. The correct statement about the periodicity of the elements in a period from left to right is
….
A. metal properties increase
B. atomic radius decreases
C. ionization energy decreases
D. electronegativity decreases
E. reduced acidity
3. Elements with similar properties are placed in… .
A. The same period
B. The same group
C. the same block
D. the same shell
E. the same form
4. Given some ionization energies for X = 520; Y = 419; Z = 496; A = 376; B = 403 (in kJ/mole).
The correct order of the alkali metals based on the ionization energy values from top to
bottom is...
A. X – Y – Z – A – B
B. B – A – Z – Y – X
C. Z – Y – X – B – A
D. A – B – X – Y – Z
E. X – Z – Y – B – A
5. The element with the largest atomic radius is... .
A. 4Be =
B. 12Mg =
C. 20Ca =
D. 38Sr =
E. 56Ba =
6. Given the element data as follows:

Which of these elements has the higher ionization energy?

20 Ca=

19 K =

18 Ar =

16 S =

11 Na =

A. Na
B. Ar
C. S
D. Ca
E. K
7. Among the elements 11Na, 12Mg, 19K, 20Ca, 37Rb, which has the highest ionization energy is …
A. 11Na =
B. 20Ca =
C. 12Mg =
D. 37Rb =
E. 19K=
8. Which of the followings elements has the largest atomic radius?
A. 6C =
B. 9F =
C. 8O =
 D. 7N =
E. 10Ne =
9. Which of the followings elements has the highest ionization energy?
A. 11Na =
B. 10Ne =
C. 9F =
D. 1H =
E. 2He =

10. Data an the electronegativity of several elements are as follows:

Element J K L M N
Electronegativity 1,2 3,0 2,5 3,5 4,0
The element that can easily gain electron is …. .
A. J
B. K
C. L
D. M
E. N
11. Two elements with the following electron configuration:
P= 2 8 1
Q= 2 8 5
The correct periodic property for element P and Q is …
A. Ionization Energy of P is greater than Q
B. The atomic radius of P is greater than Q
C. The electronegativity of P is greater than q
D. The electron affinity of P is greater than q
E. The boiling point of P is greater than q