CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with

the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built
environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings .
It is a wide field and includes many types of structures such as residential
buildings, public buildings, industrial buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels,
railways, dams, canal, and canal structures etc…

Civil engineering projects involve planning, designing, estimating, supervising

construction, managing construction, execution, and maintenance of structures.
The role of civil engineers is to solve different engineering problems with the
help of field experience, laboratory techniques, numerical methods,
mathematical models, using computer and information technology.
The scope of civil engineering is vast and includes many branches such
as surveying and leveling, building planning and construction, advance
construction, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, water resources
engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, and town
planning.

1.2 AIM & OBJECTIVE

The Main aim of our project to apply practically the various theories we
have studied in the last three years.
The Main objectives of our work are,

1
 • To collect the literature and study about the College building and its
components.
• To prepare the plan and structural layout of columns, beams and slabs
inn the AUTOCADD 2022.
• To analyze the structure manually by moment distribution method.
• To design the structural component such as Footing, Column and
Beam.
• To design theCollege Building with consideration for all types of
forces.
• The various structural elements like Slab, Column, Beam, Footing and
Staircase are analysed. In the design project we can know about the
various methods of load calculation.

1.3 PROJECT PLAN

The aim of our project “Planning, Analysis and Design of College

Building” is to provide education for students. This Building is designed to be
an G+3 storey building. The total area of the site is 146.06m². The planning of
the College Building were done by using Autocadd software. The doors,
windows, toilet and required facilities as per specifications of BIS and NBC.

1.4 DESIGN PROCESS

The process of design commences with planning of the structure.

Preliminary to meets its functional requirements. The clients vision and
requirements must be taken into consideration, it may be vague, ambiguous (or)
even unacceptable from engineering point of view.

The design of structure can be classification into the following types

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 ➢ Structural design
➢ Functional design

1.5 Functional Design

The structure to be constructed should primarily serve the basic purpose

for which it is to be used and must have a pleasing look. Therefore the
functional planning of a building must take into account the proper
arrangements of rooms to satisfy the need of client, good ventilation, lighting
acoustics, unobstructed view in cinema theatres etc., Bearing structure or R.C.C,
framed structure or steel structure.After deciding the tentative form of the
structure the designer should appropriate material for its construction. All these
aspects are inter linked and final decision has to be taken considering
requirements of user, functional aspects, aesthetics and cost.

1.6 Structural Design

Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength

and rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is
to produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure
during its intended life. The primary purpose of a structure is to transmit or
support loads. If the structure is improperly designed or fabricated, or if the
actual loads exceed the design specifications, the device will probably fail to
perform its intended function, with possible serious consequences. A well-
engineered structure greatly minimizes the possibility of costly failures. A
structural design project may be divided into three phases, i.e. planning, design
and construction.

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1.7 Planning

Construction planning is the process of identifying the steps required to build a

structure. It involves defining what actions need to be completed, creating an
ordered timeline of events, staffing the project and determining the necessary
materials and equipment. A well-crafted construction plan is important to keep
the project on schedule and within budget. It can also help ensure the overall
quality of the project meets your client's standards. Finally, having a
construction plan can increase your team's productivity and efficiency by
streamlining communication.

1.8 Designing

Designing means finding out the dimension of a structural member and amount
of other materials (reinforcement, prestressing etc.,) which will be sufficient to
withstand diifferent types of loads and forces applied on that member, at the
same time it will be economic and providing serviceability.

1.9 Construction

Construction, the techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection
of structures, primarily those used to provide shelter. construction of apartment
buildings.

1.10 Design Philosophy

Reinforced concrete structure can be designed by using one of the following

design philosophies.

➢ Working Stress Method(WSM)

➢ Ultimate Load Method(UDL)
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 ➢ Limit State Method(LSM)

Working stress method used over decades is now used partially out dated. It is
not used at all in many advanced countries of the world because of its inherent
drawbacks.The latest I.S. code gives emphasis on limit state method which is
the modified version of Ultimate Load Method.It is a judicious amalgamation of
WSM and ULM removing all drawbacks of both methods but maintaining their
good points. It is also based on scientific principles backed up by 25 years of
research. The limit state method has proved to have an edge over the working
stress design from the view point of economy.

1.11 Stages in Structural Design

➢ Structural planning
➢ Basic structural actions
➢ Methods of analysis
➢ Member design
➢ Detailing, drawing and preparation of schedule

1.12 Structural Planning

Structural planning of a College Building in civil engineering is the

process of determining the layout, dimensions, materials, and design of the
structural elements of the building. The structural elements include beams,
columns, slabs, walls, foundations, and roof. The structural planning aims to
ensure that the building can withstand the expected loads and environmental
conditions, and that it meets the safety and serviceability requirements of the
local building code and specifications.

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 Some of the steps involved in structural planning of a College Building
are:

• Estimating the functional needs and requirements of the school, such as

the number of classrooms, laboratories, offices, auditoriums, libraries,
toilets, etc.

• Choosing a suitable site for the school, considering the soil conditions,

topography, accessibility, availability of utilities, and environmental

factors.

• Preparing a preliminary architectural plan of the school, showing the

floor plans, elevations, sections, and site plan of the building.

• Calculating the expected loads on the building, such as dead load, live

load, wind load, earthquake load, etc.

• Selecting the structural system and materials for the building, such as

reinforced concrete, steel, masonry, timber, etc.

• Designing the structural elements of the building, such as beams,

columns, slabs, walls, foundations, and roof, using the principles of

structural analysis and design, and following the relevant codes and

standards.

• Preparing the structural drawings and details of the building, showing the

dimensions, reinforcement, connections, and specifications of the

structural elements.

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 • Reviewing and checking the structural design and drawings for accuracy,

completeness, and compliance with the codes and standards.

1.13 Member Design

Member design follows the requirements given in BS EN 1993-1-1. The overall

process of member design includes: Classification of cross sections. Cross-

section resistance. Member buckling (buckling under axial compression or

lateral torsional buckling under bending).

1.14 Detailing, Drawing and Preparation of Schedule

Detailing is a process of evolution based on understanding of structural

behavior and material properties. The good detailing ensures that the structure
will behaves as designed and should not the appearances of the exposed surface
due to cracking.

1.15 Selection of Site and Study

Selection of site is the process of choosing a specific location or piece of land

for a particular purpose, such as building construction, infrastructure
development, or any other project. A site study involves a detailed examination
and analysis of the chosen location to gather information that influences the
design, construction, or development of a project.

The factors to be considered while selecting the building sites are as follows:

• Topographic Survey
• Soil Analysis
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 CHAPTER-2

SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 GENERAL

The observation from the site helped us to know about shape, size and
levels of plot. The plot was approximately same level then the soil condition
was checked and determined that the soil is a hard one and suitable for
construction. From the study the total cost of College buiding including water
supply and sanitary fittings and the supervision will be determined. The project
shall be executed which reduces the cost at certain extent. The complexities and
problems in the project increase our practical knowledge in civil engineering to
a great extent.

2.2 SPECIFICATION

a) EARTH WORK EXCAVATION

Foundation trenches shall be out to extract of foundation concrete and the

side be vertical, the side should be stopped back of protected with timber
shorting. Excavation earth shall not be placed within the edge of the trench.

Bottom of the foundation trenches shall be perfectly leveled both

longitudinally and the side of the trench shall be dress perfectly vertical from
bottom up to the least thickness of the loose concrete so that concrete may be
laid to the exact width as per the design. The bed of trench shall be slightly
watered and well rammed. Excess designing done through shall be filled with
concrete at the expenses of contractor. If the rock or builders in foundation
during excavation, these should be removed. The measurements of excavation

8
trench. Bottom width of concrete multiplied 14 by the vertical depth of
foundation from ground level and multiplied by the length of trenches.

b) CEMENT CONCRETE 1:4:8 FOR FOUNDATION

Fine aggregate should be clean, hard sand and durable. Coarse aggregate
should be hard Brocken stone of granite of similar stones. Free from dust and
other matter. Size of course aggregate shall be 40mm; cement shall be fresh
Portland cement of IS specification. The proportion of concrete shall be 1:4:8 as
cements

sand course aggregate by volume centering, shuttering shall be provided as

required s per specification. Concrete shall be laid gently in layer of 15 mm
thick and compacted by roads and tempering with wooden timbers after 2 hours
layering in concrete the surface should be kept with water.

c) BRICKWORK FOR SUPER STRUCTURE

All brick should be first class for standard specification made of good
brick, earth thoroughly and shall be deep red or copper color. Brick shall be
regular in shape and their edge should be square and shall emit clear ringing
sound on being stuck and shall be free from cracks, chips flows and lumps any
kind. Bricks shall not absorb water more than 1/6 their weights, after one hour
of soaking by immersing in water bricks shall have minimum crushing strength
of 150 kg/cm² Mortar shall be bonded and laid in English bond unless or
otherwise specified. Every course shall be truly horizontal and shall be truly in
pump vertical joints of consecutive courses should not come over one another.
Bricks shall be laid with frog pointing upwards. The brickwork shall be kept for
a period of 10 days after laying. Measurements are taken in cubic meter.

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d) CENTERING AND SHUTTERING OF RCC WORK
Shuttering should be of hard wooden plank 30mm thick of steel plate shifted
by angle iron. Beam for centering shall be carried out and supported on the wall
with double edges underneath and support at interval with props, that consist on
brick pillars. The shuttering should have smooth uneven surface and joint an
should close tight. Shuttering should not be removed before 14 days in general
am shall be removed slowly and carefully without any shock. Centering and
shuttering shall be measured in square meters.

e) REIN FORCEDCENTERING AND SHUTTERING

Steel reinforcement bars shall be of mild steel of standard specification a

shall be free from corrosion, rose rust scales, oils, grease, paint etc. The steel
shall be round and capable of being bend without fracture.

Bars shall be locked and bend accurate and placed in position as for design and
drawing, cement concrete shall be 1:2:4 proportions by volume of slab, beams,
lintels and column, sand and Broken stone shall be of standard specification.

2.3 MISCELLENOUS

(a) WHITE WASHING

Fresh white lime should be mixed with sufficient water to make a thin
cream. The surface should be clean from dust and dirt. After cleaning white
wash shall be applied two coats. For final coat, base pigment powder should be
mixed to give bright white surface. Measurement shall be kept in square meters.
So white washing is done as per the requirements to avoid any future damage to
the structure and provide a good appearance to the structure. But periodical
maintenance should be done to maintain the building.
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(b) PAINTING

Paint is used to protect all sorts of building and structure from the effects of
water and sun. Wooden buildings such as houses are usually painted because a
coat of paint prevents water seeping into the wood and making it rot. The paint
also helps to prevent the wood from drying out in the hot sun. For new work are
primary coated and two coats of paint shall be used. The paints shall be applied
with brushes. The measurements shall be taken in square meters. Each coat
should perfectly dry before next coat is applied.

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 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

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 CHAPTER 4

PLANNING OF BUILDING

4.1 GENERAL

This phase involves consideration of the various requirement and factors

affecting the general layout dimensions of the structure and result in the choice
of one or perhaps several alternative types of structure, which offer the best
general solution. The primary consideration is the function of the structure.
Secondary considerations such as aesthetics, sociology, law, economics and the
environment may also taken into account.

The components to be incorporated in a plan are the following Positioning and

orientation of columns

• Positioning of beam
• Spanning of slabs
• Layout of stairs
• Choice of footing type

The plan of College Building consist of a built up area of 54,002 sq.ft and site
area of 70000 sq.ft. It is four floor building including the ground floor including
the power room, exam cell, account section, office room, principal office,
admission office, meeting hall, store room, library, staff room, boys restroom
and girls restroom are provided in the ground floor. In first floor, second floor
and third floor classrooms, laboratories, smart class, yoga hall, staff rooms, boys
restrooms and girls restrooms are provided.

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4.2 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Fig 4.2 Ground floor

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4.3 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Fig 4.3 First floor Plan

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4.4 COLUMN LAYOUT

4.4 Column Layout

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4.5 SECTION VIEW

4.5 Section view

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 CHAPTER-5
ANALYSIS

5.1GENERAL

Structural analysis is the application of solid mechanics to predict the

response (in terms of force and displacements) of a given structure (existing or
proposed) subjected to specified loads

Based on degree of indeterminacy the structure will be classified as

• Determinate Structure
• Indeterminate structure

Example: simply supported beam, cantilever beam, overhanging beam. In the

indeterminate structure, can't be complete analyzed by equilibrium equations.
Example: Fixed beam, continuous beam, and proposed cantilever beam.

(a) MOMENT AREA METHOD

The method is used for analyzing cantilever and fixed beam.

(b)THEOREM OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION

It is more suitable for continuous beam.

(c) MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

It is the iterative technique.

(d) SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD

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When the beam has more than four spans then the calculation is difficult

(e) STIFFNESS METHOD

Force an displacements play on important role in the structural analysis. In this

method the force is measured to produce a unit displacement.

(f) FLEXIBILITY METHOD

It is the inverse of stiffness. It is defined as the measure of displacement used by

the unit load. The moment distribution method for the analysis of beam is
adopted in this project.

5.2 MODELLING OF STRUCTURE

Fig 5.2 Skeleton view and bending moment diagram

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 Fig 5.2.1 Rendered view of primary school

5.3 SHEAR BENDING AND DEFLECTION

Fig 5.3 Shear Bending And Deflection Diagram

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 CHAPTER 6

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

6.1 GENERAL

Designing is a phase which involves a detailed consideration of the alternative

solutions defined in the planning phase and result in the determination of the
most suitable proportions dimension and details of the structural elements and
connections for constructing each alternative structural arrangements being
considered.

6.2 METHODS OF DESIGN

The various methods of design are the following

• Working stress method

• Ultimate load method
• Limit state method

6.2.1 Working Stress Method

Elastic method of design is otherwise known as Working stress method.In This

method the factor of safety is taken into account only on stressing material, on
the load.

6.2.2 Ultimate Load Method

In this method the factor of safety is taken into account only on load and not on
stressing material. This method is also called ultimate method or load factor
method.

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6.2.3 Limit State Method

In this method factor of safety is taken into account both on load and stressing
material. It is a modified version of ultimate load method.

In this project the proposed new methodology of design i.e. limit state method is
adopted. It is a junctions amalgamation of WSM and ULM removing all the
drawbacks of both methods but maintaining their good points. It is also based
on sound scientific principles backed up by 25 years of research.

The limit state method has proved to have an edge over the working stress
design from limit state method has proved to have an edge over the working
stress design from the view point of economy in the method of design based on
limit concept the structure shall be designed to withstand safely against all loads
able to act on it along its lifetime. The design values are derived from the
characteristic values through the use of partial safety factors, one for material
strengths and other for loads.

6.3 DESIGN OF SLAB

SLAB

Reinforced concrete slab constitute the most common type of the structural
element used to cover the floor and roof of the building.

TYPES OF SLAB

ONE WAY SLAB

It supports on opposite edges or when 1/1,predominantly bends in one direction

across the span and acts like a wide beam of unit width.

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If a continuous slab loaded by using UDL has equal spans or if spans do not
differ by more than 15% of the longest they are designed using IS 456:2000.A
rectangular slab supported on four edges with ratio of long span to short span
greater than 2.

TWO WAY SLAB

A rectangular slab supported on four edges with ratio of long span to short span
less than 2.

It transfers the transverse load to its supporting edges by bending in both

direction.

6.3.1 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

SLAB 28

STEP 1: TYPE OF SLAB

=1<2

∴ It is TWO WAY SLAB.

STEP 2: EFFECTIVE DEPTH

Refer IS 456:2000 Page No:37 For Continuous Beam

= 26

= 26

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 d = 0.11m

STEP 3: DIMENSION CALCULATION

i)Effective Span = Clear Span + Effective Depth

= 2.81 + 0.11

= 2.92m

ii) Effective Span = Clear Span + Width of Support

= 2.81 + 0.23

= 3.04m

STEP 4: LOAD CALCULATION

Self Weight of Slab = b*D*Unit Weight of Concrete

= 1*0.15*25

= 3.75kN/m²

Self Weight of Slab/m = 3.75kN/m

Live Load/m = 4kN/m

Floor Finish = 1kN/m

Total Load,W= 8.75kN/m

Factored Load, Wu = 1.5*8.75

Wu=13.125kN/m
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STEP 5: BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE
CALCULATION

Refer IS 456:2000 Page No:91 Table No: 26

i)Mux = αx*Wu*lx²

αx = αy = =

= 1.0

αx = 0.062

αy = 0.062

= 0.062*13.125* (2.81)²

Mux = 6.42kN.m

Muy = αy*Wu*lx²

= 0.062*13.125*(2.81)²

= 6.42kN.m

Vux = Wu*

= 13.125* )

= 18.44kN

STEP 6: CHECK FOR DEPTH

25
d=

= 43.13<110mm

∴ Hence the Depth is Satisfied.

STEP 7: TO FIND Ast

AT SHORT AND LONG SPAN

Refer IS 456:2000 Page No: 96 Clause No:G-1.1(b)

Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast*d*[1- ]

6.42* = 0.87*415*Ast*110*[1- ]

Ast = 165.8mm²

Use 12mm dia rod

Sv = *1000

= *1000

Sv = 682.1mm

i)Sv ≈ 600mm

ii)3*d = 3*110 = 330mm

26
 Sv ≈ 300mm

∴ Provide 12mm dia bar at 300mm centre to centre on long and short span.

STEP8: CHECK FOR SHEAR

���v = = = 0.17N/mm²

Refer IS 456:2000 Page No: 73 Clause No: 40.2.1 Table No: 19

Pt = = =0.15

���c = 0.29N/mm²

���c > ���v

∴ The Shear is Safe Against Failure.

STEP9: DEFLECTION CALCULATION

)actual = = = 25.54

)max = ) basic*kt*kf*kc

Refer IS 456:2000 Page No:38

Fs = 0.58*fy*

= 0.58*415* )
27
 = 240.7

kt = 1.4

)max = 25.54*1*1*1.4 = 35.76

)max > )actual

∴ The Deflection is Safe.

STEP 10: CHECK FOR CRACK CONTROL

i)Astmin = 0.12%*b*D

= *1000*150

= 180mm²

ii) 3*d = 3*110 = 330mm

iii) Dia of Reinforcement <

12 <

12 <18.75

∴ Hence crack circle be the permissible limits.

STEP 11: TENSION REINFORCEMENT AT CORNERS

Area of Tension Reinforcement = 0.75*Ast

= 0.75*165.8
28
 = 124.35mm²

Length of Tension Reinforcement = *lx

= *2.81 = 0.562

= 562mm

Use 8mm dia bar,

Sv = *1000

= *1000

= 279.2mm

Sv ≈ 270mm

∴Provide 8mm dia bar at 270mm centre to centre for a length of 562mm on all 4
corners.

STEP 12: REINFORCEMENT IN EDGE STIRUPPS

Astmin = 0.12%*b*D

= *1000*150= 180mm²

Use 12mm dia bars,

Sv = *1000

= 628.3mm
29
i)Sv ≈ 600mm

ii)3*d = 3*110 = 330mm

Sv ≈ 300mm

∴Provide 12mm dia bar at 300mm centre to centre in edge stirupps.

Figure 6.3.1 Reinforcement Detailing of Two Way Slab

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6.4 DESIGN OF BEAM

Structural concrete beam elements are designed to support a given system

of external hands such as wall, the slab of the roof and floor system.

TYPES OF BEAMS

Generally beams are five types. They are as follows

• Fixed beam
• Cantilever beam
• Simply supported beam
• Over hanging beam
• Continuous beam

Beams are characteristics by their profile (the shape of the cross section)
their length and their material. In contemporary construction, beam and
typically made of steel, reinforcement concrete, wood, composite are cased
fluid(inflatable beam) one of the most common type of steel beam is the I-beam
are wide flange beam(also known as "universal beam). This is commonly used
in steel-frame building and bridge. Other common beam profile are C-channel,
the hollow structural section beam, the pipe and the angles.

DESIGN OF BEAM

BEAM 34

Span, L = 9.14m

Breadth = 0.23m

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 Depth = 0.41m

Total Load = 156.24kN/m

Factored Load = 234.36kN/m

STEP 1: DIMENSIONS

Refer IS 456:2000 Page No:37 For Continuous Beam

= 26

=d

d = 351.6mm

d ≈ 360mm

Overall Depth(D) = d+50

= 360+50

= 410mm

Assume Width of Support = 230mm

STEP 2: EFFECTIVE SPAN CALCULATION

i) Clear Span + Effective Depth = 9.14+0.36 = 9.46m

ii) Clear Span +Width of Support = 9.14+2.30 = 9.33m

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 ∴Effective Span = 9.33m

STEP 3: LOAD CALCULATION

Self Weight of Beam = b*D*Unit Weight of Concrete

= 0.23*0.41*25 = 2.35kN/m

Wall Load = 13.68kN/m

Load due to slab = 139.2kN/m

Finishers = 1kN/m

Total Load W = 156.23kN/m

Factored Load Wu = 234.35kN/m

STEP 4: BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE CALCULATIONS

Mu = = = 2549.98kN.m

Vu = = = 1093.24kN

STEP 5: LIMITATION OF MOMENT CALCULATION

Mulimit = 0.138*fck*b*d²

= 0.138*25*230*360²

= 102.83kN.m

Mulimit < Mu

∴The Section is over reinforced.

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STEP 6: TENSION REINFORCEMENT

Refer IS456:2000 Page No:96 Clause No: G.1.1(b)

Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast*d*[1- ]

2549.98* = 0.87*415*Ast*360*[1- ]

Ast = 2500.53mm²

Use 25mm dia rod,

ast = *(25)² = 490.87mm²

No.of Bars =

= 5.09 ≈ 6 No's

∴ Provide 6 No's of 25mm dia bars in Tension reinforcement.

Astp = 6* *(25)²

= 2945.22mm²

∴ Provide 2 No's of bars in compression reinforcement.

STEP 7: CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS

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Nominal shear stress, ���v = = = 13.20N/mm²

Refer IS 456:2000 Page No: 73 Clause No: 40.2.1 Table No: 19

Pt = = =3.55

���c = 0.92N/mm²

���v> ���c

Refer IS456:2000 Page No:73

Vus =

Sv =

Vus = Vu–���c*b*d

= 1093.24*10³-[ 0.92*360*230]

= 1017.06*10³N

Sv =

= 125.46mm ≈120mm

Sv = 120mm

∴ Provide 8mm dia bars of 2 legged stirupps in 120mm centre to centre.

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STEP 8: CHECK FOR DEFLECTION

)actual = = = 25.27

)max = ) basic*kt*kf*kc

)basic = 20

kf = 1

kc = 1.5 [ Refer IS 456:2000 Page No: 39]

Refer IS 456:2000 Page No:38

kt= Fs = 0.58*fy*

= 0.58*415* )

= 204.35N/mm²

kt = 1.12

)max = 20*1.5*1*1.12 = 33.6

)actual < max

∴ The Deflection is Safe against the deflection.

36
 Figure 6.4 Reinforcement Detailing of Beam

6.5 DESIGN OF COLUMN

A structural forms a very important component of a structure.

Columns support beam which in turn support walls and slabs. It should be
realized that the failure of a column results in the collapse of the structure. The
design of a column should therefore receive importance as per IS 456:2000.

A column may be classified based on different criteria such as:

Based on the shape

• Square
• Rectangle
• Circular
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 • Polygon
• Based on the slenderness ratio
• Short column<12.
• Long column >12.

Based on type of loading

• Axially loaded column

• A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending.
• A column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending.

Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement

• Tied columns
• Spiral columns.

DESIGN OF COLUMN

COLUMN 111

GIVEN DATA

Size of column = 280mm*280mm

Length of column = 14mm

Grade of concrete,fck = 25N/mm²

Grade of steel, fy = 415N/mm²

STEP 1: LOAD CALCULATIONS

Self Weight of the column = b*D*H*Unit Weight of concrete

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 = 0.28*0.28*14*25 = 27.44kN/m

Beam Load = 585.87kN/m

Finishers = 1kN/m

Total Load,P = 614.31kN

Factored Load,Pu = 1.5*614.31

= 921.46kN

STEP 2: CHECK FOR MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY

Refer IS456:2000 Page No: 71 Clause No: 39.3

0.05*lateral dimensions < e

0.05*280 < 20

14 < 20

Hence ok.

STEP 3: LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

Refer IS456:2000 Page No: 71 Clause No: 39.3

Pu = (0.4*fck*Ac)+(0.67*fy*Asc)

Ag = Ac+Asc

Ac = Ag-Asc

921.46*10³ = 0.4*25[Ag-Asc]+0.67*415*Asc

39
921.46*10³ = 10Ag–10Asc+278.05Asc

Ag = b*d = 280*280 = 78400mm²

921.46*10³ = 10*78400+ 268.05Asc

921.46*10³ = 784*10³+268.05Asc

268.05Asc = 137460

Asc = 512.81mm²

Use 25mm dia rods,

No.of rods = = 1.04 ≈ 4No's

Provide 4No's of 25mm dia rod with 3 bars distributed on each face.

Ascp = 4*( ) = 1963.50mm²

STEP 4: LATERAL TIES

Refer IS456:2000 Page No: 49 Clause No: 26.5.3.2(c)

Tie diameter (Φt) >

Use 8mm dia bar,

Tie Spacing(St) <

St = 300mm

40
Provide 8mm dia ties at 300mm centre to centre.

Figure 6.5 Reinforcement Detailing of Column

6.6 DESIGN OF FOOTING

Footings are structural components used to support columns and

transfer loads to the underlying soil. Footing shall be designed to sustain the
applied loads, moments and forces and induced reactions and to ensure that any
settlement which may occur shall be as nearly uniform as possible and safe
bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded. The greatest bending moment is used in
the design of an isolated footing which supports a column, pedestal or wall or
halfway between the centre - line and the edge of the wall for footings under
masonry walls and halfway between the column or pedestal and the edge of the
gusseted base for footings under gusseted bases.

41
DESIGN OF FOOTING

Column Size = 280m*280

Factored Load = 921.46kN/m²

Safe Bearing Capacity = 150kN/m²

STEP 1: SIZE OF FOOTING

Self Weight of the footing = *921.46

= 92.146kN

Load on the column = 921.46kN

Total Load,W = 1013.61kN

Factored Load,Wu = 1013.61*1.5

= 1520.41kN

Footing Area = 1

Safe Bearing Capacity = 150kN/m²

Factored Safe Bearing Capacity = 1.5*150 = 225kN/m²

1 Footing Area = = 6.7 ≈ 7m²

Hence,

(2.8*a)*(2.8*a) = 7

42
 7.84a² = 7

a² = 0.84

a = 0.94

Long side footing = 2.8*a = 2.8*0.94 = 2.63 ~3.5m

Short side footing = 2.8*a = 2.8*0.94 = 2.63 ~3.5m

Adopt the footing size = 3.5m*3.5m

Factored Soil Pressure,Pu = =

= 124.1kN/m² < 225kN/m²

Hence the footing area is adequate.

STEP 2: FACTORED BENDING MOMENT

Cantilever projection from the long side phase of the column = = 0.35

Cantilever projection from the short side phase of the column = = 0.35

Bending Moment at long side of the column = = = 92.97kN.m

Bending Moment at short side of the column = = =

92.97kN.m

43
STEP 3: (i)DEPTH OF FOOTING

Refer IS456:2000 Page No: 96 Clause No: G.1.1

Mu = 0.138*fck*b*d²

d=

= 164.15mm ≈ 170mm

D = 170+50 = 220mm

(ii) FOR SHEAR STRESS CONSIDERATION

Shear force for long side and short side =

Refer IS456:2000 Page No: 84 Table No: 23

Assume, ���c = 0.23N/mm² for M25 grade concrete

Pt = 0.25

Vu = Pu(350-d)

= 123.91(350-d)

���c = 0.23 =

230d = 123.91*(350-d)

44
 230d = 43368.5-123.91d

d = 122.54mm

d ≈ 130mm

Overall Depth,D = 130+50 =180mm

STEP4:REINFORCEMENT IN FOOTING Ast LONG SIDE AND SHORT

SIDE

Refer IS456:2000 Page No:96 Clause No:G-1.1.(b)

Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast*d*[1- ]

92.97* = 0.87*415*Ast*130*[1- ]

Ast = 3977.62mm²

Use 25mm dia rod,

ast = ² = 490.87mm

Spacing, Sv =

= = 123.40mm

Sv≈120mm

Provide 25mm dia bar of spacing 120mm centre to centre.

STEP 5: CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS

45
Vu = Pu*0.35

= 123.91*0.35

Vu = 43.36kN

���v = = = 0.33N/mm²

Pt = 1

Astp = *1000

Use 25mm dia

ast = ² = 490.87mm

1 Pt = = 6.29

Refer IS456:2000 Page No: 84 Table No: 23

For Pt = 6.29 ���c = 0.57N/mm²

���v < ���c

 Hence the shear is safe.

46
 Figure 6.6 Reinforcement Detailing of Footing

6.7 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Staircase is an important component of a building

providing access to different floors and roof of the building. It consists of a
flight of steps and one or more intermediate landing slabs between the floor
levels. A set of steps formed to make it possible to pass to another level on foot
by putting one foot after the other an alternate steps to climb up or down the
stair. Stairs can be made of concrete, stone, wood, steel or combination of any
of these.

Parts of Stairs

• Tread
• Riser
• Waist Slab
47
 • Newel Post
• Baluster
• Handrail
• Landing
• Pitch
• Line Of Nosing

Types of Stairs

• Straight Stair
• Dog Legged Stair
• Quarter Turn Stair
• Open Newel Stair
• Three Quarter Turn Stair
• Bifurcated Stair
• Geometrical Stair

DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Type of Staircase : Dog Legged with waist slab,tread,rise.

Tread = 300mm [ Refer IS 8827:1978, Page No: 27, Clause No: 14.4.2.5]

Rise = 150mm [Refer IS 8827:1978, Page No: 27, Clause No: 14.4.2.6]

l = 3.5m

b = 2.5m

fck = 25N/mm²

fy = 415N/mm²
48
Landing Beam Width = 300mm

Live Load = 4kN/m² [Refer IS 875(Part 2):1987, Page No: 08, Table No: 1]

STEP 1: EFFECTIVE SPAN

Staircase =

= 4300mm

No.of Steps = = 15

le = (15*300)+300

= 4800mm= 4.8m

STEP 2: TO FIND EFFECTIVE DEPTH

Thickness of Slab (Overall Depth) =

D = 240mm

Take Cover = 10mm

Effective Depth = 240-10

d = 230mm

STEP 3: LOAD CALCULATIONS

49
Self Weight of Waist Slab on Slope = b*D*Unit weight of concrete

= 1000*0.24*25

= 6kN/m

Self Weight of Slab =

= 6.7kN/m

Self Weight of One Step on 50%Wst = 0.3*0.15*0.5*25

= 0.56kN

Load on 1 Step/m =

= 1.86kN/m

Live Load/m = 4kN/m

Finishers = 0.5kN/m

Total Load,W = 19.06kN/m

Factored Load,Wu = 1.5*19.06

= 28.59kN/m

STEP4: MOMENT CALCULATION

50
Mu = = = 43.77kN.m

STEP 5: CHECK FOR DEPTH

d=

= 112.63mm < 230mm

∴ Hence the Depth is Adequate.

STEP 6: MAIN REINFORCEMENT

Refer IS 456:2000 Page No: 96 Clause No:G-1.1(b)

Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast*d*[1- ]

43.77* = 0.87*415*Ast*230*[1- ]

Ast = 548.81mm²

Use 16mm dia rod,

Sv = *1000

= *1000

= 366.35mm

51
 Sv ≈ 300mm

∴Provide 16mm dia bar at 300mm centre to centre at main reinforcement.

STEP 7: DISTRIBUTOR REINFORCEMENT

Astmin = 0.12%*b*D

= *1000*240

= 288mm²

∴Provide 8mm dia bar,

Sv = *1000

= *1000

= 174.51mm ≈ 170mm

Sv ≈ 170mm

∴Provide 8mm dia bar at 170mm centre to centre at distributed reinforcement.

52
 Figure 6.7 Reinforcement Detailing of Staircase

6.8 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

Septic tank offers a preliminary treatment of sewage prior to final

disposal. Sewage is held in these tanks for some prescribed period during which
time the suspended solids present in the storage settle down. The settled sludge
and the supernatant liquor undergoes anaerobic digestion. The digestion results
in appreciable reduction in the volume of sludge and reduction in organic matter
in the liquid.

The purpose of a septic tank is to facilitate the deposition of settling

solids in sewage by sedimentation, partial or complete digestion of sludge prior
to disposal, and storage of sludge and scum accumulated between successive
cleanings. Septic tanks are generally constructed using bricks masonry, stone
masonry, or sometimes concrete. They are rectangular in plan, and their length
is 2-4 times their breadth. Generally, two compartments are provided with a
partition wall at a distance of (2/3)rd of the inlet. The direct current between inlet
and outlet is prevented using pipe tees at inlet and outlet. The baffle wall with

53
the opening is constructed at some distance away from an outlet. A vent pipe is
provided for the escape of gases. The floor of the tank should be of cement
concrete and slope towards the sludge outlet. The design of a septic tank
involves several components such as

• Baffle Wall

• Slab

• Ventilation Pipe

• Inlet and Outlet pipe

• Cover and Free Board

The capacity of a septic tank is determined by the number of users and the
frequency with which sludge is removed.

DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

No of people = 300 (As per IS:8827-1978)

Water supply/day = 45 litres/person/day

Total Quantity of water supplied to 300 people = No of Users*Water

supply/day = 13500 litres/day

= 300*45

Assume 80% of water which is supplied becomes sewage

Quantity of sewage produced = 13500*( )

54
 = 10800 litres/day

Assume detention period = 24 hours

Quantity of sewage produced during the detention period = 10800 litres/day

Assume rate of sludge deposited sludge as 30 litres/Capita/Year and also the

period of cleaning as 1 year

Volume of Sludge deposited = Rate of Sludge Deposit*Population*Sludge

Period

= 30*10800*1

= 324000 litres/year

Total required capacity of the sludge, will be = Capacity of sewage + Capacity

of sludge = 324000 + 10800

= 334800 litres

= 334.8 m3 ≈ 335m3

IS2470:1985, PART – 1, Page No:17, Table No:5

Depth of tank is 1.4m and 0.3m free board

Surface Area 0f the tank =

= 239.3m2

Assume Length and Width Ratio

L:B=3:1

55
 =

L = 3B

Surface area of tank = L*B

293.3 = 3B*B

293.3 = 3B2

B=

= 8.93m ≈ 9m

L = 3*9

= 27m

The dimension of the tank are 27m*9m*1.7m

56
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The purpose of this project is to, "learn practice and excel in various
subjects which we have learned in our classrooms by applying them practically
by performing analysis, design and detailing for the usage of accommodation
purpose, efficiently to reach the requirement as well economy", has been
fulfilled successively.

Planning of building has been completed as per IS code

specifications. AUTOCADD software used for drafting the entire building. The
manual designs of other components are also given high importance and
calculations of desired reinforcement are found with required factor of safety.
The experience in doing this project is very helpful in learning about planning,
analysis and design of a "COLLEG BUILDING". This project is also
developing a confidence in analysing any civil structure.

57
REFERENCES

1. Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456-1978. SP: 16 Indian standard
Institution, 1980.

2. Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete (Fourth
Revision) IS 456:2000, Bureau of Indian Standards July 2000. New Delhi.

3. Indian Standard Recommendations for Basic Requirements ofCollege

Buildings IS: 8827-1978(Reaffirmed 2006), Bureau of Indian Standards
October 1978, New Delhi.

4. Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (OTHER THAN

EARTHQUAKE) For Buildings and Structures Part 2 Imposed Loads (Second
Revision) IS: 875(Part-2) – 1987, Bureau of Indian Standards February 2010,
New Delhi.

5. Indian Standard Code of Practice for Installation of Septic Tanks Part I

Design Criteria and Construction (Second Revision) IS 2470:1985, Bureau of
Indian Standards October 1993, New Delhi.

6. Vaidyanathan R., and Perumal P., "Comprehensive Structural Analysis - Vol.

1 & Vol. II", Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, 2003.

58