1800

JUNE 2025

Time Three hours (Maximum Marks: 100)

1. Answer all questions under Part-A. Each question carries 3 marks.

2. Answer all the questions either (a) or (b) in Part-B. Each question carries 14
marks.

PART - A

1. List the nature of faults in an equipment. (3 marks)

Electrical Faults
• Short Circuits
• Open Circuits
• Insulation Failure
• Ground Faults

Mechanical Faults
• Wear and Tear
• Physical Damage
• Overheating

2. Write a note on professional qualities and work habits. (3 marks)

Punctuality
Positive attitude
Communicate effectively

3. What is Colorimeter? (3 marks)

Maintaining and servicing a colorimeter is crucial to ensure accurate and reliable

color measurements over time. Colorimeters are used quantify the color examples in
various industries, such as printing, textiles, food, and more. Here are some general
guidelines for the maintenance and servicing of a colorimeter.

4. What is the principle of magnetic resonance imaging? (3 marks)

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINE: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a

medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and
the physiological processes of the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields,
magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the
body.

Principle
MRI works by using strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed
images of the body's internal structures. It leverages the properties

5. Mention the use of generators in Hospital. (3 marks)

• Maintaining Life-Saving Equipment

• Supporting Critical Operations
• Ensuring Patient Safety
• Maintaining Medical Supplies
• Supporting Communications
• Powering Essential Services

6. Write about the time delays of CVT. (3 marks)

The time delay in a circuit involving a capacitor and a voltage transformer is related
to the charging and discharging of the capacitor. The time constant of the circuit
determines how quickly the capacitor charges or discharges in response to a change
in voltage.

In the context of a voltage transformer, the time delay could be influenced by the
characteristics of the transformer, the load, and the capacitance in the circuit.
Transformers themselves don't typically introduce significant time delays, but the
behavior of the entire circuit, including any connected capacitance, can affect the
overall time response.

7. Define radiation safety instrumentation. (3 marks)

Radiation safety instrumentation

• Radiation Survey Meter (RSM):

• Neutron Detector
• Dosimeter
• Scintillation Detector
• Ionization Chamber
8. Write short note on hospital regulation. (3 marks)

Hospital regulations

• Community Health
• Financial Compliance
• Performance Improvement and Patient Safety Programs
• Hospitals are required to implement programs
• Ethical and Legal Considerations
• Emergency Preparedness
• Staffing and Credentialing
• Facility Design and Construction
• Licensing and Accreditation

9. What are the uses of multimeter? (3 marks)

Uses of multimeter in points.

• Measuring Electrical Properties:

• Voltage
• Resistance
• Current
• Troubleshooting and Diagnostics:
• Checking Continuity
• Identifying Faults Testing Components.

10. Write the significance of fuse. (3 marks)

• Overcurrent Protection
• Fire Prevention
• Equipment Safety
• Prevention Blackouts
 PART B

11. (a) Discuss about ground system and systematic troubleshooting checks.
(14marks)

Ground systems are crucial for electrical safety and equipment protection, providing
a low-resistance path to earth for fault currents.

Troubleshooting ground systems involves systematic checks to ensure proper

functionality and identify potential issues.

These checks include verifying ground continuity, inspecting for corrosion, and
testing ground resistance. A systematic troubleshooting approach, involving
identifying the problem, analyzing causes, testing solutions, and documenting findings,
is essential for effective ground system maintenance.
Ground System Checks:
Ground Continuity:
Use a continuity tester to confirm that the grounding system offers a low-resistance
path to ground. Recommended ground resistance should be 5.0 ohms or less.

Ground Connection Inspection:

Examine all ground connections for tightness and corrosion. Corroded or loose
connections can compromise the grounding system's effectiveness.

Ground Resistance Testing:

Use a ground resistance tester to measure the resistance between the grounding system
and a known good ground point. This helps identify high resistance paths that could
hinder fault current dissipation.

Visual Inspection:
Inspect all grounding conductors and components for physical damage, such as breaks,
cuts, or signs of overheating.

Performance Verification:
Periodically verify the grounding system's performance to ensure it can handle fault
currents and maintain a safe electrical environment.

Systematic Troubleshooting Approach:

1. Identify the Problem:
Define the issue clearly, noting any symptoms or error messages.
2. Gather Information:
Collect details about the system, its history, and any recent changes or maintenance
activities.
3. Analyze the Data:
Review the collected information to identify potential causes of the problem.
4. Test the Solution:
Develop and implement a plan to address the identified problem. Test the solution to
ensure it resolves the issue and doesn't introduce new problems.
5. Document the Findings:
Keep a record of the problem, the troubleshooting steps taken, and the solution
implemented. This documentation can be valuable for future reference.

Troubleshooting (7marks)

1.Preparation

Review the equipment installation manual and documentation

Ensure that the installation environment meets the specified requirements

Verify that all necessary tools and equipment are available.

2. Visual Inspection:

Perform a visual inspection of the equipment and its components.

Check for any physical damage during transportation.

3. Documentation Review:

Verify that all installation steps are followed according to the manufacture
guidelines.

Check if any specific configurations or settings are required.

4. Power Supply:

Confirm that the power supply meets the equipment requirements.

Check power cables and connections for proper voltage and grounding.

5.Connections and Cables:

Inspect all cables and connections for correctness and secure attachment

Ensure that all necessary interfaces are properly connected.

6. Calibration and Configuration:

Verify that the equipment is calibrated according to specifications.

Confirm that all configuration settings are accurate.

7. Testing:

Perform initial functional tests according to the manufacturer's instructions

Check basic functions and features to ensure proper operation.

8. Sensor and Input Checks:

If applicable, test sensors and input devices to ensure accurate readings.

Verify the calibration of any measurement instruments different inputs

9. Communication Interfaces:

If the equipment communicates with other systems, ensure that interfaces

functioning

Verify data transfer and communication protocols.

10. Collaboration with Technical Support:

Consult with the manufacturer's technical support if issues persist.

Provide detailed information about the problem and any error messages

11.Testing:

Perform initial functional tests according to the manufacturer's instructions

Check basic functions and features to ensure proper operation.

12.Sensor and Input Checks:

If applicable, test sensors and input devices to ensure accurate readings.

Verify the calibration of any measurement instruments different inputs

13.Communication Interfaces:

If the equipment communicates with other systems, ensure that interfaces

functioning

Verify data transfer and communication protocols.

14. Collaboration with Technical Support:

Consult with the manufacturer's technical support if issues persist.

Provide detailed information about the problem and any error messages

15.Testing:

Perform initial functional tests according to the manufacturer's instructions

Check basic functions and features to ensure proper operation.

16.Sensor and Input Checks:

If applicable, test sensors and input devices to ensure accurate readings.

Verify the calibration of any measurement instruments different inputs

17.Communication Interfaces:

If the equipment communicates with other systems, ensure that interfaces

functioning

Verify data transfer and communication protocols.

18. Collaboration with Technical Support:

Consult with the manufacturer's technical support if issues persist.

Provide detailed information about the problem and any error messages
19.Testing:

Perform initial functional tests according to the manufacturer's instructions

Check basic functions and features to ensure proper operation.

20.Sensor and Input Checks:

If applicable, test sensors and input devices to ensure accurate readings.

Verify the calibration of any measurement instruments different inputs

21.Communication Interfaces:

If the equipment communicates with other systems, ensure that interfaces

functioning

Verify data transfer and communication protocols.

22. Collaboration with Technical Support:

Consult with the manufacturer's technical support if issues persist.

Provide detailed information about the problem and any error messages
 (Or)

(b) Explain about the selection of proper site for the installation of small

equipment available in institute. (14marks)

Site Assessment and Planning: Evaluate the site's conditions, including layout,

dimensions, access points, power supply, lighting, and ground connection. Identify

potential hazards and issues that could impact the installation process.

Accessibility: Ensure the site is accessible for equipment delivery, installation,

and future maintenance. Consider factors like doorway width, hallway clearance,

and elevator capacity.

Power Supply: Verify that the site has a suitable power supply to meet the

equipment's electrical requirements.

Environmental Conditions: Assess the site's environmental conditions, such as

temperature, humidity, and ventilation, to ensure they are suitable for the

equipment.

Safety and Regulatory Compliance: Ensure the site meets all relevant safety

standards and regulatory requirements.

Workflow Efficiency: Position equipment to optimize workflow efficiency and

minimize obstacles.

Structural Integrity: Verify that the site's structure can support the weight and

operational dynamics of the equipment.

Key Steps to Prepare a Site:

Checking the Site's Conditions: Inspect the site to identify potential issues.

Organizing the Layout: Plan the equipment's location and layout.

Cleaning and Preparation: Clear the site of debris and obstacles.

Scheduling Equipment Delivery and Storage: Coordinate equipment delivery

and storage.

Assembly and Testing: Assemble and test the equipment according to

manufacturer guidelines.

• Develop a comprehensive site preparation plan.

• Conduct regular monitoring and inspections.

• Implement safety protocols and emergency procedures.

• Ensure proper documentation and record-keeping.

• Consider factors like utility connections, drainage, and environmental impact.

12.(a) Explain the maintenance and servicing of ECG machine. (14 marks)

MAINTENANCE AND SERVICING OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENT

ECG machine:

Maintenance and servicing of an Electrocardiogram (ECG) machine is crucial to

ensure accurate and reliable results.
Regular maintenance helps extend the lifespan of the equipment and reduces the risk
of malfunctions. Here are some general guidelines for the maintenance and servicing
of an ECG machine.

Read the Manufacturer’s Manual:

Familiarize yourself with the manufacturer’s guidelines for maintenance and

servicing.

Follow the recommended schedule for routine maintenance tasks.

Cleaning:
Keep the machine clean and free from dust, dirt, and debt

Use a soft, lint-free cloth to wipe down the surfaces.

Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for cleaning solutions and techniques

Electrode Check:

Regularly inspect electrodes for wear and tear

Ensure proper adhesion by checking the condition of electrode gel or adhesive.

Replace electrodes as needed, and follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for electrode
replacement.

Cable Inspection:

Check ECG cables for any signs of damage, such as fraying or exposed wires.

Ensure cable connectors are clean and in good condition.

Replace damaged cables promptly.

Calibration:

Calibrate the ECG machine according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Perform regular checks to ensure accurate signal processing and recording.

Battery Maintenance:

If the ECG machine uses a battery, follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for battery
maintenance.

Regularly check the battery status and replace it as needed.

(Or)
(b) Write a note on CT scan. (14 marks)

CT (Computed Tomography) scan is a medical imaging procedure that uses X-rays

to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It's a noninvasive test that
provides a more detailed view than a standard X-ray, allowing doctors to see bones,
muscles, fat, organs, and blood vessels in greater detail.

How it works:

X- ray beams:
A narrow beam of X-rays is used to pass through the body.

Rotating scanner:
The scanner rotates around the patient, taking multiple X-ray images from different
angles.

Computer processing:
A computer then combines these images to create a cross-sectional picture, like
slices of a loaf of bread.

Detailed images:
These cross-sectional images can be viewed on a computer monitor and can be
reconfigured to create 3D images.

Uses of a CT scan:
Diagnosis: Identifying diseases, injuries, and abnormalities in the body.
Treatment planning: Guiding biopsies, surgery, and radiation therapy.
Monitoring: Assessing the effectiveness of treatment and tracking the progression
of disease.
Trauma: Quickly assessing injuries to internal organs in trauma cases.

Types of CT scans:

CT with contrast:
A dye is injected into the bloodstream or taken orally to enhance the images of
certain organs and blood vessels.

CT without contrast:
This is a simpler scan where no dye is used, often used to assess bones and organs.
Specific body areas:
CT scans can be performed on various body parts, including the head, chest,
abdomen, and spine.

Benefits of a CT scan:

Detailed images: Provides more detail than standard X-rays.

Non-invasive: No surgery or incisions are required.
Fast results: CT scans can be completed relatively quickly.

Versatile: Can be used for a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Risks of a CT scan:
Radiation exposure: CT scans use X-rays, which involve a small amount of radiation
exposure.
Contrast reactions: In some cases, allergic reactions to the contrast dye can occur.

13.(a) Explain the various types of UPS with neat diagram.

Diagram (4 Marks)
Various Types of UPS(10 marks)

Lin interruptible Power Supplies (UPS) come in several types, each designed to
address specific power protection needs. The main types of UPS are

Offline Standby UPS:

This type of UPS is the most basic. It allows the connected devices to run directly
from the power source (utility power) under normal conditions If there is a power
outage or disturbance, the UPS switches to battery power The switchover time is
typically in the range of 2-10 milliseconds.

Line-Interactive UPS of lure on live Line interact interactive

Line-Interactive UPS systems include automatic voltage regulation (AVR) in

addition to the features of an offline UPS The AVR corrects minor fluctuations in
voltage without switching to battery power. This type of UPS is more suitable for
areas with inconsistent power quality.

Online/Double-Conversion UPS

In an Online UPS, the connected devices always receive power from the inverter,
which is continuously running. The incoming AC power is converted to DC and then
back to AC. providing a seamless transition to battery power during outages. This
design offers the highest level of protection but is generally less energy-efficient.
Basic principles of UPS

UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) is a device that provides backup power to the
load when the mains power fails UPS consists of a rectifier, a battery an inverter,
and a distribution unit The rectifier converts the mains AC power to DC power and
charges the battery The inverter converts the DC power from the battery to AC power
and supplies it to the load. There are two types of UPS systems single- conversion
and double-conversion Single-conversion UPS systems feed the mains AC power
directly to the load while double-conversion UPS systems isolate the load from the
mains power and provide clean and stable AC power.

1. Input AC Power:

The incoming AC power from the utility or mains is the primary power source.

2. Rectifier and Charger:

Converts incoming AC power to DC power and charges the battery.

3. Battery:

Provides backup power during mains failure.

4. Inverter:

Activates only when there is a power interruption, providing AC power to the load.

5. Static Switch or Relay:

Switches between mains power and inverter output during power outages.

6. Output AC Power:

The load is powered by the inverter only during power interruptions.

There is a short transfer time during this switch.

Selection of inverter

(Or)
(b) Discuss about the selection of inverter and load calculation with an example.
(14 marks)

Selection of inverter
Selecting the right inverter involves considering several factors to ensure it meets
you. specific requirements.
Here are some key considerations:

1. Load Capacity:
Determine the total power (in watts or kilowatts) your inverter needs to support.
Consider both the continuous load and any peak loads that might occur.

2. Waveform Type:
Inverters produce either a pure sine wave, modified sine wave, or square wave. Pure
sine wave inverters are generally preferred as they provide clean and stable power
suitable for sensitive electronic equipment.

3. Efficiency:
Look for inverters with high efficiency ratings. Higher efficiency means less power
is wasted during the conversion process

4. Input Voltage
Consider the input voltage requirements of the inverter. Some inverters are designed
for 12V DC input, while others may require 24V or 48V DC

5. Output Voltage
Ensure that the inverter's output voltage matches the requirements of your appliances
or devices. Common output voltages are 120V or 230V AC

6. Battery Type
Check if the inverter is compatible with the type of batteries you plan to use (egg,
lead-acid, gel, AGM) Different inverters may have specific charging characteristics.

7. Battery Capacity
Determine the capacity (in ampere-hours) of the batteries you'll be using the inverter
should be able to handle the required DC input from the batteries

8. Automatic Features:
Some inverters come with automatic features such as overload protection, low
battery shutdown, and over-temperature protection. These features enhance the
safety and reliability of the system.

𝙇𝙤𝙖𝙙 𝙘𝙖𝙡𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣
Load calculation for an inverter involves determining the total power consumption
of the devices and appliances you intend to power. This calculation is crucial to
ensure that the inverter you choose has a sufficient capacity to handle the connected
load.

Here's a step-by-step guide on how to perform a load calculation for an

inverter:

Steps for Load Calculation:

1. List all Appliances and Devices:

Create a comprehensive list of all the appliances and devices you plan to power using
the inverter. Include the power rating (in watts or kilowatts) for each item.

2. Determine Power Consumption:

Check the power rating of each device. This information is typically indicated on the
device itself or in its user manual. If the rating is given in amps, use the formula.
Power (Watts) Voltage (Volts) > Current (Amps):

3. Calculate Total Power Consumption:

Sum up the power consumption of all devices to find the total load.
This is the amount of power your inverter needs to provide to run all connected
devices simultaneously.

Total Load (Watts) Power of Device 1+Power of Device 2+...+Power of Device No

tall Load (Watts) Power of Device 1+Power of Device 2+...+Power of Device N

4. Factor in Starting Surge or Peak Power:

Some devices, especially motors and compressors, require a higher power surge
when starting. Check for the peak power or starting surge of each device and add it
to the total load. The inverter should be able to handle these momentary surges.

5. Consider Future Expansion:

If you plan to add more devices in the future, factor in their power consumption
when calculating the total load. This ensures that the inverter has sufficient capacity
for potential expansions.

6. Choose an Inverter Size

Based on the total load calculated, choose an inverter with a capacity that exceeds
the total load. Inverters are typically rated in terms of their continuous power output.
Ensure that the inverter's continuous power rating is higher than the total load to
provide a safety margin.

7. Battery Sizing:

The capacity of the batteries connected to the inverter is also important. Calculate
the battery capacity (in ampere-hours) needed to support the total load for the desired
backup time. Consider the efficiency of the inverter and the discharge rate of the
batteries.

8. Consider Inverter Efficiency:

Inverters are not 100% efficient; some power is lost during the conversion process.
Factor in the efficiency of the inverter when sizing the system

14. (a) Write notes on the following:

(i) Physiological effects due to 50 Hz current passage (7 marks)

(ii)Micro and macro shock hazards of medical instruments

(7marks)

(i) Physiological effects due to 50 Hz current passage (7 marks)

An electrical shock is an unwanted or unnecessary physiological response to current.

Electrical accidents are caused by the interaction of electric current with the tissues
of the body.

The physiological effect of shock ranges from discomfort to death, if the heart of
respiratory system is affected.

Two contacts must be provided to the body (arbitrarily called first and second
contacts), together with a voltage source to drive current through these contacts.
The physiological effects of the current depend not only on their magnitude but also
on the location of the first and second contacts.

Two situations must be considered separately.

1) In the first case, both contacts are applied to the surface of the body.

2) In the second case, one contact is applied directly to the heart.

Because the current sensitivity of the heart is much higher in the second case, the
effect of current applied directly to the heart is often referred to as micro shocks. The
effect of current applied through surface contacts is called macro shock.

Basically, electric current can affect the tissue in two different ways. First the
electrical energy dissipated in the tissue resistance can increase the temperature. If a
high enough temperature is reached, the tissue is damaged (burned) With household
current, electrical burns are usually invited to localized damage at or near the contact
points, where the density of the current is the greatest. In electro surgery the
concentrated current from radio frequency generates with a frequency of 2.5 or
4MHz is used to cut tissue or coagulate small blood vessels.

The transmission of impulse through sensory and motor nerves involves

electrochemical action potentials. An electric current of sufficient magnitude can
cause local voltages that can trigger action potentials and stimulate nerves.

The magnitude of electric current required to produce a certain physiological effect

in a person is influenced by many factors. The approximate current ranges and
resulting effects for one second exposures to various levels of 60Hz AC current
applied external to the body are shown in the fig 4.6.

A current with an intensity not exceeding 5mA is generally not considered harmful,
the sensation at this level is unpleasant and painful. The currents in excess of about
10 or 20mA can tetanize the arm muscles and make it impossible to "let go of the
conductor. The maximum current level of a person can tolerate is called his "let-go
current level. Ventricular Fibrillation can occur at currents above about 75mA the
excess of current about 1 or 2mA can cause contraction of the heart, which may
revert the normal rhythm if current is discontinued in later.

The largest part of the body resistance is normally represented by the resistance of
the skin. The skin conductance (inverse of resistance) is proportional to the contact
area and also depends on the condition of the skin. When skin is permeated by a
conductive fluid, the sin conductivity is to be increased. If the skin is cut or if
conductive objects like hypodermic needles are introduced through the skin, the skin
resistance is effectively bypassed.

(ii) Micro and macro shock hazards of medical instruments (7 marks)

A physiological response to a current applied to the surface of the heart that results
in unwanted stimulation like muscle contraction of tissue Injury is called micro
shock. Micro shock is most often caused more than the 10% of current flow through
an insulated catheter to the heart. The catheter may be an insulated, conductive fluid
filled tube or a solid wire pacemaker cable. The microhook results because the
current density at the heart can become high in which the catheter is touching the
heart.

Macros hock
A physiological response to a current applied to a surface of the body that produces
unwanted or unnecessary stimulation like muscle contraction or tissue injury is
called macro shock.
For example, taking the lowest body resistance as 100002, the interelectrode voltage
on the order of 75-120 V should be dangerous. Generally, macros hocks are exposed
from defective electric devices and biomedical equipment’s

To produce macro shock, much larger current is required because the current
distributes itself throughout the body. In this case the current density at the heart is
much lower, and more current is required to cause a shock.

Shock hazards of medical instruments

Shock hazards associated with medical instruments can pose significant risks to both
healthcare professionals and patients.

Medical instruments that use electricity, particularly those connected to power

sources, can present shock hazards if not properly designed, installed, maintained,
or used.
Here are some common factors contributing to shock hazards in medical
instruments:
1. Electrical Leakage:

Cause: Poor insulation, damaged cords, or faulty wiring can lead to electrical
leakage.
Hazard: Electrical leakage can cause electric shocks to individuals in contact with
the instrument or connected equipment.

2 Grounding Issues

Cause: Lack of proper grounding or grounding system faults.

Hazard: Without effective grounding, electrical charges may not dissipate safely,
increasing the risk of shocks.

3. Equipment Damage.

Cause: Physical damage, wear and tear, or improper handling of medical

instruments
Hazard: Damaged insulation or exposed wires can lead to direct contact with live
components, resulting in electric shock.

4. Moisture and Liquids

Cause: Exposure to moisture or liquids in the environment

Hazard: Water can compromise the insulation of electrical components, increasing
the risk of electrical shock.

5. Improper Use

Cause: Incorrect use of medical instruments or failure to follow manufacturer's

instructions.
Hazard: Improper use may lead to unintended exposure to electrical components,
increasing the risk of shock.

6. Defective Components:

Cause: Manufacturing defects or substandard components.

Hazard: Defective components may increase the likelihood of electrical failures and
shocks.

7. Inadequate Maintenance
Cause: Lack of regular inspection, testing, and maintenance
Hazard: Failure to identify and rectify electrical issues during maintenance can lead
to shock hazards.

8. Equipment Interference

Cause: Interference from other electrical devices or equipment.

Hazard: Interference can disrupt the normal functioning of medical instruments,
potentially leading to unsafe conditions.

9. Power Supply Issues

Cause: Fluctuations in power supply or incorrect voltage.

Hazard: Inconsistent power supply can affect the performance of medical

instruments and pose a shock hazard.

Preventing Shock Hazards in Medical Instruments:

Regular Inspection and Maintenance:

Conduct routine inspections to identify and address any wear, damage, or defects.

Follow the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule.

2. Proper Grounding:

Ensure that medical instruments are properly grounded to dissipate electrical charges
safely

Use grounded outlets and power sources.

3. Adherence to Safety Standards:

Follow relevant safety standards and regulations for the design, installation, and use
of medical instruments.

Comply with electrical safety guidelines in healthcare facilities.

4. User Training:

Provide comprehensive training for healthcare professionals on the proper use and
handling of medical instruments.

Emphasize the importance of following safety protocols.

5. Isolation and Protection:

Implement isolation measures to prevent electrical leakage.

Use protective measures such as ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) where
applicable

6. Immediate Action on Faults.

Establish protocols for reporting and addressing any electrical faults promptly

Remove faulty instruments from service until repairs are completed.

(Or)

(b) Discuss about the hazards of gases, pressure chambers and preventive
maintenance. (14 marks)

Hazards of gases

Various gases can pose hazards to human health and safety due to their physical and
chemical properties. Understanding these hazards is crucial for implementing
appropriate safety measures.
Here are common hazards associated with gases:

1. Toxicity
Some gases, such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, chlorine, and carbon monoxide,
can be toxic and pose serious health risks when inhaled. Exposure to toxic gases can
lead to respiratory problems, organ damage, or even death.

2. Flammability
Flammable gases, such as methane, propane, hydrogen, and acetylene, can pose fire
and explosion hazards. These gases can ignite in the presence of an ignition source,
leading to fires or explosions.

3. Explosivity:
Certain gases have explosive properties in specific concentration ranges when mixed
with air. Examples include methane, hydrogen, and propane. Ignition sources, such
as sparks or open flames, can lead to explosions.

4. Asphyxiation:
In environments where oxygen levels are reduced, or inert gases like nitrogen
displace oxygen, there is a risk of asphyxiation. Breathing air with a reduced oxygen
content can lead to unconsciousness and death.

5. Corrosivity:
Corrosive gases, like hydrogen chloride or sulfur dioxide, can cause damage to living
tissues upon contact, leading to burns, irritation, or other health problems.

6. Pressure Hazards
Compressed gases stored at high pressures can pose physical hazards. Improper
handling, storage, or use of compressed gases can result in ruptured containers and
the release of high-pressure gas, causing injury or damage

7. Cryogenme Hazards
Gases stored at cryogenic temperatures (extremely low temperatures) can pose
hazards due to the risk of frostbite or cold burns upon contact with skin or other
materials

8. Inhalation Hazards
Inhaling certain gases, even in low concentrations, can cause respiratory irritation,
dizziness, nausea, or other adverse effects. Examples include ozone, nitrogen
dioxide, and ammonia.

9. Radioactive Gases:
Radioactive gases, such as radon, can pose health risks due to ionizing radiation.
Prolonged exposure to radioactive gases may increase the risk of cancer.

10. Biological Hazards:

Gases can sometimes carry biological hazards, such as airborne pathogens. For
example, bioaerosols or gases released during certain industrial processes may
contain harmful microorganisms.

11. Volatility:
Some gases are highly volatile and can rapidly evaporate into the air. Volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), for instance, can contribute to air pollution and may
have health effects.

12. Environmental Impact:

Certain gases, such as greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, contribute
to environmental issues like climate change

𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙨

Pressure chambers, also known as hyperbaric chambers or decompression chambers,

are sealed enclosures designed to manipulate and control pressure conditions within
the chamber. These chambers are used for various purposes, including medical
treatments, diving, aerospace testing, and industrial applications.

Here are some common types of pressure chambers and their uses

1 Hyperbaric Chambers (Medical):

Purpose: Used in hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) to treat various medical

conditions. Patients breathe pure oxygen in a pressurized room or chamber, which
can enhance the body's natural healing processes.
Conditions Treated: Wound healing, carbon monoxide poisoning. decompression
sickness, chronic non-healing wounds, and certain infections

2. Diving Chambers (Diving Bell or Submersible Chamber):

Purpose: Used in diving operations to accommodate divers during decompression,

preventing decompression sickness (the bends).

Conditions Treated: Decompression sickness, also known as "the bends," which

occurs when divers ascend too quickly.

3. Altitude Chambers (Hypobaric Chambers):

Purpose: Simulate high-altitude conditions for training and testing purposes. Used
in aerospace and military training to prepare individuals for high-altitude
environments

Applications Altitude physiology research, aviation and spaceflight training, and

testing the effects of low atmospheric pressure

4. Material Testing Chambers

Purpose: Subject materials and equipment to specific pressure conditions for testing
and research purposes

Applications
Testing the integrity and performance of materials, components, and systems under
various pressure conditions, including aerospace and industrial applications

5. Environmental Chambers:

Purpose: Simulate extreme environmental conditions, including pressure,

temperature, and humidity, to test the performance and durability of equipment and
materials. Applications Aerospace, automotive, electronics, and military testing

6. Industrial Pressure Chambers

Purpose: Used in various industrial processes where pressurized conditions are

required, such as curing materials, treating industrial wastewater, or conducting
specific chemical reactions

Applications
Composite material curing, polymerization, hydrothermal synthesis, and
supercritical fluid extraction.

7. Animal Chambers (for Research)

Purpose: Used in scientific research to study the effects of various pressure

conditions on animals

Applications
Marine biology research, physiological studies on animals in high-pressure
environments
8. Thermal Vacuum Chambers

Purpose: Simulate the vacuum and temperature conditions of space for testing
spacecraft and satellite components

Applications Testing and validating the performance of space-related equipment

under space-like conditions.

𝙋𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙢𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚

Preventive maintenance
Preventive maintenance is a proactive approach to maintenance that involves
regularly scheduled inspections, repairs, and replacements of equipment and
facilities to prevent unexpected breakdowns and ensure their continued reliability.
Implementing an effective preventive maintenance program can extend the lifespan
of assets, reduce downtime, and enhance overall operational efficiency.

Here are key components and best practices for preventive maintenance:

1. Asset Inventory and Documentation:

Create a comprehensive inventory of all assets, including equipment, machinery, and

facilities.

Maintain detailed documentation, including manuals, schematics, and historical

maintenance records.

2. Equipment Criticality Assessment:

Prioritize assets based on their criticality to operations. Focus preventive

maintenance efforts on critical assets that have the most significant impact on
production or services.

3. Maintenance Schedule:

Establish a regular maintenance schedule for each asset, specifying the frequency of
inspections, lubrication, adjustments, and replacements
Align maintenance activities with manufacturer recommendations and industry best
practices.

4. Condition Monitoring:

Implement condition monitoring techniques, such as vibration analysis,

thermography, and oil analysis, to detect early signs of equipment deterioration or
impending failures.

5. Work Order System:

Utilize a work order system to track and manage preventive maintenance tasks.

Assign responsibilities to maintenance personnel and ensure clear communication

regarding scheduled maintenance activities.

6. Training and Certification:

Ensure that maintenance personnel are adequately trained and certified to perform
preventive maintenance tasks.
Provide ongoing training to keep staff updated on new technologies and maintenance
best practices.

7. Spare Parts Management:

Maintain an organized inventory of spare parts to minimize downtime.

Ensure that critical spare parts are readily available and establish reorder points to
replenish stock as needed.

8. Data Analysis and Performance Metrics:

Collect and analyze data on equipment performance and maintenance activities.

Establish key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the effectiveness of the
preventive maintenance program.

9. Regulatory Compliance:

Ensure compliance with relevant regulations and industry standards.

Keep abreast of changes in regulations that may impact preventive maintenance
practices.

10. Environmental Conditions:

Consider environmental factors that may impact equipment performance.

Implement measures to protect equipment from adverse conditions, such as
temperature extremes or humidity.

15. (a) Discuss about cold test and test instruments in medical equipment
servicing.(14 marks)

𝘾𝙤𝙡𝙙 𝙩𝙚𝙨𝙩

Cold test

"Cold tests typically refer to a series of procedures conducted to evaluate the

conditions. This is particularly relevant for equipment used in cold environments or
applications where exposure to low temperatures is expected. The purpose of cold
tests is to ensure that the equipment can operate effectively and reliably in colder
climates or during cold weather conditions.

Here are some examples of cold tests and their applications

1. Cold Start Test:

Purpose: Evaluate the ability of equipment to start and operate successfully under
cold conditions.
Procedure: Power off the equipment, expose it to a controlled low-temperature
environment, and then attempt to start and operate the

2. Equipment Low-Temperature Performance Test:

Purpose: Assess how well the equipment performs specific functions or tasks in a
cold environment
Procedure: Place the equipment in a low-temperature chamber and measure its
performance against predetermined criteria. This may involve assessing the accuracy
of measurements, response times, and overall functionality
3. Material Testing for Cold Environments:

Purpose: Evaluate the impact of low temperatures on the materials used in the
construction of the equipment.
Procedure: Expose equipment components or materials to low temperatures and
assess changes in their physical properties, such as flexibility, strength, and
resilience

4. Cold Storage Testing:

Purpose: Validate the performance of equipment that may be used or stored in cold
storage environments, such as pharmaceutical storage units or medical devices
Procedure: Place the equipment in a cold storage environment and monitor its
performance, including temperature control, data logging, and other relevant
functionalities.

5. Battery Performance in Cold Conditions:

Purpose: Assess the impact of low temperatures on the performance of batteries

used in the equipment.
Procedure: Place the equipment in a cold environment and measure the battery's
capacity discharge rate, and overall performance

6. Seal and Insulation Integrity Test:

Purpose: Verify the integrity of seals and insulation in equipment exposed to cold
temperatures.
Procedure: Subject the equipment to low temperatures and assess whether seals
remain effective, and insulation prevents the ingress of cold air or moisture

7. Cold Weather Lubrication Test:

Purpose: Evaluate the performance of lubricants used in the equipment at low

temperatures.
Procedure: Expose the equipment to cold temperatures and assess the lubrication
system's ability to function effectively without causing damage to moving parts.

8. Cold Weather Impact on Electronics:

Purpose: Examine how low temperatures affect electronic components and circuits.
Procedure: Expose the equipment to cold conditions and evaluate the performance
of electronic components, including sensors, processors, and displays.

9. Transportation and Cold Storage Test:

Purpose: Assess how well equipment withstands cold temperatures during

transportation and storage.
Procedure: Simulate the conditions of cold transportation and storage, including
any potential temperature fluctuations, to ensure the equipment remains functional
upon arrival.

(Or)

(b) Discuss about finding faults in a machine and its repairs. (14 marks)

Testing of power leads

1. Visual Inspection:

Testing power leads, or electrical cables, is crucial for ensuring the safety and
reliability of electrical systems. Here are some common testes performed on power
leader
for damage or signs of overheating

2. Continuity Testing:

A visual inspection is the first step in testing power leads. Look for sips of damage,
such as fraying, cuts, or exposed wires. Inspect the connectors and plugs
Confinity testing is used to check for breaks in the wire A multimeter is used to
measure the resistance between the two ends of the wire. If there is no resistance, it
means the wire is continuous and intact.

3. Insulation Resistance Testing:

Insulation resistance testing measures the resistance of the insulation material

surrounding the wire. It is performed using a megohmmeter, which applies a high
voltage to the wire and measures the current flowing through the insulation. A low
resistance reading indicates a problem with the insulation
4. Dielectric Strength Testing:

Dielectric strength testing checks the ability of the insulation to withstand high
voltages without breaking down. It is performed by applying a high voltage to the
wire for a specified period and measuring the current flow. A high current flow
indicates a breakdown in the insulation

5. Voltage Drop Testing:

Voltage drops testing measures the voltage drops across the wire when a current
flows through it. Excessive voltage drop can indicate a problem with the wire, such
as high resistance or inadequate wire size.

6. Temperature Rise Testing:

Temperature rise testing measures the temperature of the wire when a specified
current flows through it. Excessive temperature rise can indicate a problem with the
wire, such as high resistance or inadequate cooling.

7. Short Circuit Testing:

Short circuit testing checks for short circuits in the wire. It is performed by applying
a low voltage to the wire and measuring the current flow. A high current flow
indicates a short circuit.

8. Earth Leakage Testing

Earth leakage testing checks for leakage of current to the earth. It is performed by
applying a high voltage to the wire and measuring the current flow to the earth. A
Nigh current flow indicates a problem with the insulation,

Testing of fuses

Testing fuses is an important part of electrical maintenance to ensure they are

functioning correctly and providing the necessary protection to the circuit. Here are
a few common methods used to test fuses

1. Visual Inspection:
The first step in testing a fuse is to visually impact it. Look for any signs of damage,
such as a broken filament or discoloration. If the fuse appears damaged, it should be
replaced.

2. Continuity Test:

Using a multimeter set to the continuity or resistance setting, touch the probes to
each end of the fuse. If the multimeter reads a low resistance or beeps, it indicates
that the fuse is intact and has continuity. If there is no continuity, the fuse is blown
and needs to be replaced.

3. Voltage Test:

With the circuit de-energized, use a multimeter set to the voltage setting to check for
voltage across the fuse. If there is voltage present, it indicates that the fuse is intact
and the circuit is energized. If there is no voltage, it suggests that the fuse is blown
or the circuit is de-energized.

4. Current Test:

If the fuse is designed for a specific current rating, you can use a multimeter set to
the current setting to measure the current flowing through the fuse. If the current
exceeds the fuse's rating, it indicates that the fuse is blown and needs to be replaced.

5. Fuse Tester:

Specialized fuse testers are available that can quickly and accurately test fuses.
These devices typically use a combination of visual and electrical tests to determine
if a fuse is functioning correctly.

Testing of power supply circuit testing tests at different points in a machine

Testing a power supply circuit in a machine involves a series of steps to ensure that
the power supply is functioning correctly and delivering the necessary voltage and
current to the components it powers. Here are some common tests that can be
performed at different points in a machine's power supply circuit:

1. Voltage Test at Input:

Measure the voltage at the input terminals of the power supply. This ensures that the
power supply is receiving the correct voltage from the source.

2. Voltage Test at Output:

Measure the voltage at the output terminals of the power supply. This ensures that
the power supply is delivering the correct voltage to the component’s powers.

3. Current Test at Output:

Measure the current at the output terminals of the power supply. This ensures that
the power supply is delivering the correct current to the components it
powers

4. Voltage Ripple Test:

Measure the voltage ripple at the output terminals of the power supply, Voltage
ripple is the variation in the output voltage caused by the switching action of the
power supply. A high voltage ripple can indicate a problem with the power supply

5. Short Circuit Test:

Apply a short circuit to the output terminals of the power supply and measure the
current. This ensures that the power supply can handle a short circuit without
being damaged.

6. Overload Test:

Apply a load greater than the rated current to the output terminals of the power
supply and measure the voltage and current. This ensures that the power supply can
handle an overload condition without being damaged.

7. Temperature Test:

Measure the temperature of the power supply during operation. This ensures that the
power supply is not overheating and is operating within its specified temperature
range

8. Efficiency Test:
Measure the efficiency of the power supply by comparing the input power to the
output power. This ensures that the power supply is converting the input power to
the output power efficiently.

Prepared by,
901,Cheran polytechnic college,
Moulika M,
Lecturer/Medical Electronics,
39014202