CHAPTER 3 VISUAL PERCEPTION

Perception
- is the set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the
sensations we receive from environmental stimuli

Perception
- questions typically relate to identity and form, pattern, and movement

Cognition
- occurs when this information is used to determine further goals.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PERCEPTION

James Gibson
- Introduce the concepts of distal( external), informational. Medium,proximal
stimulation, and perceptual object.

Distal (far)
- The object in the external world

Informational medium
- Could be a sound wave , tactile information , light waves coming from the
environment
- Vision = light waves
- auditory= soundwave
- Etc. tinatamad na ako mag isip

Proximal ( near) stimulation

- When the cells in the retina absorb light waves

Perceptual object
- What we see that reflect the properties of the external world

Sensory adaptation
- Receptor cells adapt to constant stimulation by not firing until there is a change in
stimulation
- Ensures that sensory information is changing constantly

Ganzfeld
- Uniform visual fields
- German word means complete field

Percept
- A mental representation of a stimulus that is perceived
HOW DOES OUR VISUAL SYSTEM WORK?

Light
- Precondition for vision
- Electromagnetic radiation that can be described in terms of wavelength
- 380-750 are visible wavelengths

Vision begins when light passes the protective covering of the eye.

Cornea
- Beginning of vision
- The protective covering of the eye
- Clear dome that protects the eye
Pupil
- Then light passses through the pupil
- Opening in the centre of the iris

Then continue to the crystalline lens and vitreous humor

Vitreous humor
- Gel like substance that makes up the majority of the eye

Retina
- Eventually light focuses on the retina
- electromagnetic light energy is transduced and converted into neural electrochemical
impulses
Fovea
- Where vision is more acute
- Small thin region of retina
- Size of the head of pin

Photoreceptors
- Retina contain photoreceptors
- Convert light energy into electrochemical energy

2 types of photoreceptors
Rods
- 120 million
- Long and thin photoreceptors
- Concentrated in the periphery
- Night vision
- Sensitive to light to dark
Cones
- 8 million
- Short and thick
 - Perception of color
- Concentated in foveal region

Bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Ganglion cells
- Form the optic nerve, the optic nerves of the eyes join at the base of the brain to form
the optic chiasma

Optic chiasma
- Dun nagccross yung ganglion cells from the inward to the opposite hemisphere
of the brain

Ganglion cells from the outward go to the hemisphere on the same side of the body

Information from the V1 in the occipital lobe is forwarded into tow fasciculi ( fibre bundles)
1. Ascend toward the parietal lobe- along the dorsal pathway
2. Descend toward the temporal lobe- along the ventral pathway

Dorsal pathway
- Where
- Processing location and motion information

Ventral pathway
- What pathway
- Processing color, shape, and identity of visual stimuli

what–how hypothesis
- This hypothesis suggests the two pathways refer not to what things are and to where
they are, but rather to what they are and to how they function

-
Bottom up theories
- Data driven
- Perception starts with the stimuli shoes appearance you take in through your eye
- Focus on the sensory data

Top down
– driven by high level cognitive possess, existing knowledge, and prior experience

BOTTOM UP THEORIES
- Direct perception
- Template theories
- Feature theories
- Recognition by components theory
Direct perception
- Ecological perception
- Information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context is all we need to
perceive anything
- Does not need higher cognitive process
- Use of contextual information directly
- Biologically turned to respond
- Texture gradient are cues for depth and distance
-

Template theories
- Our mind store myriad set of templates
- Template are highly detailed models fro patterns we might recognize
- Recogniszing by comparing it with our templates
- Find one perfect match\
- Fail to explain some aspects of the perception of letters

Left fusiform gyrus

- More activated with letters that with digits

Feature matching theories

- Attempt to match features of pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to
match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype

Pandemonium model
- Refers to a noisy, chaotic place and hell
- Metaphorical demons with specific duties receive and analyze the feature of a
stimulus
- 4 kind of demons
Image demons
- Receive retinal image
Feature demons
- Calls out when matches are made between stimulus and the given feature
Cognitive demons
- Turn shout out possible patterns stores in the memory to conform the features
noticed by the feature demons
Decision demons
- Listen to the pandemonium of the cognitive demon
- Decision is base on which cognitive demon is shouting the most frequently

Global versus local feautrures

Local features
- Small scale
- Detailed aspect of a given pattern

Global features
 - Give a form its overall shape

Pag mas malapit ang local letters with each other mas mabilis marecognize ang global pero
pag widely spread ang local mas mabilis maidentify ang local features

Global precedence effect

- global info dominates over local info

Local precedence effect

- More quickly identification of local features than the global ones

Lower level-;lines
Higher levels- corners, edged then to shape and so forth

Gnostic units or grandmother cells

- Neurons that can recognize a complex object

Complex cells
- Fire maximally only in response to specific shapes regardless of the size

Recognition by components theory

- Use of simple geometric shapes
- Forming of stable 3 D mental representation

Geons
- Simple geometric shapes
- Bricks, cylinders, wedged, cones and their curved axis counterparts
- Observing the edges then decomposing the object into geons
- Function regardless of viewpoint

TOP DOWN THEORIES

Constructive or Intelligent perception ( iisa lang sila)

Constructive perception
- Perceiver builds (constructs ) a cognitive understanding ( perception) of a stimulus

Intelligent perception
- Higher order thinking plays an important role in perception
- Role of learning in perception

The percepts are based on the following:

• what we sense (the sensory data)
• what we know (knowledge stored in memory)
• what we can infer (using high-level cognitive processes)
Context effects
- The influence of the surrounding environment

Configural superiority effect

- Objects presented in certain configuration are easier to recognize that the objects
presented in isolation

Object Superiority effect

- 3D is more recognizable than 2D

Word superiority effect

- easier for them to identify a single letter if the string makes sense and forms a word
instead of being just a nonsense sequel of letters.

VIEWERS CENTERED VERSUS OBJECT CENTERED PERCEPTION

Viewer centred representation

- The individual stores the way the object looks to him or her
- What matters is the appearance of the object to the viewer

Object centered representation

- Stores representation of the object
- Independent of its appearance to the viewer
- Stable across diff orientation

Landmark centered
- Relation to a well know or prominent item

THE PERCEPTION OF GROUPS

Gestalt approach to form perception

Law of Pragnanz
- perceive any given visual array in a way that most simply organizes the different
elements into a stable and coherent form

Proximity
- Nearby objects
Similarity
- Like objects
Closure
- Close up of complete, A part of them
Continuity
- Continuous rather than broken ones
Symmetry
- Balance, mirroring images

Figure ground
- What stand out from versus what recedes into the background

Configurational analysis
- Most relevant in face recognition
- Can quickly recognize face

Feature analysis
- Recognize face after analyzing the features

Depth
- is the distance from a surface, usually using your own body as a reference
surface when speaking in terms of depth perception.

Monocular depth
- 2 dimension and observed in one eye
- Texture gradient,relative size,interposition,linear perspective,aerial
perspective,motion parallax etc.

Binocular depth cue

- 3D from both eyes
- Binocular convergence- your two eyes increasingly turn inward as
objects approach you.
- binocular disparity, your two eyes send increasingly disparate (differing) images to
your brain as objects approach you

Strabismic eyes
- Eyes that are not aligned properly
- Depth perception can occur in one eye
-
Stereoscopic vision
- Double images
-
visual-object agnosia
- can see all parts of the visual field, but the objects they see do not mean anything to
them

Simultagnosia
- Unable to pay attention to more than one subject at a time
- Disturbance in the temporal region of the cortex can lead to simultagnosia-

Optic ataxia
- Impaired ability to use visual system to guide movement
 - Trouble reaching things

Monochromacy or achroma
- Least common color blindness
- No color vision at all
- Only shades of gray

Dichromacy
- only two of the mechanisms for color perception work, and one is malfunctioning.
- Red green color blindness

Protanopia
- extreme rg color blindness

Deuteranopia
- - trouble seeing green

Trinopia-
- confusion between blue, gree, and yellow and disappear or appear as light shades of
red