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ABSTRACT! ! ! ! METHODS! ! RESULTS ! CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION! !

Vocabulary
nonlinear suspension bridge non denoting, involving, or arranged in a straight line a bridge in which the weight of the deck is supported by vertical cables suspended from larger cables that run between towers and are anchored in abutments at each end a straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a point, but if extended does not cross it at that point kracht - doorbuiging expressing frequent repetition or intensity of action an instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration ? a rectangular array of quantities or expressions in rows and columns that is treated as a single entity and manipulated according to particular rules a force tending to pull or stretch something to an extreme or damaging degree any number such that a given matrix minus that number times the identity matrix has a zero determinant the action of twisting or the state of being twisted having elastic properties in two or three planes perpendicular to each other the action or process of deecting or being deected (doorbuiging) the intrinsic weight of a structure or vehicle, excluding the weight of goods.

tangent

force-deection iterative seismometer response centrum concept matrix

strain eigenvalues torsional orthotropic deection dead load

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Procedia Engineering 00 (201 1) 000000 Procedia Engi ineering 14 (2011) 10651070

Proce edia Engine eering

The Twel East As lfth sia-Pacific Conference on Structur Engineer and Co C ral ring onstruction

Dyn namic An nalysis of Suspe o ension Br ridges an Full S nd Scale Tes sting
a Kubilay KAPTAN1 , Semih TEZCAN2a , Serap AL T LTIN3 and Sheldon C CHERRY4
1 Instruc ctor, Bogazici Un niversity, Istanbu Turkey ul, Professor of Civil Engineering, B azici University, Istanbul, Turk Bo key 3 Research Assistant, Bogazic University, Ista A ci anbul, Turkey 4 Retired Professor of Civ Engineering, U d vil University of British Columbia, BC Canada C, 2

Abstract The first part of the study d t deals with an it teration scheme for the nonlin e near static analy of suspens ysis sion bridges by y means of tan ngent stiffness matrices. The concept of tan ngent stiffness matrix is then introduced in the frequency n n y equation gov verning the free vibration of the system. At any equilibrium stage, the vi e t m ibrations are as ssumed to take e place tangent to the curve re t epresenting the force-deflectio characteristic of the structu The bridge is idealized as on cs ure. e s a three dimen nsional lumped mass system an subjected to three orthogon components of earthquake ground motion nd o nal s n producing ho orizontal, vertic and torsiona oscillations. For purposes of illustration the results of analytical and cal al n f d experimental analyses for th Istanbul Boga he azici Bridge hav been present ve ted.

evier Ltd. 2011 Published by Else

Su uspension brid dges, dynamic analysis, tang gent stiffness, cable structur bridge tes res, sting

1.

Introdu uction

The suspe ension bridge is a highly no onlinear three dimensional structure. As a consequenc in dynamic ce, c studies the g governing non nlinear equatio of motion are frequentl simplified by introducing assumptions ons n ly b g s which linea arize these eq quations (Kon nishi and Ya amada, 1960) These simp ). plifying assum umptions may y however be avoided, and the nonlinea behaviour o the structur may thereb be taken in account in d ar of re by nto n both static a dynamic a and analyses, by using an iterati solution em ive mploying tang stiffness m gent matrices. The e iterative sch heme has been successfully applied prev n y viously by a nu umber of auth in connec hors ction with the e

Corresponding author: tezokan n@gmail.com

18777058 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.134

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static analysis of suspension bridges (Brotton 1966; Tezcan 1966). In this paper the same operation is extended to solve the dynamic response problem of suspension bridges, which are idealized as three dimensional lumped mass systems vibrating due to earthquake ground motions. The method proposed for the nonlinear vibration analysis of suspension bridges involves two distinct steps. Under the static action of the dead and live loads the equilibrium configuration and the internal stress resultants of all constituent elements of the structure are first determined through an iteration routine based on the Newton-Raphson method. The vibration of any point in the bridge, with respect to the static equilibrium position however, is assumed to take place along the tangent to the curve defining the force-deflection characteristics of that point. Once the fundamental dynamic properties are determined, the response spectrum concept can be used in conjunction with classical modal analysis to evaluate the seismic forces acting on suspension bridges during earthquakes. 2. Frequency analysis by tangent stiffnesses

The dynamic analysis of discrete mass structures is a topic which has received extensive treatment in the literature (Housner, 1953; Hurty and Rubinstein, 1964). The nonlinear behaviour of suspension bridges during vibration about any static equilibrium configuration may be accounted for by replacing the linear stiffness matrix of the system, [K] o, by a tangent stiffness matrix, [K] T =[K] o + [K] g . This is equivalent to assuming that at any equilibrium stage the vibration of any point in the bridge takes place along the tangent to the curve representing the force-deflection characteristics of the point. This idea of tangential vibration is illustrated in Fig.1. Accordingly, the frequency determinant becomes Det | [K]T 2

[M] |

=0

(1)

where, M = mass matrix, and = the natural frequency of the system in any one of its normal modes. [K] depends on the strains and the internal forces developed in the members at the static equilibrium T , as well as the eigenvectors, can be obtained from a solution of Eq . 1 using position. The eigenvalues, routine computer programs. 3. Idealization of the bridge

Depending on the memory capacity of the computer available, the suspension bridge may be idealized as a plane or space frame composed of a series of straight and curved line elements. While the plane frame idealization may be used for the study of the response to vertical and longitudinal ground motions, the three dimensional idealization is desirable for a realistic investigation of the torsional and lateral vibrations of the deck due to ground motion perpendicular to the deck centerline. The main cable and hangers are considered as pure axial force members of constant cross section, while the deck is assumed to be composed of beam column elements between hangers. The influence of hanger extensions, cable point loads, degree of fixity at the tower base, stability coefficients due to compressive forces in the bending of tower continuity of the deck across the towers, and variations in moments of inertia can easily be taken into account. Distributed consistent mass matrices, rather than the lumped masses, have been used for each structural element during the full scale 3D-analyses. 4. Modes of vibration

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An earthquake may excite a suspension bridge in any one or a combination of the three fundemental types of vibration one about each axes XYZ. At any rate, a full 3-D modeling and analysis of the bridge will already accommodate all modes of vibration and will output the various mode shapes and frequencies. Torsional vibration of the bridge deck, coupled with a lateral vibration of the towers, is due to horizontal ground motion perpendicular to the centerline of the bridge. The torsional vibration is essentially a combination of the vertical and lateral motion of the bridge deck. Such vibrations may also be developed due to lateral wind loading. Vertical vibration of the bridge deck, coupled with a horizontal vibration of the towers, is due to horizontal ground motion parallel to the centerline of the bridge. Vertical vibration of the bridge deck, coupled with a horizontal vibration of the towers (in longitudinal direction) is due to vertical ground motion. In all cases, vertical (axial) vibrations of the towers and also longitudinal (axial) vibrations of the bridge deck may be neglected, since their effects are relatively small. These three types of vibrations should be definetely taken into account when performing an earthquake analysis of 3D- suspension bridges. Different aspects of this problem have been discussed in the literature for suspension bridges (Jones and Spartz, 1991 ; Harichandran et al. 1991 ; Abdal et al. 1992 and also for cable stayed bridges Fleming and Egesel, 1980 ; Zribi et al. 2006). 5. Analyses and full scale testing

The ambient wind vibrations and the forced vibration test results of the Istanbul Bogazici Bridge (Figure 2), are the successful examples for the correlation of analytical and experimental studies. A series of experimental studies have been conducted, under the general supervision of Tezcan et al. 1974 . Strain gauge readings were taken at a number of locations on the orthotropic deck, towers and hangers, when the carriage ways between the two towers were loaded with heavy trucks i.e. up to three fourths of the bridge capacity. The deflections of the deck, under this particular loading,were also determined by means of precise leveling. The maximum centerline deflection was measured to be 0.76 m, as verified by the 3D nonlinear analytical calculations described above. Three different sets of seismometers a) by stanbul Kandilli Observatory team, b) by the team of seismologists from the Earthquake Engineering Institute of Skopje and c) by Mr. Alkut Aytun, a Turkish seismologist, have been installed over the deck and tower in order to record the ambient wind vibrations of the bridge. The inversed fourier transform technique has been used to determine the fundamental periods of vibration. Locations of seismometers and the 2D mathematical model of the bridge are shown in (Figure 3). The results of the ambient vibration tests are very close to those reported earlier by Brownjohn et al. 1989. Synchronised twin shakers of the type GSV-100 Teledyne, USA supplied by the Skopje Institute were welded at midspan and quarterspan points of the deck, and the forced vibrations were also recorded. The fundamental periods of vibration for a variety of relatively higher modes were determined together with the values of = critical damping ratio. Most of the results and key parameters obtained from these tests, including those obtained from the wind tunnel tests at the National Physical Laboratories, Teddington, England are listed in Table1. Similar analytical studies have been also applied to the newly proposed Chanakkale Ataturk Bridge (Tezcan and Ar oglu, 1994), and the submerged floating Gibraltar Tunnel (Tezcan and Kaptan, 1995) . 6. Conclusions

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For a realistic evaluation of the overall dynamic response of a suspension bridge, a three dimensional idealization is desirable. Such an idealization permits a study of the torsional oscillation of the bridge deck. In fact, significant vibrations of this type were observed due to earthquake ground motion perpendicular to the bridge centerline. The general procedures described in this paper may supply useful information in the study of the aerodynamics of suspension bridges. References
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] Abdel-Ghaffar, A.M., Masri, S.F., and Niazy, A.S.M., Seismic Performance Evaluation of Suspension Bridges. Proceedings, Tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1992, 4845-4850. Brotton, D.M., A General Computer Programme for the Solution of Suspension Brdige Problems, Structural Engineer, No.5, Vol.44, 1966, pp.161 167. Brownjohn, J.M.W., Dumano lu, A.A., Severn, R.T. & Blakeborough, A., Ambient Vibration Survey of the Bosphorus Suspension Bridge, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 18, 1989, 263-283. Fleming, J.F. & Egeseli, E.A., Dynamic Behavior of a Cable-Stayed Bridge , Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 8, 1980, 1-16. Harichandran, R.S., Hawwari, A., and Sweidan, B.N., Response of Long-span Bridges to Spatially Varying Ground Motion. Journal of Structural Engineering, 122(5), 1991, 476-484. Housner, G.W., Behaviour of Structures During Earthquakes, Proc. Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, Paper No. 2220, Vol.85, No.SM4, 1953, pp.109-129. Hurty, W.G., and Rubinstein, M.F., Dynamics of Structures, Prentice- Hall Inc, 1964. Jones, N.P. and Spartz, C.A., Structural Damping Estimation for Long-span Bridges. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 116 (11), 1991, 2414-2433. Konishi, I, and Yamada, Y., Earthquake Responses of a Long Span Suspension Bridge, Proceedings of the Second World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 2WCEE Tokyo, Japan, Vol. II, 1960, pp.863 875. Tezcan, S.S., Stiffness Analysis of Suspension Bridges by Iteration, Proceedings, Symposium on Suspension Bridges, Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Avenue Du Brasil, Lisbon, 1966. Tezcan, S.S., pek, M., Petrovski, J., Paskalov, T.,Durgunoglu, T, Ambient and Forced Vibration Survey of Istanbul Bogazici Suspension Bridge, Proceedings, 5th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 5th ECEE, September 1975, Istanbul, Chapter 9, 1974, Paper 152. Tezcan, S.S., and Ar oglu, Ersin, Chanakkale Ataturk Bridge, Proceedings, Third Symposium on Strait Crossings, Norwegian Road Research Laboratory, 1994, pp. 21-35, Alesund, Norway. Tezcan, S.S. and Kaptan K., A Submerged Floating Tunnel Proposal for the Gibraltar Crossing, Proceedings, IVth Inernational Congress on the Gibraltar Straits Fixed Link, SECEG, IV Coloquio International sobre el Enlace Fijo del Estrecho de Gibraltar, Vol.III., 1995, pp.347-356, Seville, Spain. Zribi M., Almutairi N.B & Abdel Rohman M., Control of Vibrations due to Moving Loads on Suspension Bridges Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol132, no6, 2006, pp.659-670.

Appendix

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Figure 1 : Vibr ration along the tangent line

Figure 2 : A g general view of Is stanbul Bogazici Bridge B

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Figure 2 : Loca ation of seismome eters on the Boga azici Bridge Table 1 : Resul of Structural P lts Periods (Sec) , Ista anbul Bogazici B Bridge T TEST METHOD D Wind ( sta anbul Kandilli Ob bservatory) Win (Skopje Institu nd ute) Win (Mr. Alkut Aytun) nd Forced Vib brations(1) (Skopje Institute) e W Wind Tunnel Tests(2) s C Computer Analyse es
(1) (2) (3)

Longitudina al Vertical 6.22 6.24 6.10

Later ral (Deck k) 14.15 5

Lateral (T Tower)

Torsional (Deck) 3.16 3.02

2.77
(1) (1)

3.00
(1)

( =% 1.2)(3)) 6.41 S 6.83 15.48 8

=% 4 3.16 3.07

Shakers were not large enoug to excite the Br e gh ridge in the first t three modes. National Phy ysical Laboratory Teddington, En y, ngland = critical d damping ratio