Name: AP Chemistry - Carter

Period:

Date:

Lab: Densities of Liquids and Solids

In any density determination, two quantities must be determined the mass and the volume of a given quantity of matter considering the equation for density is mass divided by volume well need both. The mass can easily be determined by weighing a sample of the substance on a balance. The quantity we usually think of as weight is really the mass of a substance. In the process of weighing we find the mass, taken from a standard set of masses, that experiences the same gravitational force as that experienced by the given quantity of matter we are weighing. The mass of a sample of liquid in a container can be found by taking the difference between the mass of the container plus the liquid and the mass of the empty container. The volume of a liquid can easily be determined by means of a calibrated container. In the laboratory, a graduated cylinder is often used for routine measurements of volume. Accurate measurement of liquid volume is made by using a pycnometer, which is simple a container having a precisely definable volume. The volume of a solid can be determined by direct measurement if the solid has a regular geometrical shape. Such is not usually the case, however, with ordinary solid samples. A convenient way to determine the volume of a solid is to measure accurately the volume of liquid displaced when an amount of the solid is immersed in the liquid. The volume of the solid will equal the volume of liquid which it displaces. In this experiment we will determine the density of a liquid and a solid by the procedure we have outlined. First we weigh an empty flask and its stopper. We then fill the flask completely with water, measuring the mass of the filled stoppered flask. From the difference in these two masses, we find the mass of water and then, from the known density of water, we determine the volume of the flask. We empty and dry the flask, fill it with an unknown liquid, and weigh again. From the mass of the liquid and volume of the flask we find the density of the liquid. To determine the density of an unknown solid metal, we add the metal to the dry empty flask and weigh. This allows us to find the mass of the metal. We then fill the flask with water, leaving the metal in the flask, and weigh again. The increase in mass is that of the added water; from that increase, and the density of water, we calculate the volume of the flask minus the volume of water. From the mass and volume of the metal we calculate its density. The calculations involved are outlined in detail in the Prelab.

PROCEDURE SAFETY: Wear your goggles while performing this experiment. A. Density of a Liquid. If your cylinder is not clean and dry, clean it with soap and water, rinse it with a few milliliters of acetone, and dry it by letting it stand for a few minutes in the air. Weigh the dry cylinder with its stopper on the analytical balance to 0.001 g. Fill the cylinder with water (tap water is fine) until the liquid level is nearly to the top of the ground surface in the neck. Put the stopper in the cylinder in order to drive out all the air and any excess water. Work the stopper gently into the cylinder, so that it is firmly seated in position. Wipe any water from the outside of the cylinder with a towel and soak up all excess water from around the top of the stopper. Again weigh the cylinder, which should be completely dry on the outside and full of water, to 0.001 g. Find the density of water at the temperature of the laboratory. With the density of the water and the mass of water in the cylinder, you should be able to determine the volume of the cylinder very precisely. Empty the cylinder, dry it, and fill it with your unknown liquid. Stopper and dry the cylinder as you did when working with the water and then weigh the stoppered cylinder full of the unknown liquid, making sure its surface is dry. This measurement, used in conjunction with those you made previously, will allow you to find accurately the density of your unknown liquid. Pour your sample of liquid from the cylinder back into its container.

B. Density of a Solid. Rinse the cylinder with a small amount of acetone and dry it thoroughly. Add small chunks of the metal sample to the cylinder until the cylinder is at least half full. Weigh the cylinder, with its stopper and the metal, to 0.0001 g. Leaving the metal in the cylinder, fill the cylinder with water and then replace the stopper. Roll the metal around in the cylinder t make sure that no air remains between the metal pieces. Refill the cylinder if necessary, and then weigh the dry, stoppered cylinder full of water and metal sample. Properly done, the measurements you have made in this experiment will allow a calculation of the density of your metal sample that will be accurate o about 0.1%. Pour the water from the cylinder. Dry off the metal and put it back in its container. Dry the cylinder and return it with its stopper, along with the liquid and metal unknowns.

Name: AP Chemistry - Carter PRELAB

Period: EXPERIMENT 1 Densities of Liquids and Solids

Date:

NOTE: The prelab assignments are designed to assist you in making the calculations required in the experiment you will be doing. If you work with the sample data and through the steps in each calculation by yourself, you should have no difficulty calculating your end result for the experiment. While the calculations are listed in a step-by-step order, they may differ from the calculations discussed in class. After the prelab, it is your preference as to how you would like to perform the calculations on the remainder of the experiment. Directions: Answer the following questions regarding the Experiment Densities of Liquids and Solids. For each calculation, use the appropriate unit and significant figures. 1. Finding the volume of a cylinder. A student obtained a clean, dry glass-stoppered cylinder. She weighed the cylinder and stopper on an analytical balance and found the total mass to be 32.6340 g. She then filled the cylinder with water and obtained a mass for the full stoppered cylinder of 59.4879 g. From this data, and the fact that at the temperature of the laboratory the density of water was 0.99707 g/cm3, find the volume of the stoppered cylinder. a. First, obtain the mass of the water in the cylinder. This is found by recognizing that the mass of a sample is equal to the sum of the masses of its parts. This method is called measuring by difference, and is a very useful one. For the filled stoppered cylinder:

Mass of water = b. The density of a pure substance is equal to its mass divided by its volume: Since we know the mass and density of the water, we can find its volume and that of the flask. Make the necessary calculation.

Volume of water = Volume of cylinder = 2. Finding the density of an unknown liquid. Having obtained the volume of the cylinder, the student emptied the cylinder, dried it, and filled it with an unknown whose density she wished to determine. The mass of the stoppered cylinder when completely filled with liquid was 50.3765 g. Find the density of the liquid. a. First, find the mass of the liquid by measuring by difference:

Mass of liquid =

b. Since the volume of the liquid equals that of the cylinder, we know both the mass and volume of the liquid and can easily find its density using the density equation. Make the calculation.

Density of liquid = 3. Finding the density of a solid. The student then emptied the cylinder and dried it again. To the empty cylinder she added pieces of a metal until the cylinder was about half full. She weighed the stoppered cylinder and its metal contents and found that the mass was 152.0478 g. She then filled the cylinder with water, stoppered it, and obtained a total mass of 165.5412 g for the cylinder, stopper, metal and water. Find the density of the metal a. First, find the mass of the solid by the method of differences:

Mass of solid = b. To determine the volume of metal, we note that the volume of the cylinder must equal the volume of the metal plus the volume of water in the filled cylinder containing both metal and water. If we can find the volume of water, we can obtain the volume of metal by the method of differences. To obtain the volume of the water we first calculate its mass:

Mass of water = The volume of water is found from its density and mass, using the density equation.

Volume of water = c. From the volume of the water we calculate the volume of metal:

Volume of metal = d. From the mass and volume of the metal, find the density, using the density equation.

Density of metal =

Name: AP Chemistry - Carter LAB REPORT

Period: EXPERIMENT 1 Densities of Liquids and Solids

Date:

I. Purpose: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

II. III.

Procedure: (see lab) Data, Results, and Calculations: Temperature of water Density of Water

A. Density of a Liquid Data Unknown # Mass of pycnometer Mass of pycnometer + water Mass of pycnometer + unknown liquid Results: show and label all calculations in the space below, record the final answer in the appropriate box Mass of water Volume of pycnometer Mass of unknown liquid Mass of pycnometer + unknown liquid Density of unknown liquid Label and show all calculations for the above results:

B. Density of a Solid Data Unknown # Mass of pycnometer (use prev data) Mass of pycnometer + unknown solid Mass of pycnometer + unknown solid + added water Results: show and label all calculations in the space below, record the final answer in the appropriate box Mass of water added Volume of water added Volume of pycnometer (use prev data) Volume of solid Mass of solid Density of unknown solid Label and show all calculations for the above results:

IV.

Calculations, Results, and Questions

A. Density of a Liquid 1. What is the density of the liquid? _______________ 2. Ask the instructor for the theoretical density of your liquid. Theoretical Density: __________________ 3. What is the percent error?

B. Density of a Solid 1. What is the density of the metal? __________________ 2. Again, ask your teacher for the theoretical density of the solid. Theoretical Density: __________________ 3. Calculate the percent error.

V.

Conclusion/Questions 1. To how many significant figures can the liquid density be properly reported? _____________ 2. To how many significant figures can the density of the metal be properly reported? _______ 3. Comment on the accuracy and precision of your experimental technique and calculations in Parts B and C.

4. Explain why the value obtained for the density of the metal is likely to have a larger percent error than that found for the liquid.

5. Error Analysis - Explain how the densities would be altered if: a. the graduated cylinder full of water still had some water on the outside of the cylinder when it was massed. (Part B)

b. the graduated cylinder had an air bubble in it when the unknown liquid was added and massed. (Part B)

c. not all of the air bubbles were removed from the unknown metal sample before being massed. (Part C)