The Practical Reference Guide For

The Practical
Reference Guide for
THE PRACTICAL
REFERENCE GUIDE
for
HARDFACING
Compiled/Edited by
Lee G. Kvidahl
Manager, Welding and Manufacturing Engineering
Ingalls Shipbuilding Operations
Northrop Grumman Corporation
This publication is designed to provide information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is made available
with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in the rendering of professional advice. Reliance upon
the information contained in this document should not be undertaken without an independent verification of
its application for a particular use. The publisher is not responsible for loss or damage resulting from use of this
publication. This document is not a consensus standard. Users should refer to the applicable standards for their
particular application.
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Basic Safety Precautions ......................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................1
Hardfacing Applications ..........................................................................................................................................1
Hardfacing Properties...............................................................................................................................................2
Selection of Hardfacing Materials ...........................................................................................................................2
Hardfacing Processesthe Effect of Welding Variables on Dilution................................................................7
Other Publications Available from AWS .............................................................................................................15
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Page No.
Common Surfacing Processes and Materials...............................................................................................1

High-Speed Steel Filler Metals.......................................................................................................................3
Austenitic Manganese Filler Metals ..............................................................................................................3
Austenitic High Chromium Iron Filler Metals ............................................................................................4
Cobalt Base Alloy Filler Metals......................................................................................................................5
Copper Base Alloy Filler Metals ....................................................................................................................6
Nickel Chromium Boron Alloy Filler Metals...............................................................................................7
Tungsten Carbide Filler Metals......................................................................................................................8
Shielded Metal Arc Process VariablesIndependent Effects on Key Surfacing Characteristics ........9
Gas Tungsten Arc Process VariablesIndependent Effects on Key Surfacing Characteristics.........10
Gas Metal Arc Process VariablesIndependent Effects on Key Surfacing Characteristics ...............11
Submerged Arc Process VariablesIndependent Effects on Key Surfacing Characteristics.............12
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
Page No.
Different Impingement Angles ......................................................................................................................8

Calculation of Base Metal Dilution................................................................................................................9
Effect of Travel Speed on Dilution (Other Conditions Unchanged) ......................................................13
Basic Surfacing Oscillation Techniques and Bead Configurations.........................................................13
Uphill and Downhill Welding Flat Plate and Rotating Cylindrical Parts .............................................14
Map of Hardfacing Applications.................................................................................................................14
iii
Hardfacing
Introduction
Hardfacing is one category from the family of surfacing processes. Surfacing is defined in AWS A3.0,
Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, as The application by welding, brazing, or thermal spraying, of a
layer, or layers, of material to a surface to obtain
desired properties or dimensions, as opposed to
making a joint. The surfacing processes may be
grouped as surface cladding, buildup, buttering, and
hardfacing. These processes are defined as follows:
Cladding. A surfacing variation that deposits or
applies surfacing material usually to improve
corrosion or heat resistance.
Buildup. A surfacing variation in which surfacing
material is deposited to achieve the required
dimensions.
Buttering. A surfacing variation that deposits surfacing metal on one or more surfaces to provide
metallurgically compatible weld metal for the
subsequent completion of the weld.
Hardfacing. A surfacing variation in which surfacing material is deposited to reduce wear. (A nonstandard term for hardfacing is hard surfacing.)
Hardfacing Applications
In hardfacing applications, a layer of surfacing
metal is applied to reduce wear by increasing the
resistance of a metal surface to abrasion, impact,
erosion, galling, or cavitation. As with cladding, the
strength of hardfacing is not considered in the design of the component (see Table 1).
In addition to the characteristics of the surfacing
material and base metal, other important considerations when choosing hardfacing applications are:
(1) Geometry of the part to be surfaced
(2) Cost of the material and labor
(3) Techniques to prevent cracks in the surfacing or
application-generated cracks
(4) Techniques to minimize distortion from the
thermal stresses of welding
(5) Quality of the deposit
Table 1. Common Surfacing Processes and Materials

Process
Mode of Application
Surfacing Metal Forms
Oxyfuel gas (OFW)
Manual or semiautomatic
Powder and bare cast and tubular rods
Shielded metal arc (SMAW)
Manual
Covered electrodes, solid cast electrodes,

and tubular electrodes
Flux cored arc (FCAW)
Semiautomatic or automatic
Composite electrode of metallic sheath

and powder core
Gas metal arc (GMAW)
Bare solid and tubular electrodes
Submerged arc (SAW)
Automatic
Bare solid and tubular wires and strip
Gas tungsten arc (GTAW)
Manual or automatic
Powder, bare solid and tubular wires, and

bare cast rods
Plasma arc (PAW)
Automatic
Powder and bare and tubular wires
Thermal Spray Processes

Flame spraying (FLSP)
Powder and bare and tubular wires
Plasma spraying (PSP)
Powder
Arc spraying (ASP)
Bare and tubular wires
High-velocity flame
Powder
AWS Practical Reference Guide 1

The Practical Reference Guide For

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Practical Reference Guide For

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Practical Reference Guide For

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Practical

Reference Guide for

550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126

Common Surfacing Processes and Materials...............................................................................................1

Different Impingement Angles ......................................................................................................................8

Table 1. Common Surfacing Processes and Materials

Surfacing Metal Forms

Oxyfuel gas (OFW)

Powder and bare cast and tubular rods

Shielded metal arc (SMAW)

Covered electrodes, solid cast electrodes,

Flux cored arc (FCAW)

Composite electrode of metallic sheath

Gas metal arc (GMAW)

Bare solid and tubular electrodes

Submerged arc (SAW)

Bare solid and tubular wires and strip

Gas tungsten arc (GTAW)

Powder, bare solid and tubular wires, and

Plasma arc (PAW)

Powder and bare and tubular wires

Thermal Spray Processes

Powder and bare and tubular wires

Plasma spraying (PSP)

Arc spraying (ASP)

Bare and tubular wires

AWS Practical Reference Guide 1

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.