ISSN: 2278 1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 3, May 2012

Changing Data Rate during Handoff in GSM ATM Networks

Brajesh Mishra,Sudeep Baudha,Shrikant Pandey

Abstract Wireless GSM network provides variety of

communication with the exciting services. GSM has emerged as an important component of the broadband wireless network infrastructure. IN the field of communication traditional distance based scheme has chosen so that the signal strength becomes good and of course if going to increase the data rate that will enhance the speed of the network. While GSM supports for different traffic characteristics and QOS requirements, WATM networks provide wireless extension to the ATM-based networks by adding mobility support functions. The implementation of WATM poses several problems like mobility management, radio access to network etc. This paper presents the literature survey of GSM and its handoff related issues. Handoff is basically related with GSM so that we can understand the required bandwidth and data rate. These parameters are compared with traditional and advance data rate bandwidth. It deals with GSM features, requirements, protocol architectures and the global activities. The focus is made on the handoff related aspects of WATM and GSM. The handoff management operation, requirements, protocols, proposed solutions and open issues for research. Index TermsGSM, ATM. Hand-Off, Data Rate

voice and video) with guaranteed QoS requirements. The implementation of wireless ATM presents a number of technical challenges that need to be resolved. The need for the allocation and standardization of appropriate radio frequency bands for broadband communications. Requirements of new radio technology and access methods for high speed operation. Location management for tracking mobile terminals as they move around the network. Handoff management for dynamic reestablishment of virtual circuits to new access points while ensuring sequenced and loss-free delivery of ATM cells. End-to-end QoS provisioning, this is challenging in case of limited bandwidth, time-varying channel characteristics and terminal mobility. II. PROCEDURE FOR PAPER SUBMISSION A. Basic Principles of ATM The Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a data transport technology that supports a single high-speed infrastructure for integrated broadband communication involving voice, video and data. The important features of ATM technology include: short fixed-size packets or cells, virtual circuits, statistical multiplexing, and integrated services. All these concepts together provide a uniform framework that can carry multiple classes of traffic provided with a guaranteed QoS. ATM is a connection-oriented transmission technology in which information is transmitted in the form of small packets called cells. Each ATM cell is a small 53 bytes packet comprising of a 5 bytes header and a 48 bytes data field. The building blocks of ATM networking are the transmission path, the Virtual Path (VP) and the Virtual Channel (VC). A transmission path contains one or more VPs and a VP contains multiple VCs trunked into it. The ATM Forum has classified QoS classes available to the VP and VC connection options as Specified QoS (most stringent and most versatile) and Unspecified QoS (less stringent and expensive). For Specified QoS, service providers must meet agreed parameters: Maximum Cell Transfer Delay, Maximum Cell Delay Variation, Maximum Cell Loss Rate and Maximum Burst Cell Loss. For Unspecified QoS, no network performance parameters are specified. However, the network provider may determine a set of internal objectives for the performance parameters. B. Benefits of ATM Broadly speaking, ATM has advantages in three folds accommodating mixed media traffic, simplified network infrastructure, scalability and flexibility in bandwidth and network sizes. The benefits of ATM include: 170

I. INTRODUCTION The ATM is viewed as the next generation high speed integrated network paradigm, supporting different classes of traffic and providing quality of service (QoS). Mobile communications have evolved and created a significant impact on the way of work and communication. The convergence of mobile communications, computing and ATM gave rise to Wireless ATM (WATM) networks. While ATM helps to bring multimedia to the desktop, WATM provides similar services to mobile computers and devices. WATM networks provide seamless integration with ATM-based B-ISDN networks. The WATM can be viewed as a solution for next-generation personal communication networks (PCN), or a wireless extension of the B-ISDN net-works, that support integrated data transmission (data,
Manuscript received May, 2012. Brajesh Mishra, Completed B.E. in Electronics & Communication Engineering. Pursuing M. tech in digital communication from Gyan Ganga College Of Technology ,Jabalpur(M.P.) (e-mail:brajeshsmishra@gmail.com) Sudeep Baudha:Working as Asst.Professor at Gyan Ganga College Of Technology ,Jabalpur(M.P.) (e-mail: sudeep.baudha@gmail.com) Shrikaant Pandey: Completed B.E. in Electronics & Communication Engineering. Pursuing M. tech in digital communication from Gyan Ganga College Of Technology ,Jabalpur(M.P.) (e-mail: shrikantpandey2009@gmail.com)

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It is implemented in a way that allows sharing of key network resources, such as transmission links and switches. B. WATM Service requirements The Wireless ATM aims at supporting various types of services like text, data, audio, video and multimedia applications. The services may be connection-oriented (CO) or connectionless (CL). They include constant bit rate (CBR), variable bit-rate (VBR) and available bit rate (ABR), that provides best effort service. WATM should support a reasonable range of service classes, bit-rates and QoS levels associated with ATM. summarizes typical targets for WATM service capabilities. Table: Wireless ATM Requirements
Traffic Class Application Bit-rate range QoS Requirement

Fig: Advantages of ATM o o o o o o High Performance via Hardware switching. Dynamic bandwidth for bursty traffic. Class of service support for multimedia. Scalability in speed and network size. Common architecture for LAN, MAN and WAN. Opportunity for simplification via Virtual Circuit (VC) architecture.

Voice and CBR Digital TV

32 Kbps- 2 Mbps

Isochronous Low Cell Loss Low Delay Jitter Moderate Cell Loss Low Delay Jitter Statistical Mux. Low Cell Loss Can tolerate higher delays High burst rate

Video

32 Kbps2Mbps (avg) 128 Kbps-6 Mbps (max) 1- 10 Mbps

III. WIRELESS ATM A. WATM Network Model Wireless ATM is an emerging network technology that combines the multi-service, multimedia capabilities of ATM with user mobility and wireless access. The need for the Wireless ATM arose due to the sophistication of end-user telecommunications services and applications, the development of portable, multimedia capable end-user platforms and the benefits of the ATM. The WATM concept extends ATM into the wireless environment, by adding mobility and radio aspects into the ATM transmission. The concept of wireless ATM was explained earlier in. shows the WATM network architecture. It comprises of Mobile Terminals (MT), Access Points (AP) and ATM switches. Some of the distinguishing features of wireless ATM are listed below.

VBR

Conferencing Multimedia communication Interactive data Client-server

ABR

C. WATM Protocol Architecture The WATM protocol architecture is based on integration of radio access and mobility features within the standard ATM protocol stack. It facilitates for gradual evolution of radio access technologies without modifying the core mobile ATM network specifications. While deals with the architectural design aspects of WATM, highlights the limits, challenges of WATM and the proposals. A WATM system broadly consists of a Radio Access Layer and Mobile ATM network. 1. Radio Access Layer (RAL) is responsible for the radio link protocols for wireless ATM access. Radio Access Layers consists of PHY (Physical Layer), MAC (Media Access Layer), DLC (Data Link Layer) and RRC (Radio Resource Control). The RAL requirement details are explained in .

Fig: WATM Network Architecture It supports wireless access to telecommunication services with a high multimedia content, including interactive voice, video and packet data. It provides at least limited terminal mobility, i.e. the capability of a user to maintain communication through a fixed infrastructure while moving the wireless ATM terminal device between access point. It is deployed well integrated into the ATM infrastructure used for fixed communication, such that it will not affect fixed-only communication.

2. Mobile ATM deals with control/signaling functions needed to support mobility. These include location management, handover and connection control. Location management is responsible for keeping track of the MT. Handover (or Handoff) refers to the process of rerouting the mobile terminal connections from the old to the new base station. Connection control deals with connection routing and QoS maintenance.

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Fig: Modular Protocol Architecture of WATM System

(3G)UMTS, standard developed by the 3GPP. GSM networks will evolve further as they begin to incorporate fourth generation.

Fig: Wireless ATM Protocol Stack Architecture D. WATM Characteristics The Key aspects of WATM and mobility extensions, added to the fixed ATM network are explained as follows.
1. Cellular Architecture: In WATM, the geographical area is organized into small cells. The cellular organization of space potentially poses problems like increased handoff rates (due to crossings across the cells). The sharing of bandwidth and re-using of frequencies gives rise to the problem of co- channel interference. Lesser the cell size accommodates greater capacity per unit area, but it increases handover rate and in turn dropping rate due to increased crossings across the cells. 2. Resource Allocation: QoS provisioning is an important consideration in WATM networks. An explicit resource allocation using a combination of admission, traffic shaping and policing mechanisms is used to achieve it. The connection admission mechanism must take into account possible congestion, also ensure a low rate of dropped connections as users roam among different wireless coverage areas. The admission control is based on several criteria such as: traffic and handover characteristics, call holding time statistics, desired QoS of each class of traffic and amount of radio resource available. 3. Mobility Management: Mobility management deals with issues such as handover signaling, location management, and connection control. Location management is responsible for locating the mobile node. It involves two-stage process: Location Registration and Call Delivery. In the first stage, the MT periodically notifies the network of its current location and allows the network to update its location profile. The second stage involves querying the network for the user location profile in order to route incoming calls to the current location of MT. Two basic location management schemes have been proposed in the Mobile PNNI scheme and the Location register scheme. The Handoff is responsible for rerouting the mobile terminal connections from the old to the new base station. Connection control deals with connection routing and QoS maintenance.

Fig: GSM Architecture E.2 GSM carrier frequencies GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency range for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems. Most 3G networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into timeslots for individual phones to use. This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency. These eight radio timeslots (or eight burst periods) are grouped into a TDMA frame. Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.GSM operates in 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz bands.

Fig: GSM Frequency Band

E. Handoff relation in GSM Architecture E.1 Handoff mechanism GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications is a standard set developed by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe technologies for second generation (2G) digital cellular networks. Developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. The standard was expanded over time to include first circuit switched data transport, then packet data transport via GPRS(General Packet Radio Services). Packet data transmission speeds were later increased via EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) referred as EGPRS. The GSM standard is more improved after the development of third generation IV. HANDOFF
IN WIRELESS NETWORKS

The Handoff management enables a Mobile Terminal (MT) to move seamlessly from one access point (AP) to another, while maintaining the negotiated Quality of Service (QoS) of its active connections. Handoff Management involves three-stage process as in Fig.

Fig: Handoff Management Operations

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1. Initiation: It involves handoff decision making, wherein the need for handoff is identified by either MT or network agent. Various handoff initiation criteria, kinds of handoff decision are discussed describes the optimum selection of handoff initiation algorithm and related parameters. 2. New Connection generation: It involves the generation of new connections which comprises of finding new resources and performing additional routing operations. 3. Data flow control: It involves data delivery along new established path with the agreed QoS guarantees. A. Handoff Types: Wireless ATM supports the following handoff types. The handoff type used in a system depends on the radio interface technology used . 1. Backward Handoff : In backward handoff, the handoff is predicted in advance using radio hint and the execution of handover is initiated via current access point. 2. Forward handoff : In forward handoff, a MT moves abruptly to new access point and handover is initiated after the mobile is associated with new access point. 3. Hard Handoff : In hard handoff, MT communicates with only one access point at any time. They are characterized by break before make. The current resources are released before new resources are used. 4. Soft Handoff : In soft handoff, a mobile can communicate with more than one access points during handoff. They are characterized by make before break. Both current and new resources are used during handover. B. Handoff Requirements The requirements for the handoff procedure are listed in ATM Forum/96-989 . Handoff Latency: The delays and delay variations during handoffs should be minimized to guarantee the QoS of WATM connections. Scalability: The handoff procedure should support seamless handoff between APs in different private and/or public networks. Quality of Service (QoS): QoS guarantees negotiated with connections should be preserved during handover. The important traffic parameters to be considered are Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) and Cell Delay Variation (CDV). Signaling Traffic: Handoff signaling traffic should be kept to a minimum in order to reduce the load on the wired network and the air interface to the MT. Resource consumption efficiency: Handoff procedure should aim at low buffer consumption to reduce latency and minimize the consumption of bandwidth. Data Integrity : It includes minimization of cell loss, avoiding of cell duplication and maintaining cell-sequence for each connections. Group Handover: The efficient handoff of multiple active VCs should be supported by the Handoff procedure. Registration and Authentication: The handoff of the MT should not compromise the established security between the MT and network.

C. Handoff Protocols The Proposed handoff protocols can be classified into four categories: 1. Full Connection Re-routing: It involves the establishment of a new VC as if it is a new call. An Inter-Working Devices Handoff scheme proposed in makes use of external processors called Inter-Working Devices (IWDs) to manage handoff. These techniques are optimal, but latent due to the need of computation of new routes. 2. Route Augmentation: It involves route extension by adding a route from last position to current position of MT. It offers a simplest means of achieving handoff, since it requires no cell sequencing, little buffering and not much additional routing. It does not provide optimal path. 3. Partial Connection Re-routing (Incremental Re-establishment): In this technique, a part of route is preserved for simplicity, while the rest is re-routed for optimality. The Nearest Common Node Re- routing (NCNR) algorithm presented in, routes the connection according to the residing zone of MT. The NCNR attempts to perform the rerouting for a handoff at the closest ATM network node that is common to both zones involved in the handoff transaction. The Hybrid Connection algorithm presented in consists of Cross-Over Switch (COS) discovery. In case of intra-cluster handoff, the cluster switch itself performs the handoff at COS. In inter-cluster handoff, the COS discovery process is initiated, based on the handoff hint message provided by the MT. A partial path is setup between the COS and target switch, while the rest of the old path is preserved. This technique provides better resource utilization and reduced signaling, but requires computation of nearest node or COS, buffering and cell sequencing. 4. Multicast Connection Rerouting: This method combines the above three techniques. It pre-allocates resources in the network portion surrounding the macro-cell where the mobile user is located. When a new mobile connection is established, a virtual connection tree (VCT) is created, connecting all Base Stations (BSs) including the macro-cells towards which the MT might move in the future. Thus, the mobile user can freely roam in the area covered by the tree without invoking the network call acceptance capabilities during handover. The allocation of the VCT may be static or dynamic during the connection tenure. This approach is fast and can guarantees the negotiated QoS in case of network handover, but it may not be efficient in terms of network bandwidth utilization, since there exists the possible denial of a connection due to lack of resources and high signaling overheads, especially in the case of dynamic tree allocation. Next table shows the merits and demerits of handoff management that gives the idea of some issues.

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Table: Comparison of handoff management approaches

Full Merits Optimal Route Existing Methodology Extension Fast Maintains sequence Partial Maintains sequence cell Reduced resource utilizations Multicast cell Fast Maintains sequence cell

Two handover algorithms are proposed, which aims at improving two parameters of QoS: blocking calls and dropping handovers. The first algorithm, Uniform Pre-establishment Algorithm (UPA) pre- establishes paths uniformly in all neighboring clusters surrounding the mobile. The second algorithm, Pre- establishment Algorithm (PAP), pre-establishes paths in the neighboring clusters located on highly probabilistic directions potentially used by mobile. Akhyol proposed two signaling architecture alternatives: overlay signaling and migratory signaling. The overlay signaling keeps the existing signaling protocol intact and functions as an overlay network. It aims at minimizing the modification needed to the existing ATM protocols. The Pre- allocation migratory signaling approach implements a single signaling protocol for support of both wireless and wired users. The migratory signaling protocol supports upgrading of the network in phases or in regions while maintaining compatibility with the existing network. The migratory signaling approach integrates wireless and wired users into one global wireless ATM network at the cost of requiring some modifications to the existing ATM protocols. Marsan et al. presented a method for the dynamic reestablishment of VCs within the short time span of the MT handover from one macro-cell to another. The use of in-band signaling and reserving buffering resources at the destination base station enables VC reestablishment with guaranteed in-sequence and loss-free ATM cell delivery. The in-band signaling approach allows for a progressive up gradation of the fixed part of the ATM network and for the incremental introduction of user terminal mobility. Introduces a three-level multi-agent architecture for QoS control in WATM. It addresses the management of buffer space at the level of a switch using agents and the dynamic reconfiguration of agents during handoff to meet the QoS requirements. Presents an analytical modeling approach to estimate the performance of handover protocols making use of handover buffers at the base station. Discusses a class of Geom/Geom/1 Discrete-time Queuing System with negative customers, which can be used for modeling nodes in WATM networks. The negative customers can facilitate modeling server failures, cell losses, channel impairments etc. in WATM networks. The grey complex network helps to resolve system problems with missing information. E. Handoff Management Issues Handoff management has posed several challenges in the implementation of wireless technologies. The open issues are listed below. 1. QoS: The main issue to be considered is guaranteeing of negotiated QoS. The critical factors influencing QoS disruption during handoff are - handover blocking due to limited resources, cell losses, out-of-order cell delivery, delay and delay variations. Minimization of QoS disruption can cost buffering. The QoS provisioning also needs to address the timing and synchronization issues. discusses local and global adaptive synchronization criteria based on Lyapunov stability theory for the uncertain complex delayed dynamical networks. 2. Rerouting Connections: The issues remain in development of algorithms for finding new route op- tions, 174

Demerits slow Inefficient Resource Reassignments

Wastes Bandwidth Inefficient routing connections

Complex Needs extra Buffer Needs added Bandwidth switching of

D. Related works on Handoff Solutions This section presents several proposed handoff algorithms that cater various requirements of the WATM. To proposed a handover scheme that exploits the radio hint and employs the partial path setup. This scheme assumes that MT can at any time access only one new AP and handover is initiated by MT. Yuan et al proposed a generic AP-initiated, inter-switch handover procedure in which the current AP uses the wireless control protocol to contact the neighboring APs that serve as handover candidates. In this case, the AP instead of the switch determines the next possible AP to be used by MT. From the network perspective, AP-controlled handovers may not yield optimal results with respect to the resource consumption requirements. J. Naylon proposed a handover protocol that offers low-latency Handoff. The proposed protocol uses a two-phase backward handover that decouples the re-routing of MT connections from the radio handover and minimizes the interruption to data transport. The introduction of user-plane connections for the low-latency transport of handover messages between the mobility-supporting software entities enables reduction of the latency. H. Mitts et al. presented a lossless approach for intra-switch handovers. The design aims at a loss- less handover that also has low delay and delay variations. The buffering requirement at APs is also modest. It supports both forward and backward handoffs. Li, Acharya proposed the zero-cell-loss handoff in WATM networks. The proposed protocol makes use of in-band signaling along with a cell-level scheduler supported by ATM Hardware (switches, NIC cards etc.). It integrates the in-band signaling and ATM UNI or NNI out-band signaling in appropriate sequence to reduce the possible cell loss. A two-phase handoff protocol proposed by Wong and Salah combines the connection extension and partial re-establishment schemes. The two-phase handoff protocol consists of two phases- path extension and path optimization. Path extension is performed for each inter-switch handoff. Path optimization is activated when the delay constraint or other cost is violated.

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creation of signaling protocols for reconfiguring the connection path and determination of the feasibility of proposed solutions. 3. Point to Multipoint: Development of protocols that address rerouting the point-to-multipoint connections of MTs. 4. Mobile-to-Mobile Handoff: Need to address up gradation of existing protocols in order to support connection routing and QoS for a mobile-to-mobile connection. 5. Optimization: Development of efficient methods that allow an existing MT connection to be periodically rerouted along the optimal path. F. Data Rate comparison In GSM normally we transmittes all DATA with 20MHz which is appropriate to all transmission. That shows the perfect communication over the years and gives faithful results. It is the process which needs a drive test tool and a license key to access this particular software, with all these equipments we need to go through the cell cites and check the behavior of handoff.

previous frequency. So that the speed of network goes faster.

1000 table 1, 20MHz, 1x1 table 2, 20MHz, SEL, 1x2 table 3, 20MHz, MRC, 1x2 table 4, 20MHz, AMRC, 2x2 table 5, 20MHz, AMRC, 2x3 table 8, 40MHz, AMRC, 2x3 table 9, 20MHz, SMX, 2x2 table 9, 40MHz, SMX, 2x2 table 10, 20MHz, SMX, 2x3 table 10, 40MHz, SMX, 2x3 table 11, 20MHz, SMX, 3x3 table 11, 40MHz, SMX, 3x3 table 12, 20MHz, SMX, 3x4 table 12, 40MHz, SMX, 3x4 table 13, 20MHz, SMX, 4x4 table 13, 40MHz, SMX, 4x4

100
PHY data rate [Mbps]

10

0.1 -100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

RX sensitivity [dBm]

Fig: 20MHz and 40 MHz Data Rate Comparisons If the Data Rate is targeted to 150Mbps, so by the below result it clearly shows the targeted Rate has been achieved with the 40MHz while 20Mhz has given less than 100Mbps Rate. So it is very much clear that the Data Rate is highly improved with the new 40MHz bandwidth.
1000
SM X4 x4
SM X2 x3

SM X3 x4
150Mbps target

100

AM RC 2
802 . 11 SE a refe L1 r x2 ence

x3

PHY data rate [Mbps]

10

Fig: Observation graph of practical handoff. When are working with 20MHz frequency range it gives us quite DATA RATE shown in graph. This gain and data rate is simply based on distance based scheme. By the 20MHz we got the quite satisfactory DATA RATE. That we need to increase by changing some parameter.
1000 table 1, 20MHz, 1x1 table 2, 20MHz, SEL, 1x2 table 3, 20MHz, MRC, 1x2 table 4, 20MHz, AMRC, 2x2 table 5, 20MHz, AMRC, 2x3 table 9, 20MHz, SMX, 2x2 table 10, 20MHz, SMX, 2x3 table 11, 20MHz, SMX, 3x3 table 12, 20MHz, SMX, 3x4

Table 2, 802.11a, SEL 1x2, for reference, Table 8, AMRC 2x3, Table 10, SMX 2x3, Table 12, SMX 3x4, Table 13, SMX 4x4, 10 20 30 40 distance [m] 50 60

20MHz 40MHz 40MHz 40MHz 40MHz 70 80

0.1

Fig: 20MHz and 40 MHz Data Rate Comparisons for 150Mbps.

100
PHY data rate [Mbps]

V. CONCLUSION Wireless ATM provides wireless extension to ATM based ISDN networks. And GSM shows the basic structure so that we got the DATA RATE comparison between 20MHz and 40MHz. This paper reviews the important aspects of wireless ATM and the handoff related issues. It reviews the basic concepts and benefits of GSM. Then the important features of WATM, service models, protocol model, the key characteristics of WATM and the global activities on GSM are dealt. The paper focuses on the survey of GSM Handoff techniques in WATM and related issues. The Handoff requirements, various strategies and open issues are discussed.

10

0.1 -100

-90

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

RX sensitivity [dBm]

Fig: Data Rate in 20 MHz Frequency When change its frequency range from 20MHz to 40MHz it gives us the huge DATA RATE as we never have in 20MHz. It gives us the better DATA RATE as we got in

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[1] R. Handel, M. N. Huber, S. Schroder: ATM Networksconcepts, protocols and applications 7e. Pear- son Education Ltd; India (2004) [2] D. Raychaudhuri: Wireless ATM Networks-Architecture, System Design and Prototyping. IEEE Per- sonal Communications. 3 (4), 42-49 (1996) [3] B. Kraimeche: Wireless ATM- Current Standards and Issues. IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. 1, 56-60 (1999) [4] D.Raychaudhuri, N. D. Wilson: ATM-Based Transport Architecture for Multi services Wireless Per- sonal Communication Networks. IEEE Journal On Selected Areas in Communications. 12 (8), 1401-1414 (1992) [5] T. Nadeem, R. Miller: Survey on Wireless and Mobile ATM Networks. Wireless and ATM Networks. (2002) [6] E. Ayanoglu, K.Y. Eng, M. J. Karol: Wireless ATM- Limits, Challenges and Proposals. IEEE Personal Communications. 3 (4), 18-34 (1996) [7] Hakan Mitts: Architectures for wireless ATM. Helsinki University of Technology. (June 1996). http://lib.tkk.fi/HUTpubl/publications/mitts96.html. [8] Xinri Cong: Wireless ATM - An Overview. Ohio state. (Aug. 1997) http://www.cs.wustl.edu/jain/cis788-97/ftp/wire atm.pdf. [9] D. Raychaudhuri, N. Wilson: Multimedia Personal Communication Networks- System Design Issues. Proc. 3rd WIWLAB Workshop on 3rd Generation Wireless Information Networks. 259-288 (1992) [10] Ayse Yasemin Seydim: Wireless ATM (WATM) An Overview. Southern Methodist University, EE8304 Spring 2000, Section 799. (2000) http://www.engr.smu.edu/yasemin/watm.pdf. [11] R. R. Bhat and K. Rauhala: Draft Baseline Text for Wireless ATM Capability Set 1 Specification. BTD WATM-01, ATM Forum. (Dec. 1998) [12] L. Dellaverson: Reaching the New Frontier. The ATM Forum Newsletter. 4 (3), (Oct.1996). http://www.atmforum.org/atmforum/library/53bytes/backissues/ v4-3/article-08.html [13] Damian Gilmurray, Alan Jones, Oliver Mason, John Naylon, John Porter: Wireless ATM Radio Access Layer Requirements. ATM Forum/96-1057/WATM. (Aug. 1996) [14] C. Chrysostomou1, A. Pitsillides, F. Pavlidou: A Survey of Wireless ATM Handover Issues. Proc. of the Int. Symposium of 3G Infrastructure and Services. 2 (3), 34-39 (2001) [15] A. T. Campbell, K. Rauhala: Mobile ATM- State of the Art and Beyond. IEEE Networks. 12 (1), 10-11 (1998) [16] I. Akhyldiz: Mobility Management in Next generation Wireless System. Proceedings of the IEEE. 87 (8), 1347-1384 (1999) [17] Upkar Varshney: Supporting Mobility with Wireless ATM. IEEE Computers Magazine. 30(1), 131-133 (1997) [18] A. Kaloxylos, G. Dravopoulos, H. Hansen: Mobility Management Extensions in the Wireless ATM Network Demonstrator. Proceedings of the ACTS-98 Summit, Rhodes, Greece. (1998) [19] A. Kaloxylos, G. Alexiou, S. Hadjiefthymiades, L. Merakos : Design and Performance Evaluation of a Mobility Management Protocol for Wireless ATM Networks. Proceedings of PIMRC-98, Boston USA. (1998) [20] Alex Kaloxylos, S. Hadjiefthymiades, and Lazciros Merakos: Mobility management and control pro- tocol for Wireless ATM Networks, IEEE Networks, 19-27 (Jul./Aug.-1998) [21] Arup Acharya, Jun Li, Bala Rajagopalan, Dipankar Raychaudhuri: Mobility Management in Wireless ATM Networks. IEEE Communication Magazine. 35 (11), 100-109 (1997)

Brajesh Mishra:Completed B.E. in Electronics & Communication Engineering. Pursuing M. tech in digital communication from Gyan Ganga College Of Technology ,Jabalpur(M.P.).Area of research is wireless and mobile communication.

Sudeep Baudha: Completed Mtech. in Microwave Engineering. From IIT Kharagpur Working as an Asst. Professor at Gyan Ganga College Of Technology ,Jabalpur(M.P.).Area of research is Antenna Design.

Shrikant Pandey Completed B.E. in Electronics & Communication Engineering. Pursuing M. tech in digital communication from Gyan Ganga College Of Technology ,Jabalpur(M.P.).Area of research is Antenna Design

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