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    Chemical Bonding: Prepared By, Shahir (KMKN)

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    Afiq Nazari
    This document discusses chemical bonding and Lewis dot structures. It explains that atoms bond to achieve stable electron configurations like noble gases. Atoms gain or lose electrons to obtain full outer shells, drawing Lewis dot structures to represent their valence electrons. The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have 8 electrons in their outer shell. Ions form through gaining or losing electrons to achieve noble gas or pseudo-noble gas configurations. Transition metals can also achieve stability through half-filled orbitals.

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    Chemical Bonding: Prepared By, Shahir (KMKN)

    Uploaded by

    Afiq Nazari
    86 views14 pages
    This document discusses chemical bonding and Lewis dot structures. It explains that atoms bond to achieve stable electron configurations like noble gases. Atoms gain or lose electrons to obtain full outer shells, drawing Lewis dot structures to represent their valence electrons. The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have 8 electrons in their outer shell. Ions form through gaining or losing electrons to achieve noble gas or pseudo-noble gas configurations. Transition metals can also achieve stability through half-filled orbitals.

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    chemistry

    Original Title

    5.1(a,b)

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    This document discusses chemical bonding and Lewis dot structures. It explains that atoms bond to achieve stable electron configurations like noble gases. Atoms gain or lose electrons to obtain full outer shells, drawing Lewis dot structures to represent their valence electrons. The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have 8 electrons in their outer shell. Ions form through gaining or losing electrons to achieve noble gas or pseudo-noble gas configurations. Transition metals can also achieve stability through half-filled orbitals.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    86 views14 pages

    Chemical Bonding: Prepared By, Shahir (KMKN)

    Uploaded by

    Afiq Nazari
    This document discusses chemical bonding and Lewis dot structures. It explains that atoms bond to achieve stable electron configurations like noble gases. Atoms gain or lose electrons to obtain full outer shells, drawing Lewis dot structures to represent their valence electrons. The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when they have 8 electrons in their outer shell. Ions form through gaining or losing electrons to achieve noble gas or pseudo-noble gas configurations. Transition metals can also achieve stability through half-filled orbitals.

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    You are on page 1of 14

    CHAPTER 5 : CHEMICAL BONDING

    Prepared by,

    shahir (KMKN)

    At the end of this lesson, students should be able to :


    (a) Write the Lewis dot symbol for an atom. State the octet rule and describe how atoms obtain the octet configuration.

    (b)

    Valence electrons are the outer shell electrons of an atom. The valence electrons are the electrons that participate in chemical bonding.
    Group
    1 2 13 14 15 16 17

    e- configuration
    ns1

    # of valence e1

    ns2
    ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np4 ns2np5

    2
    3 4 5 6 7

    Consist of the symbol of an element One dot for each valence electron in an atom of the element Element in the same group have similar outer electron configuration Similar Lewis dot symbol

    Lewis dot symbol

    Group Valence electron Lewis dot symbol

    1 1

    2 2

    13 3

    14 4

    15 5

    16 6

    17 7

    18 8

    Li.

    : Be : B . : C:

    .. . N.
    .

    . : O.
    ..

    . : F:
    ..

    .. :Ne:
    ..

    OCTET RULE
    -Atoms combine in order to achieve a more stable electronic configuration. -Maximum stability results when an atom is isoelectronic with a noble gas. - Atom can achieve noble gas configuration through : ( a) transfer of electron (gaining or losing) ( b) sharing of electron

    THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION OF IONS


    Ions have stable electronic configuration of either:
    The

    noble gas configuration Pseudonoble gas configuration Half-filled orbitals The inert pair effect

    (a) Noble gas configuration


    Group 1, 2 and 13 elements transfer valence e to form cation with noble gas configuration. Example Na : 1s22s22p63s1 Na+ : 1s22s22p6 ( isoelectronic with neon )

    Mg : 1s22s22p63s2 Mg2+: 1s22s22p6 ( isoelectronic with neon )

    Group 15, 16 and 17 elements accept e to form anion with noble gas configuration. Example O : 1s22s22p4 O2- : 1s22s22p6
    F : 1s22s22p5 F- : 1s22s22p6

    ( isoelectronic with neon )

    ( isoelectronic with neon )

    (b) Pseudo noble gas configuration


    -For d block elements, e from 4s orbital will be transferred first before the 3d electrons. -d block elements donate electrons to achieve pseudonable gas configuration Example : Zn : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d10 Zn2+ : 1s22s22p63s23p63d10 ( pseudonoble gas configuration )

    Pseudo means false (palsu / menyamar) So, pseudonoble gas means that the atom has similar e configuration with noble gases The valence e configuration needed is either ns2np6nd10 or ns2np6nd10nf14

    (c) Half-filled orbital


    -d block element can also donate or receive e to achieve half-filled orbitals which is stable Example : Mn : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d5 Mn2+ : 1s22s22p63s23p63d5 ( stability of the half-filled orbital) Fe : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 Fe3+ : 1s22s22p63s23p63d5 ( stability of the half-filled orbital)

    (d) The inert pair effect

    - elements Group 13 and 14 in Period 5 or 6 form cations with configuration of, ns2np6nd10(n+1)s2 - This is named the inert pair effect.
    Example : Sn Sn2+

    : [ Kr ] 4d105s25p2 : [ Kr ] 4d105s2

    ( the inert pair effect )

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