C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis To Program Design, Fifth Edition

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition
Chapter 13: Inheritance and Composition
Objectives
In this chapter, you will: Learn about inheritance Learn about derived and base classes Explore how to redefine the member functions of a base class Examine how the constructors of base and derived classes work Learn how to construct the header file of a derived class
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Objectives (cont'd.)
Become familiar with the C++ stream hierarchy Explore three types of inheritance: public, protected, and private Learn about composition (aggregation) Become familiar with the three basic principles of object-oriented design
Introduction
The two common ways to relate two classes in a meaningful way are:
Inheritance (is-a relationship) Composition (has-a relationship)
Inheritance
Inheritance is an is-a relationship
Example: every employee is a person
Inheritance lets us create new classes from existing classes

New classes are called the derived classes Existing classes are called the base classes
Derived classes inherit the properties of the base classes

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Inheritance (cont'd.)
Single inheritance: derived class has a single base class Multiple inheritance: derived class has more than one base class Public inheritance: all public members of base class are inherited as public members by derived class
Inheritance can be viewed as a tree-like, or hierarchical, structure wherein a base class is shown with its derived classes
General syntax of a derived class:
Where memberAccessSpecifier is public, protected, or private (default)
The private members of a base class are private to the base class
Derived class cannot directly access them
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public members of base class can be inherited as public or private members The derived class can include additional members--data and/or functions The derived class can redefine the public member functions of the base class
Applies only to the objects of the derived class
All members of the base class are also member variables of the derived class
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Redefining (Overriding) Member Functions of the Base Class

To redefine a public member function:
Corresponding function in derived class must have same name/number/types of parameters
If derived class overrides a public member function of the base class, then to call the base class function, specify:
Name of the base class Scope resolution operator (::) Function name with appropriate parameter list
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Redefining Member Functions of the Base Class (cont'd.)
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boxType is derived from rectangleType, and it is a public inheritance

Also overrides print and area
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Constructors of Derived and Base Classes

Derived class constructor cannot directly access private members of the base class Derived class can directly initialize only public member variables of the base class When a derived object is declared
It must execute one of the base class constructors
Call to base class constructor is specified in heading of derived class constructor definition
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Constructors of Derived and Base Classes (cont'd.)
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Destructors in a Derived Class

Destructors
Used to deallocate dynamic memory allocated by the objects of a class
When a derived class object goes out of scope

Automatically invokes its destructor
When the destructor of the derived class executes

Automatically invokes the destructor of the base class
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Header File of a Derived Class

To define new classes
Create new header files
To create new classes based on previously defined classes

Header files of the new classes contain commands that specify where to look for the definitions of the base classes
The definitions of the member functions can be placed in a separate file

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Multiple Inclusions of a Header File

Use the preprocessor command (#include) to include a header file in a program The preprocessor processes the program before it is compiled
To avoid multiple inclusion of a file in a program

Use certain preprocessor commands in the header file (file guard)
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Multiple Inclusions of a Header File (contd.)

Problem: Solution:
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C++ Stream Classes

ios is the base class for all stream classes
Contains formatting flags and member functions to access/modify the flag settings
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C++ Stream Classes (cont'd.)

istream and ostream provide operations for data transfer between memory and devices
istream defines the extraction operator (>>) and functions such as get and ignore ostream defines the insertion operator (<<), which is used by cout
ifstream/ofstream objects are for file I/O

Header file fstream contains the definitions
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Protected Members of a Class

Private members of a class cannot be directly accessed outside the class For a base class to give derived class access to a private member
Declare that member as protected
The accessibility of a protected member of a class is in between public and private

A derived class can directly access the protected member of the base class
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Inheritance as public, protected, or private

If memberAccessSpecifier is public:
public members of A are public members of B and can be directly accessed in class B protected members of A are protected members of B and can be directly accessed by member functions (and friend functions) of B private members of A are hidden in B and can be accessed by member functions of B through public or protected members of A
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Inheritance as public, protected, or private (cont'd.)

If memberAccessSpecifier is protected:
public members of A are protected members of B and can be accessed by the member functions (and friend functions) of B protected members of A are protected members of B and can be accessed by the member functions (and friend functions) of B private members of A are hidden in B and can be accessed by member functions of B through public or protected members of A
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Inheritance as public, protected, or private (cont'd.)

If memberAccessSpecifier is private:
public members of A are private members of B and can be accessed by member functions of B protected members of A are private members of B and can be accessed by member functions (and friend functions) of B private members of A are hidden in B and can be accessed by member functions of B through public/protected members of A
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Composition (Aggregation)
In composition, one or more member(s) of a class are objects of another class type Composition is a has-a relation Arguments to the constructor of a member-object are specified in the heading part of the definition of the constructor
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Composition (Aggregation) (contd.)
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Composition (Aggregation) (cont'd.)

Member-objects of a class are constructed:
In the order they are declared
Not in the order they are listed in the constructors member initialization list
Before the enclosing class objects are constructed
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Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

The fundamental principles of objectoriented design (OOD) are:
Encapsulation: combine data and operations on data in a single unit Inheritance: create new objects from existing objects Polymorphism: the ability to use the same expression to denote different operations
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Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and ObjectOriented Programming (OOP) (contd.)

OOD
Object is a fundamental entity Debug objects Program is a collection of interacting objects Programmer is object-oriented OOD encourages code reuse
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Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and ObjectOriented Programming (OOP) (contd.)

Structured programming
Function is a fundamental entity Debug functions Program is a collection of interacting functions Programmer is action-oriented
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Object-Oriented Design (OOD) and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) (contd.)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) implements OOD C++ supports OOP through the use of classes Polymorphic function or operator has many forms Function name and operators can be overloaded
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Templates provide parametric polymorphism C++ provides virtual functions as a means to implement polymorphism in an inheritance hierarchy Objects are created when class variables are declared Objects interact via function calls
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Every object has an internal state and external state Private members form the internal state Public members form the external state Only the object can manipulate its internal state
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Identifying Classes, Objects, and Operations

Finding classes: begin with a problem description and identify all nouns and verbs
From the list of nouns choose the classes From the list of verbs choose the operations
Suppose we want to write a program that calculates and prints the volume and surface area of a cylinder
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Identifying Classes, Objects, and Operations (cont'd.)

We can state this problem as follows:
Write a program to input the dimensions of a cylinder and calculate and print the surface area and volume The nouns are bold and the verbs are italic From the list of nouns we visualize a cylinder as a class (cylinderType) from which we can create many cylinder objects of various dimensions
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The nouns are characteristics of a cylinder:
Dimensions Surface area Volume
After identifying a class, determine three pieces of information about its objects:
Operations that an object can perform Operations that can be performed on an object Information that an object must maintain
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From the verbs, choose a list of possible operations that an object of that class can perform, or have performed, on itself
For the cylinderType class:
Input Calculate Print
Dimensions represent the data
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The center of the base, radius of the base, and height of the cylinder are the characteristics of the dimensions Calculate: determine volume and surface area
cylinderVolume cylinderSurfaceArea
Print: display the volume and the surface area on an output device
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Identifying classes via the nouns and verbs from the descriptions to the problem is not the only technique possible There are several other OOD techniques in the literature
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Programming Example: Grade Report

This programming example illustrates the concepts of inheritance and composition Problem: The mid-semester point at your local university is approaching
The registrars office wants to prepare the grade reports as soon as the students grades are recorded
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Programming Example: Grade Report (cont'd.)

Some of the students enrolled have not yet paid their tuition
If a student has paid the tuition, the grades are shown on the grade report together with the grade-point average (GPA) If a student has not paid the tuition, the grades are not printed
Grade report indicates that grades have been held for nonpayment of the tuition Grade report also shows the billing amount
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Data are stored in a file in the following form:
15000 345 studentName studentID isTuitionPaid courseName courseNumber creditHours courseName courseNumber creditHours . studentName studentID isTuitionPaid courseName courseNumber creditHours courseName courseNumber creditHours .
numberOfCourses grade grade

numberOfCourses grade grade
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The first line indicates number of students enrolled and tuition rate per credit hour Students data is given thereafter A sample-input file is:
3 345 Lisa Miller 890238 Y 4 Mathematics MTH345 4 A Physics PHY357 3 B ComputerSci CSC478 3 B History HIS356 3 A .
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Sample output for each student:
Student Name: Lisa Miller Student ID: 890238 Number of courses enrolled: 4 Course No Course Name Credits Grade CSC478 ComputerSci 3 B HIS356 History 3 A MTH345 Mathematics 4 A PHY357 Physics 3 B
Total number of credits: 13 Mid-Semester GPA: 3.54
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Input: file containing data in the form given above
Assume that the name of the input file is "stData.txt"
Output: a file containing output of the form given above
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Programming Example: Problem Analysis

Two main components are: Course
Main characteristics of a course are: course name, course number, and number of credit hours
Student
Main characteristics of a student are: student name, student ID, number of courses enrolled, name courses, and grade for each course
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Programming Example: Problem Analysis (cont'd.)

Operations on an object of the course type are:
Set the course information Print the course information Show the credit hours Show the course number
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Basic operations to be performed on an object of type studentType:
Set the student information Print the student information Calculate the number of credit hours taken Calculate the GPA Calculate the billing amount Because the grade report will print the courses in ascending order, sort the courses according to the course number
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Programming Example: Main Program

Declare variables Open input file If input file does not exist, exit program Open output file Get number of students registered and tuition rate Load students data Print grade reports
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Summary
Inheritance and composition are meaningful ways to relate two or more classes Inheritance is an is-a relation
Single inheritance: a derived class is derived from one class, called the base class Multiple inheritance: a derived class is derived from more than one base class
Composition is a has-a relation

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Summary (cont'd.)
Private members of a base class are private to the base class Public members of a base class can be inherited either as public or private Derived class can redefine function members of a base class
Redefinition applies only to objects of derived class
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Summary (cont'd.)
A call to a base class constructor (with parameters) is specified in the heading of the definition of the derived class constructor When initializing object of a derived class, the base class constructor is executed first In composition
Class member is an object of another class Call to constructor of member objects is specified in heading of the definition of classs constructor
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Summary (cont'd.)
Three basic principles of OOD are:
Encapsulation Inheritance Polymorphism
Finding classes:
Describe the problem Choose classes from the list of nouns Choose operations from the list of verbs
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Chapter 13: Inheritance and Composition