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    Horizontal Curves

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    De Silva Manimeldura Chandrasiri
    1) Highway alignment design splits the 3D problem into 2D problems of horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, and cross-section. 2) Horizontal alignment consists of tangents and curves, which can include simple circular curves or spiral transition curves between tangents and circular sections. 3) Key properties of circular and spiral curves include radius, degree of curvature, length of curve, central angle, and equations to calculate these values.

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    Horizontal Curves

    Uploaded by

    De Silva Manimeldura Chandrasiri
    62 views22 pages
    1) Highway alignment design splits the 3D problem into 2D problems of horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, and cross-section. 2) Horizontal alignment consists of tangents and curves, which can include simple circular curves or spiral transition curves between tangents and circular sections. 3) Key properties of circular and spiral curves include radius, degree of curvature, length of curve, central angle, and equations to calculate these values.

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    26. Horizontal Curves

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    1) Highway alignment design splits the 3D problem into 2D problems of horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, and cross-section. 2) Horizontal alignment consists of tangents and curves, which can include simple circular curves or spiral transition curves between tangents and circular sections. 3) Key properties of circular and spiral curves include radius, degree of curvature, length of curve, central angle, and equations to calculate these values.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    62 views22 pages

    Horizontal Curves

    Uploaded by

    De Silva Manimeldura Chandrasiri
    1) Highway alignment design splits the 3D problem into 2D problems of horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, and cross-section. 2) Horizontal alignment consists of tangents and curves, which can include simple circular curves or spiral transition curves between tangents and circular sections. 3) Key properties of circular and spiral curves include radius, degree of curvature, length of curve, central angle, and equations to calculate these values.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 22

    Geometric Design of Highways

    Highway Alignment is a three-dimensional problem


    Design & Construction would be difficult in 3-D so highway design is split into three 2-D problems Horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, cross-section

    Austin, TX

    Near Cincinnati, OH

    Components of Highway Design


    Horizontal Alignment Plan View

    Vertical Alignment
    Profile View

    Horizontal Alignment
    Todays Class: Components of the horizontal alignment Properties of a simple circular curve

    Horizontal Alignment

    Tangents

    Curves

    Tangents & Curves


    Tangent Curve Tangent to Circular Curve Tangent to Spiral Curve to Circular Curve

    Layout of a Simple Horizontal Curve


    R = Radius of Circular Curve BC = Beginning of Curve (or PC = Point of Curvature) EC = End of Curve (or PT = Point of Tangency) PI = Point of Intersection T = Tangent Length (T = PI BC = EC - PI) L = Length of Curvature (L = EC BC) M = Middle Ordinate E = External Distance C = Chord Length = Deflection Angle

    Properties of Circular Curves


    Degree of Curvature
    Traditionally, the steepness of the curvature is defined by either the radius (R) or the degree of curvature (D) In highway work we use the ARC definition Degree of curvature = angle subtended by an arc of length 100 feet

    Degree of Curvature
    Equation for D

    Degree of curvature = angle subtended by an arc of length 100 feet By simple ratio: D/360 = 100/2*Pi*R Therefore

    R = 5730 / D
    (Degree of curvature is not used with metric units because D is defined in terms of feet.)

    Length of Curve
    By simple ratio: D/ = ?
    D/ = 100/L L = 100 / D Therefore

    L = 100 / D Or (from R = 5730 / D, substitute for D = 5730/R) L = R / 57.30


    (D is not .)

    Properties of Circular Curves


    Other Formulas
    Tangent:
    Chord: Mid Ordinate: External Distance:

    T = R tan(/2)
    C = 2R sin(/2) M = R R cos(/2) E = R sec(/2) - R

    Spiral Curve
    A transition curve is sometimes used in horizontal alignment design It is used to provide a gradual transition between tangent sections and circular curve sections. Different types of transition curve may be used but the most common is the Euler Spiral.

    Properties of Euler Spiral (reference: Surveying: Principles and Applications, Kavanagh and Bird, Prentice Hall]

    Characteristics of Euler Spiral


    Degree of Curvature of a spiral at any point is proportional to its length at that point
    The spiral curve is defined by k the rate of increase in degree of curvature per station (100 ft)

    In other words,
    k = 100 D/ Ls

    Characteristics of Euler Spiral


    Degree of Curvature of a spiral at any point is proportional to its length at that point
    The spiral curve is defined by k the rate of increase in degree of curvature per station (100 ft)

    In other words,
    k = 100 D/ Ls

    Central (or Deflection) Angle of Euler Spiral


    As with circular curve the central angle is also important for spiral Recall for circular curve

    c = Lc D / 100
    But for spiral

    s = Ls D / 200
    The total deflection angle for a spiral/circular curve system is

    = c + 2 s

    Length of Euler Spiral

    Note: The total length of curve (circular plus spirals) is longer than the original circular curve by one spiral leg

    Example Calculation Spiral and Circular Curve


    The central angle for a curve is 24 degrees - the radius of the circular curve selected for the location is 1000 ft.

    Determine the length of the curve (with no spiral) L = 100 / D or L = R / 57.30 = 24*1000/57.30 = 418.8 ft
    R = 5730 / D >> D = 5.73 degree

    Example Calculation Spiral and Circular Curve


    The central angle for a curve is 24 degrees - the radius of the circular curve selected for the location is 1000 ft.

    If a spiral with central angle of 4 degrees is selected for use, determine the i) k for the spiral, ii) ii) length of each spiral leg, iii) iii) total length of curve

    s = 4 degrees

    s = Ls D / 200 >> 4 = Ls * 5.73/200 >> Ls = 139.6 ft


    k = 100 D/ Ls = 100 * 5.73/ 139.76 = 4.1 degree/100 feet
    Total Length of curve = length with no spiral + Ls = 418.8+139.76 = 558.4 feet

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