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    Etwork Nalysis AND Ynthesis

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    Beza W. Mekonnen
    Network analysis involves determining the response of a network given an excitation signal, while network synthesis is designing a network to produce a desired response for a given excitation. Signals can be described in both the time and frequency domains using transforms. Network analysis characterizes the excitation, response, and network, with the network described using concepts like linearity, passivity, reciprocity, causality, and time-invariance. Ideal models like amplifiers, differentiators, integrators and delays are useful. Network synthesis derives the network from a given transfer function relating excitation and response. Filter design is an important application that involves obtaining a realizable transfer function and realizing it with network elements.

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    Etwork Nalysis AND Ynthesis

    Uploaded by

    Beza W. Mekonnen
    64 views20 pages
    Network analysis involves determining the response of a network given an excitation signal, while network synthesis is designing a network to produce a desired response for a given excitation. Signals can be described in both the time and frequency domains using transforms. Network analysis characterizes the excitation, response, and network, with the network described using concepts like linearity, passivity, reciprocity, causality, and time-invariance. Ideal models like amplifiers, differentiators, integrators and delays are useful. Network synthesis derives the network from a given transfer function relating excitation and response. Filter design is an important application that involves obtaining a realizable transfer function and realizing it with network elements.

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    Chapter 1

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    Network analysis involves determining the response of a network given an excitation signal, while network synthesis is designing a network to produce a desired response for a given excitation. Signals can be described in both the time and frequency domains using transforms. Network analysis characterizes the excitation, response, and network, with the network described using concepts like linearity, passivity, reciprocity, causality, and time-invariance. Ideal models like amplifiers, differentiators, integrators and delays are useful. Network synthesis derives the network from a given transfer function relating excitation and response. Filter design is an important application that involves obtaining a realizable transfer function and realizing it with network elements.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    64 views20 pages

    Etwork Nalysis AND Ynthesis

    Uploaded by

    Beza W. Mekonnen
    Network analysis involves determining the response of a network given an excitation signal, while network synthesis is designing a network to produce a desired response for a given excitation. Signals can be described in both the time and frequency domains using transforms. Network analysis characterizes the excitation, response, and network, with the network described using concepts like linearity, passivity, reciprocity, causality, and time-invariance. Ideal models like amplifiers, differentiators, integrators and delays are useful. Network synthesis derives the network from a given transfer function relating excitation and response. Filter design is an important application that involves obtaining a realizable transfer function and realizing it with network elements.

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    NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

    Chapter 1 Introduction

    INTRODUCTION

    3 key words: Excitation, network and response

    Network Any structure containing interconnected elements.


    Circuit physical structure constructed from electrical components

    Network analysis:
    o

    Determining the response given the excitation and the network .


    To design the network given the excitation and the desired response .
    Excitation Network Response

    Network synthesis:
    o

    1.1 SIGNAL

    ANALYSIS

    For electric networks, excitation and response are given in terms of voltages and currents. These signals are a function of time and frequency. We use transforms (Fourier and Laplace) to transform from time domain to frequency domain and vice versa.

    HOW A SIGNAL IS DESCRIBED IN TERMS


    OF BOTH FREQUENCY AND TIME

    Example:

    s (t ) Ao Sin( wot o )

    1.2 NETWORK ANALYSIS

    Characterization of the excitation and response is only

    half of the problem.

    The other half is describing the network.

    BASIC DEFINITIONS
    Linear system

    A network is linear if and only if


    c1e1(t)
    System

    c1r1(t) c2r2(t)
    System

    c2e2(t) c1e1(t) +c2e2(t)

    System

    c1r1(t)+c2r2(t)

    i.e. if it satisfies proportionality

    the

    principle

    of

    superposition

    and

    BASIC DEFINITIONS
    Passive

    A linear network is passive if


    a) b)

    The energy delivered is non negative for any excitation. No voltages or currents appear between any two terminals before excitation is applied.

    Reciprocal

    A network is said to be reciprocal if when the point of excitation and response are interchanged, the relation between excitation and response remains the same.

    RECIPROCITY EXAMPLE
    I= 0.35294A

    Non-linear element

    I = 0.3798A

    I = 0.3397A

    The inclusion of controlled sources or active elements may also destroy reciprocity. A non-bilateral element, such as a diode, destroys reciprocity

    BASIC DEFINITIONS
    Causal

    A network is causal if the response is zero before any excitation.

    e(t ) 0

    for

    t T

    then r (t ) 0

    for

    t T

    Time invariant

    A network is time invariant if e(t ) r (t ) then e(t T ) r (t T ) i.e. a network that doesnt contain time variant components.

    IDEAL

    MODELS

    The following ideal models are useful in signal processing

    Amplifier Differentiator Integrator Time Delay

    r (t ) ke(t )
    d r (t ) e(t ) dt

    r (t ) e(t )dt

    r (t ) e(t T )

    IDEAL ELEMENTS

    The elements encountered most are resistor, capacitor and inductor. When the currents and voltages are given as a function of time

    v(t ) Ri(t ) di(t ) v(t ) L dt t 1 v(t ) i ( x)dx v(0) C0

    Resistor Inductor Capacitor

    IDEAL

    ELEMENTS

    In frequency domain, using Laplace transform

    1.3 NETWORK SYNTHESIS

    In network synthesis, we are given the excitation and

    response and we are required to synthesize the network


    from the system function.

    R( s) H (s) E ( s)

    The end points of elements are called terminals. A port is defined as any pair of two terminals into which energy is supplied, drawn or variables measured.

    DRIVING

    POINT SYNTHESIS and

    Deriving point immittance: the excitation response are taken from the same port.

    A driving point impedance is thus given as


    V (s) Z (s) I ( s)

    TWO PORT NETWORK

    Transfer function: excitation and response are taken from


    different ports.

    The transfer function can take different forms.

    Z 21 ( s )

    V2 ( s ) I1 ( s )

    V2 ( s ) H (s) V1 ( s )

    FILTER DESIGN

    One of the most important aspect of transfer function synthesis. A filter is defined as a network that passes a certain portion of a frequency and blocks the remainder of the spectrum.

    Ideal Low pass filter

    FILTER DESIGN

    1.

    Two aspects of filter design Obtaining a suitable and realizable transmittance H(s) given the specification. Realizing the transmittance H(S).

    2.

    FILTER DESIGN

    The first step is an approximation step. Because there are no ideal filters.

    End!

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