Session 2.1 Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing: avoiding plagiarism by putting ideas in your own words
Writing Club Session 2.1 December 13, 2012
Plagiarism
Definition: In an instructional setting, plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone elses language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source. (Council of Writing Program Administrators: Statement of Best Practices) In common practice: copying exact phrases or sentences from another source without putting the material in quotes (whether source is given or not) Never acceptable
Quoting
Definition: Placing previously published text in quotation marks and attributing the source material within your original work Try to avoid using more than 1-2 quotes in a paper. Use quotations from very well-known and classic examples of previous research. If the paper is not a top source, paraphrase instead A quote should be important enough to set off by itself, indentednot embedded in a paragraph
Summarizing
How to do it: Read many sources of previous literature on your topic. Put together the main ideas found in previous literature. Write up the main ideas in your own words. Cite all of your sources. Good!: shows that you have thought about the topic. Allows you to show what is different, new and unique about your own paper. Start with broad ideas and move to the smaller points
Synthesize
Definition: Combining two or more ideas together so that they form something new How to do it: Read many sources of previous literature on your topic. Pull out common ideas that may not be emphasized in previous literature: show the connections between them. Write this up in your own words. Cite all of your sources. Best: you are creating something new and thus contributing to the literature
Paraphrase
How to do it: A technique for putting other peoples ideas in your own words by writing them up in a different way, while attributing the idea to the original source and citing it Acceptable! Better than plagiarizing! Not as good as summarizing or synthesizing
Examples
From Weiss, E., Whelan, D. & Rao Gupta, G. 2000. Gender, sexuality and HIV: making a difference in the lives of young women in developing countries. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 15(3):233-245.
Plagiarism, paraphrasing, summary or synthesis?

Original text, p. 234: This paper will illustrate that the power imbalance characteristic of gender relations among adults with women having less access to critical resources than menhas many of its roots in childhood and adolescence. My paper: In their 2000 paper, Weiss et al. argue that unequal gender relationships in adulthood stem from interactions during adolescence and childhood (Weiss et al., 2000).

Original text, p. 234: This paper will illustrate that the power imbalance characteristic of gender relations among adults with women having less access to critical resources than menhas many of its roots in childhood and adolescence. My paper: The power imbalance characteristic of gender relations has its roots in adolescence. Women have less access to resources than men.

Original text, p. 234: This paper will illustrate that the power imbalance characteristic of gender relations among adults with women having less access to critical resources than menhas many of its roots in childhood and adolescence. My paper: While some have argued that inequality between men and women is the driver behind young womens risk behavior, this paper argues that other cultural forces may have more impact (Weiss et al., 2000)

Original text, p. 234: This paper will illustrate that the power imbalance characteristic of gender relations among adults with women having less access to critical resources than menhas many of its roots in childhood and adolescence. My paper: Some sexuality researchers make the case that gender relations are a key element in the likelihood that young women take sexual risks (Weiss et al., 2000, Dixon-Mueller, 2009).
Some tips for paraphrasing
How to paraphrase
First try to write the idea in your own words. It may come out differently from the text; thats good! The idea that you want to cite from the article may not be exactly the same; in this case, summarize broader ideas and synthesize If you really need to use someones idea:
Change the order of the sentence Change the verbs Change other words if possible Cite the original article. Include the page number, even if you do not quote directly, if the idea is very close to the original

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Paraphrasing: avoiding plagiarism by putting ideas in your own words

Writing Club Session 2.1 December 13, 2012

Plagiarism, paraphrasing, summary or synthesis?

Plagiarism, paraphrasing, summary or synthesis?

Plagiarism, paraphrasing, summary or synthesis?

Plagiarism, paraphrasing, summary or synthesis?

Some tips for paraphrasing

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