BASIC OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ROLLING STREAM
Date. 15.12.10

Topics for Discussion

Introduction
AC & DC Current

Various measures of producing Voltage

Imp terms & Formulae Power & Control Circuit

Transformer
Motor LT switchgear Drives PLC

Introduction

Alternating Current (A.C.)

Alternating Current (A.C.):The current or voltage which alternates its direction and magnitude every time. Nowadays 95% of the total energy is produced, transmitted and distributed in A.C. supply.

Advantages of A.C. over D.C.: More voltage can be generated than D.C.(up to 33KV when DC, 650V only) AC voltage can be stepped up/down with the help of transformer. AC transmission and distribution is more economical, as line material(say copper) can be saved by transmitting power at higher voltages. AC motors for the same h.p. as of DC motors are cheaper, lighter in weight, require lesser space and require lesser attention in operation and maintenance. AC can be converted in DC easily, when and where required but DC can not be converted to AC so easily and it will not be economical.

Direct Current (D.C.)

Direct Current (D.C.):The current or voltage does not change its direction and magnitude and is steady at all times. The cells, accumulators and dynamos or generators give pure DC.

Even we produce 95% of electrical energy as AC, but we can not forget the DC for its following merits: DC series motor are more suitable for traction purposes in tramway, railways, cranes and lifts. For electroplating, electrolytic and electrochemical processes(battery charging etc.,) DC is required. Arc lamps for search lights and cinema projects work on DC. DC Arc welding is better than AC. Relays and operating time switches,etc., and circuit-breakers, DC work more efficiently. In rolling mills, paper mills where fine speed and torque control with high h.p. is required, DC motors are required

Methods of Producing Voltage

Electrochemistry - Combining chemicals with certain metals causes a chemical reaction that transfers electrons. Example: A battery can maintain a potential difference between its positive and Negative terminals by chemical action

Static electricity - When an object with a normally neutral charge loses electrons, due to friction, and comes in contact with another object having a normal charge, an electric charge is exerted between the two objects. Magnetic induction - Rotating coils of wire through a stationary magnetic field or by rotating a magnetic field through a stationary coil of wire produces a potential. This is one of the most useful and widely employed applications of producing vast quantities of electric power. Piezoelectric effect - Bending or twisting certain materials will cause electrons to Drive out of orbit in the direction of the force. Example: Load Cells.

Conductors, insulators, and electron flow

Conductors Conductors are materials with electrons that are loosely bound to their atoms, or materials that permit free motion of a large number of electrons. Atoms with only one valence electron, such as copper, silver, and gold, are examples of good conductors. Most metals are good conductors.

Insulators Insulators, or nonconductors, are materials with electrons that are tightly bound to their atoms and require large amounts of energy to free them from the influence of the nucleus. The atoms of good insulators have their valence shells filled with eight electrons, which means they are more than half filled. Any energy applied to such an atom will be distributed among a relatively large number of electrons. Examples of insulators are rubber, plastics, glass, and dry wood. Resistors Resistors are made of materials that conduct electricity, but offer opposition to current flow. These types of materials are also called semiconductors because they are neither good conductors nor good insulators. Semiconductors have more than one or two electrons in their valence shells, but less than seven or eight. Examples of semiconductors are carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. Each has four valence electrons.

Imp. Definitions & Formulae

Imp. Definitions & Formulae

Imp. Definitions & Formulae

Kirchoffs Law

Kirchoffs Law

AC Power System

AC Power System

Electrical Circuits

Capex Report for the month of OCT_10 Electrical Symbols

Control circuits

Power & Control circuit

Power & Control circuit

Transformer

Transformer

Motors

Motors
MOTOR PROTECTION
Motor protection safeguards the motor, the supply system and personnel from various operating conditions of the driven load, the supply system or the motor itself.

Over current Protection

Over current protection interrupts the electrical circuit to the motor upon excessive current demand on the supply system from either short circuits or ground faults. Overcurrent protection is required to protect personnel, the motor branch circuit conductors, control equipment, and motor from these high currents. Overcurrent protection is usually provided in the form of fuses or circuit breakers. These devices operate when a short circuit, ground fault or an extremely heavy overload occurs. Most over current sources produce extremely large currents very quickly.

LT Switch Gear
Overload Protection Overload protection is installed in the motor circuit and/or motor to protect the motor from damage from mechanical overload conditions when it is operating/running.
The effect of an overload is an excessive rise in temperature in the motor windings due to current higher than full load current. Properly sized overload protection disconnects the motor from the power supply when the heat generated in the motor circuit or windings approaches a damaging level for any reason. The larger the overload, the more quickly the temperature will increase to a point that is damaging to the insulation and lubrication of the motor. Unlike common instantaneous type fuses and breakers, overload devices are designed to allow high currents to flow briefly in the motor to allow for: Typical motor starting currents of 6 to 8 times normal running current when starting. Overload protection trips when an overload exists for more than a short time. The time it takes for an overload to trip depends on the type of overload device, length of time the overload exists, and the ambient temperature in which the overloads are located.

LT Switch Gear
Other Motor Protection Devices Low Voltage Protection Low Voltage Disconnects - Protection device operates to disconnect the motor when the supply voltage drops below a preset value. The motor must be manually restarted upon resumption of normal supply voltage. Low Voltage Release - Protection device interrupts the circuit when the supply voltage drops below a preset value and re-establishes the circuit when the supply voltage returns to normal. Phase Failure Protection Interrupts the power in all phases of a three-phase circuit upon failure of any one phase. Normal fusing and overload protection may not adequately protect a polyphase motor from damaging single phase operation. Without this protection, the motor will continue to operate if one phase is lost. Large currents can be developed in the remaining stator circuits which eventually burn out.. Phase failure protection is the only effective way to protect a motor properly from single phasing. Ground Fault Protection Operates when one phase of a motor shorts to ground preventing high currents from damaging the stator windings and the iron core. Other Motor Protection Devices Bearing Temperature Monitors & Protection Winding Temperature Monitors & Protection Devices Current Differential Relays (Phase Unbalance) Vibration Monitors & Protection

LT Switch Gear
Fuse : A fuse is a short piece of metal, inserted in the circuit, which melts when excessive current flows through it and thus breaks the circuits. Circuit Breakers: A circuit breaker is a piece of equipment which can (i) Make or break a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal conditions. (ii) Break a circuit automatically under fault conditions . (iii) Make a circuit either manually or by remote control under fault conditions. Protective Relays : A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.

LT Switch Gear
Time-Delay (Dual Element) Fuses These are generally dual element fuses with both thermal and instantaneous trip features that allow the motor starting current to flow for a short time without blowing the fuse. Time delay fuses can also be used to provide some degree of overload protection which standard fuses cannot. The time delay fuses to be sized up to a maximum of 175% of a motors FLA for overcurrent protection. Time-delay fuses will hold 500% of their amp rating for 10 seconds which will allow most motors to start without opening the circuit. Under normal conditions, a 100-amp time-delay fuse will start any motor with a locked-rotor current rating of 500 amps or less.

LT Switch Gear
Inverse Time Circuit Breakers Inverse time circuit breakers have both thermal and instantaneous trip features and are preset to trip at standardized levels. This is the most common type of circuit breaker used in the building trades for residential, commercial, and heavy construction.

The thermal action of this circuit breaker responds to heat. If a motors ventilation inlets and outlets are not adequate to dissipate heat from the windings of the motor, the heat will be detected by the thermal action of the circuit breaker. If a short should occur, the magnetic action of the circuit breaker will detect the instantaneous values of current and trip the circuit breaker. The National Electrical Code requires inverse time circuit breakers to be sized to a maximum of 250% of the motor FLA.

LT Switch Gear
Motor Overload Protection Motors larger than 1 horsepower must be provided separate motor overload protection devices. The most common devices typically used include: 1) magnetic or thermal overload devices 2) electronic overload relays 3) Fuses Magnetic & Thermal Overloads Overload devices are usually located in the motors starter and connected in series with the motors electrical supply circuit and can be operated by either magnetic or thermal action.

The same amount of current passes through the overload relay and the motor. If the current or heat through the overload device is higher than the devices rating, it trips and shuts down the electric power to the motor.
Thermal Overload Relays A thermal overload relay is an electro-mechanical relay that is operated by heat developed in the relay. When the level of current in a circuit reaches a preset value, the increased temperature opens a set of contacts. The increased temperature opens the contacts through a bimetallic strip or by melting an alloy that activates a mechanism that opens the contacts. Two types include melting alloy and the bi-metallic strip.

LT Switch Gear
Melting-Alloy Thermal Overload Relays: These are probably the most popular type of overload protection.

The motor current passes through a small heater winding and under overload conditions, the heat causes a special solder to melt allowing a ratchet wheel to spin thus opening the control circuit contacts. Must be reset by hand operation. Heater coil and solder pot in one unit non-tamperable

LT Switch Gear
Bimetallic Thermal Overload Relays:
This design uses a bimetal strip associated with a current-carrying heater coil. When an overload occurs, the heat causes the bimetal to deflect and actuate a tripping mechanism which opens a set of contacts in the control circuit interrupting power to the coil and opening the power contacts. Most relays are adjustable over a range from 85% to 115% of their value. They are available with ambient compensation. An ambient compensated devices trip point is not affected by ambient temperature and performs consistently at the same value of current.

Electronic Overloads
Electronic overloads sense the load current and the heating effect on the motor is computed. If an overload condition exists, the sensing circuit interrupts the power circuit. The tripping current can be adjusted to suit the particular application. Electronic overloads often perform additional protective functions such as ground fault and phase loss protection.

Fuses
Fuses have limited application as the primary means of overload protection for motors but can be effectively used to provide back up overload protection. Their basic function is to protect against short circuits and ground faults. If sized to provide overload protection, they would blow when the motor starts due to high motor inrush current. Dual-element fuses can provide motor overload protection, but they have to be replaced when they blow which can be a disadvantage. There is a risk of single-phasing damage to the motor when only one fuse blows unless single-phase protection is provided.

Drive Basic

TORQUE REF

TORQUE REF SELECTOR

CURRENT ACTUAL FORMING

FIELD CURRENT CONTROL SPEED REF. VIA CTRL PANEL RAMP GEN. SPEED CONTROL FILRING UNIT POWER

CURRENT LIMITER EMF REF A LOCAL/REM D SPEED REF. EMF F/B ENCODER SPEED ACTUAL SCALING EXITER

T.G.

AC Drives

DC Drives
DC Motors are used extensively in adjustable-speed drives and position control applications. There are two Control in the DC Drives Armature-Voltage control : Field flux control :

Speed below base speed can be controlled by armature voltage control

Speed above base speed are obtained by field-flux control. As speed control methods for dc motors are simpler and less expensive than those for ac motors,dc motors are preferred where wide speed control range is required. Depending upon the type of ac Source or the Method of voltage control,dc Drives are classified as under : 1. 2. 3. Single phase dc drives Three phase dc drives Chopper drives.

AC Drives

PLC

How Tube Lights are Made

The process begins with glass tubes that are cleaned so that no foreign particles remain. The tubes are shape
with a flame, called a folder's shaper. They are heated for thirty seconds and then shaped mechanically. A thin coat of phosphorous is applied to the inner part of the tube. The cathode mount is inserted into the tube end, and the tube is sealed at high temperature. The tubing is then emptied of air, and mercury is added to the tube. A tube cap is then sealed onto the tube.

Light:
Light is produced when electricity is passed through the phosphorous, which creates an ionization of the mercury inside the tube. The filament in the cathode mount fires when electricity is put through it, shooting electrons through the tubing. The tubing creates an ionization avalanche, which reaches the tiny drop of mercury in the tube. The mercury reacts to the electrons and begins to glow.

Fluorescent light
A fluorescent light does not have the usual glowing filament of an incandescent bulb, but instead contains a mercury vapor that gives off ultraviolet light when ionized. The ultraviolet light makes particles that coat the inside of the tube, and these particles glow or fluoresce Fluorescent starters are used in several types of fluorescent lights. The starter is there to help the lamp light. When voltage is applied to the fluorescent lamp, here's what happens: 1.The starter (which is simply a timed switch) allows current to flow through the filaments at the ends of the tube

2.The current causes the starter's contacts to heat up and open, thus interrupting the flow of current. The tube lights.

3.Since the lighted fluorescent tube has a low resistance, the ballast now serves as a current
Working :

limiter.

When you turn on a fluorescent tube, the starter is a closed switch. The filaments at the ends of the tube are heated by electricity, and they create a cloud of electrons inside the tube. The fluorescent starter is a time delay switch that opens after a second or two. When it opens, the voltage across the tube allows a stream of electrons to flow across the tube and ionize the mercury vapor. Without the starter, a steady stream of electrons is never created between the two filaments, and the lamp flickers. Without the ballast, the arc is a short circuit between the filaments, and this short circuit contains a lot of current. The current either vaporizes the filaments or causes the bulb to explode.

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