ELECTIVE I

BASIC ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER SERVICING

Capacitor (capacitance)

A capacitor is a passive electronic component that stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field. In its simplest form, a capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric. The capacitance is directly proportional to the surface areas of the plates, and is inversely proportional to the separation between the plates. Capacitance also depends on the dielectric constant of the substance separating the plates. The standard unit of capacitance is the farad, abbreviated. This is a large unit; more common units are the microfarad, abbreviated F (1 F =10-6F) and the picofarad, abbreviated pF (1 pF = 10-12 F). Capacitors can be fabricated onto integrated circuit (IC)chips. They are commonly used in conjunction with transistors in dynamic random access memory (DRAM). The capacitors help maintain the contents of memory. Because of their tiny physical size, these components have low capacitance. They must be recharged thousands of times per second or the DRAM will lose its data.

Electrolytic Capacitor - 0.47F - Earthshine Electronics

How Capacitor Works

Electronics Components :: Capacitor

Polypropylene Film Capacitor (MKP/X2 capacitor)

Ceramic Capacitor

Transistor

A transistor is a small electronic device that can cause changes in a large electrical output signal by small changes in a small input signal. That is, a weak input signal can be amplified (made stronger) by a transistor. For example, very weak radio signals in the air can be picked up by a wire antenna and processed by transistor amplifiers until they are strong enough to be heard by the human ear

Electronic Symbols
Resistor Variable

resistor

Capacitor
Variable Coil

capacitor

or Inductor

 Diode
Zener Loud

diode

speaker oscillator

Crystal

Transistor

 Transformer Fuse Relay Battery Microphone Posistor

 Transformer Fuse Relay Battery Microphone Posistor

PC Maintenance & Troubleshooting

Course Objectives:

General

This course will develop essential troubleshooting and problem diagnosis skills for common personal computer systems. Course work will focus on configuration, installation, upgrade, preventative maintenance and troubleshooting of personal computer system and network.

Specific Objectives: Identify tools, diagnostic procedures and troubleshooting techniques for personal computers; Perform preventive maintenance on personal computers; Identify the fundamentals of using operating systems; Install, configure, optimize and upgrade operating systems; Identify tools, diagnostic procedures and troubleshooting techniques for operating systems; Perform preventive maintenance on operating systems; Identify the fundamental principles of networks; Install, configure, optimize and upgrade networks;

 Identify tools, diagnostic procedures and troubleshooting techniques for networks; Identify the fundamental principles of security; Install, configure, optimize and upgrade security; Identify tools, diagnostic procedures and troubleshooting techniques for security; Describe the aspects and importance of safety and environmental issues; Identify potential hazards and implement proper safety procedures; Identify proper disposal procedures on computer components; Develop good communication skills and including listening and tact/discretion when communicating with customers and colleagues; and Develop job-related professional behavior including notation of privacy, confidentiality and respect for customer and customers property

Course Topics

I.

Basics of Installing, Configuring, Optimizing and Upgrading Operating Systems II. Understanding Operating Systems III. Operating System Troubleshooting and Diagnostic Procedures IV. Basic Aspects of Troubleshooting V. Networking VI. Security VII. Safety and Environmental Issues VIII. Professionalism and Communication

I.

Basics of Installing, Configuring, Optimizing and Upgrading Operating Systems

Installing
objectives

for installing, upgrading, configuring, and optimizing Windows 2000 or Windows XP involve understanding a variety of scenarios for each of these areas. In this chapter you will explore these scenarios, such as preparing for a clean installation of Windows versus preparing for an upgrade, performing an attended installation versus performing an unattended installation, post-installation tasks, and areas of Windows that you can optimize for better performance.

Installing Windows
Installing a new operating system is not a one-step process. In fact, it occurs in three stages. In the first stage you perform necessary tasks before the installation begins, the second stage is the actual installation, and the final stage includes follow-up tasks. In this section, you will learn the necessary tasks for the first two stages when installing the Windows 2000 and Windows XP operating systems.

Prepare to Install Windows

to install Windows 2000 or Windows XP Professional by ensuring hardware requirements are met, verifying hardware and software compatibility, determining how to boot into the Windows setup program, and finally, taking the time to understand the difference between activation and registration and how to handle both tasks when it comes time to do them during installation.

Hardware Requirements

Neither

Windows 2000 nor Windows XP is a small operating systemin terms of disk space needed for storage, and the CPU and RAM needed to run it and the supported programs. The published minimum requirements are not just about compatibility, but about quantity and power; it takes a modern CPU to run these operating systems well.

Verify Hardware and Software Compatibility

The

Setup programs for both Windows 2000 and Windows XP include a compatibility test of your hardware (clean installation) or hardware and software (upgrade installation).

Disk Preparation
To

prepare a hard disk for use, you must first partition it and then format it. Partitioning is the act of creating a partition, also called a volume, which is a portion of a hard disk that can contain both a file system and a logical drive. You assign a drive letter to a partitioned volume, and then you must format it before it is usable. The formatting process is what places the logical structure of a file system on the volume. you install Windows 2000 or XP on an unpartitioned hard disk, the Setup program will automatically prompt you to create a partition. You can do both partitioning and formatting during the installation process.

If

Disk

File System Selection

file system is the means an operating system uses to organize information on disks. Windows 2000 and Windows XP support several file systems, including FAT16, FAT32, and NTFS. Unless you have a special reason for selecting one of the older file systems, you should choose the NTFS file system during installation.

The FAT16 file system

first file system to be used on a Microsoft operating system was the FAT system, which uses a file allocation table. The file allocation table is actually an index which lists the content of the disk in order to record the location of the files on it. Since the blocks making up a file are not always stored contiguously on the disk (a phenomenon called fragmentation), the allocation table allows the file system structure to be maintained by creating links to the blocks making up the file

The FAT32 file system

appearance of the FAT32 file system, the maximum number of clusters per partition went increased from 65535 to 268,435,455 (228-1). FAT32 thus allows much bigger partitions (up to 8 terabytes). Although the maximum theoretical size of a FAT32 partition is 8 TB, Microsoft has voluntarily limited it to 32 GB on Windows 9x systems to promote NTFS Since a FAT32 partition can contain many more clusters than a FAT16 partition, it is possible to reduce significantly the size of the clusters and thereby also limit wasted disk space.

NTFS (New Technology File System)

Is

a file system that was introduced by Microsoft in 1993 with Windows NT 3.1. NTFS supports hard drive sizes up to 256TB. NTFS is the primary file system used in Microsoft's Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000 and Windows NT operating systems. The Windows Server line of operating systems also primarily use NTFS.

Installation Startup and Source Locations

Installation Startup and Source Locations

You can start the Windows 2000 or Windows XP Setup program in two ways. 1. ) By booting into setup from diskette 2. ) By CD, 3. ) Or you can initiate it without a boot up by calling up the WINNT.EXE (from MS-DOS) or WINNT32.EXE (from Windows)

Floppy diskette

CD (Compact Disk)

MS DOS

Boot Media

When installing Windows on a new computer that does not have an OS on the hard drive, you will need to boot into the Setup program. How you do this depends on the computer.

CD
The

Windows XP CDs are bootable, and Microsoft no longer includes a program to create a set of setup boot disks. This should not be an issue, because PCs manufactured in the last few years have the ability to boot from CD-ROM. This is a system BIOS setting, usually described as boot order, controlled through a PCs BIOS-based setup program. While we dont recommend that you modify the system settings on your computer, if you want to boot from the installation CD and find you cannot, you will need to configure the System settings of the PC so you can boot from a CD.

Floppy
In the unlikely event that you cannot configure a PC to boot from CD, you can boot into setup from diskette. Windows 2000 has four setup boot diskettes. Windows XP does not come with setup boot diskettes. Therefore, if you must boot Setup from floppies, you must create a set of six (yes, six!) Windows XP setup boot disks using a program downloaded from Microsofts Web site. If you find that you cannot install from the local optical drive and do not have a floppy drive, consider using an external USB floppy drive. Unless the computer is very old, it will have USB ports, and you should be able to configure the computer to boot from the floppy drive. This will also give you a floppy drive that you can move from computer to computer, as needed.

Floppy

Note:
If

you need to create the setup boot diskettes for Windows XP, connect to www.microsoft.com and search on 310994. This is the number of an article titled How to obtain Windows XP Setup Boot disks that explains how to create the disks and provides links for several versions of the program to create them.

Network Installation
It

is possible to install Windows over a network from a server. A network installation can involve an image installation, an attended installation, or an unattended installation. Any of these network installation methods requires quite a bit of prep work. Here we will describe the steps required for either an attended or unattended network installation. Later, we will address an over-the-network image installation. prepare for an attended or unattended network installation, first, copy the Windows source files into a shared folder on the server, then configure the client computer to boot up and connect to the server, and finally start the setup program itself. The actual steps for doing this are extensive, often requiring trained personnel and testing of the procedure.

To

Attended Windows Installation

are two main methods of installation: attended and unattended. An installation of Windows XP requires the input of certain unique information for each computer. During an attended installation of Windows 2000 or Windows XP, also called a manual installation, you must pay attention throughout the entire process to provide information and to respond to messages. Installing Windows 2000 or Windows XP is simple. The Windows Setup Wizard guides you through every step of the process. The onscreen directions are correct and clear, and you will need to make very few decisions. If you are in doubt about a setting, pressing ENTER will likely perform the correct action by selecting a default setting.

Overall,

the installation process takes about an hour, and you spend most of that time watching the screen. Feel free to walk away as the installation is taking place, because if it needs input the installation program will stop and wait until you click the correct buttons.

Manual Installation

Following Installation Wizard

Gathering Information
Before

you begin an attended installation from a retail version of Windows, gather the information you will need, including the following:

The

Product ID code from the envelope or jewel case of the Windows CD A 15-character (or less) name, unique on your network, for your computer The name of the workgroup or domain the computer will join A password for the Administrator account on your computer The necessary network configuration informationask your network administrator

OS Installer CD

Product ID Information

Install Window XP

Begin the Installation

Insert the Windows XP CD and restart your computer. If prompted to start from the CD, press SPACEBAR.

2.

On the Welcome Page 3. On the Welcome to Setup page, press ENTER.

On the Licensing Agreement page

On the Licensing Agreement page, read the licensing agreement. Then press F8.

Delete the existing partition

Press D, and then press L when prompted to deletes your existing data.

Partition Selection
6.

Press ENTER to select Unpartitioned space, which appears by default.

Format the Partition

Press ENTER again to select Format the partition using the NTFS file system.

Formatting
8.

Windows XP format the hard drive and then copies the setup files.

Select Regional and Language Options

After select, click NEXT.

Personalize your Win XP

Type your name and your organization name, click NEXT.

Type in your Product Key

Find your product key from the CD case, type in and click NEXT.

Type in Computer Name & Administrator password

After type in, remember to write the password down, click NEXT.

On the Date and Time Settings page

Set your computers clock. Then select your time zone, click NEXT.

Networking Settings
14.

Select Typical Settings, click NEXT.

On the Workgroup or Computer Domain page

Display Settings

Monitor Settings
17.

Click OK if you can read the text.

18.

Welcome to Microsoft Windows page

Protect your PC
19.

Click Help protect my PC by turning on Automatic Updates now. Click Next

Check the Internet Connection

Check the Internet Connection Method

Activate Windows
22.

Click Yes, if you are connected to the Internet. Neither Click No.

Register with Microsoft

Click YES to register

Collecting Registration Information

Complete the form. Then click NEXT.

Type in Users Name

Complete the Installation

General OS Troubleshooting Process

operating system problems involves the same steps as any other logical troubleshooting procedure. The steps are just adapted to fit the structure of the operating system. Analyze the symptoms displayed, isolate the error conditions, correct the problem, and test the repair.

As

with suspected hardwarerelated problems, begin troubleshooting startup and other operating system problems by talking to the person who reported the problem. that one of your first tasks is to eliminate the user as a possible cause of the problem. In particular, you should determine whether the user has changed something such as hardware components or operating system configurations since the last time the system successfully booted.

Remember

Troubleshooting Startup Problems

only a few problems can occur during the startup process of a disk-based computer. These problems include the following: Hardware problems Configuration problems Bootup (or OS startup) problems Loading failure of the operating system desktop GUI

Common OS Operational Problems

the system has reached a stable desktop display and the user has logged in, problems occurring in the system move into a category of problems called operational problems. These problems tend to manifest themselves in the following areas: Optional devices not checked by the system POST Applications Installing and Starting Printing operations Networking operations

Using Remote Desktop/Assistance

the remote user is accessing the remote computer, its desktop is locked down and local access by other users is not possible, except by an administrator. Users with administrative privileges can log on locally during the remote session. However, the remote session will be terminated.

Configuring

the Remote Desktop Function You must configure the Remote Desktop function in two parts: First, configure the remote target computer to accept Remote Desktop connections. Second, configure the local computer with Remote Desktop Connections or Terminal Services client software.

Computer Unit
System

unit

Monitor
Mouse Keyboard Avr

System Unit
The system unit, also known as a "tower" or "chassis," is the main part of a desktop computer. It includes the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and other components. The system unit also includes the case that houses the internal components of the computer.

System Unit

Hard Disk
Hard Disk when you save data or install programs on your computer, the information is typically written to your hard disk. The hard disk is a spindle of magnetic disks, called platters, that record and store information. Because the data is stored magnetically, information recorded to the hard disk remains intact after you turn your computer off. This is an important distinction between the hard disk and RAM, or memory, which is reset when the computer's power is turned off.

Motherboard
The motherboard is the main circuit board of your computer and is also known as the mainboard or logic board. If you ever open your computer, the biggest piece of silicon you see is the motherboard. Attached to the motherboard, you'll find the CPU, ROM, memory RAM expansion slots, PCI slots, and USB ports. It also includes controllers for devices like the hard drive, DVD drive, keyboard, and mouse. Basically, the motherboard is what makes everything in your computer work together.

Memory
Just

like humans, computers rely a lot on memory. They need to process and store data, just like we do. However, computers store data in digital format, which means the information can always be called up exactly the way it was stored. Also, unlike our memory, the computer's memory doesn't get worse over time. memory can refer to any medium of data storage, it usually refers to RAM, or random access memory. When your computer boots up, it loads the operating system into its memory, or RAM. This allows your computer to access system functions, such as handling mouse clicks and keystrokes, since the event handlers are all loaded into RAM. Whenever you open a program, the interface and functions used by that program are also loaded

While

CPU
Stands for "Central Processing Unit." This is the pretty much the brain of your computer. It processes everything from basic instructions to complex functions. Any time something needs to be computed, it gets sent to the CPU. Every day, it's compute this, compute that -- you'd think the CPU would need a break after awhile. But no -- it just keeps on processing. The CPU can also be referred to simply as the "processor."

CPU Heatsink and Fan

Power Supply
A power supply is a hardware component that supplies power to an electrical device. It receives power from an electrical outlet and converts the current from AC (alternating current) to DC (direct current), which is what the computer requires. It also regulates the voltage to an adequate amount, which allows the computer to run smoothly without overheating. The power supply an integral part of any computer and must function correctly for the rest of the components to work.

Video Card
Most of the processing done on a computer is done via the computer's central processing unit, or CPU. So in order to give the CPU a break and help it run more efficiently, a video card can be used to process the graphics portion of the processing load. Because most of today's programs are graphically oriented, the video card can help almost any program run more efficiently. However, the difference in performance is especially noticeable in image editing applications and 3D games.

CD-Rom
Stands for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory." A CD-ROM is a CD that can be read by a computer with an optical drive. The "ROM" part of the term means the data on the disc is "readonly," or cannot altered or erased. Because of this feature and their large capacity, CD-ROMs are a great media format for retail software. The first CDROMs could hold about 600 MB of data, but now they can hold up to 700 MB. CD-ROMs share the same technology as audio CDs, but they are formatted differently, allowing them to store many types of data.