Brachycera 08

Blood sucking flies Non-blood sucking flies Myiasis
by: DR.dr. Teguh W Sardjono, DTM&H, MSc dr. Agustin Iskandar, MKes
Order Diptera - Flies

Complete metamorphosis One functional pair of wings
Hind wings haltares
Antennae structure
important in classification
Suborder Nematocera Suborder Brachycera Suborder Cyclorrhapha
Suborder Brachycera
Larvae have incomplete retractile head
Aquatic
Pupa free or enclosed in puparium Adult large Antennae short

3-segmented and third segment may have annular ring
Suborder Cyclorrhapha
Larvae headless with mouth hooks Pupa enclosed in puparium Adult medium size Antennae short, 3segmented and third segment has arista
Subordo: Brachycera
Charactheristics: fairly large, stout, two winged flies, short antenna with 3 segmented, the 3rd segment is enlarged, annulated or have brystle Piercing & sucking mouth part Composed of 14 families, only family Tabaniidae have medical importance
1. Tabanus (Horse fly, Deer fly)

- Head : big, semilunar, big eye, antenna is shorter than head - Thorax: stout, 1 pair wing, 3 pairs leg - Abdomen: posseses 7 segments, broud and stout, flattened dorsoventrally.
Tabanus
Life cycle : Holometabolous metamorphose 9 months to 2 years (usually 1 year) The eggs are laid over mud or water or overhanging vegetation or stones larvae ( predator for mosquitoes larvae) pupae adult
Chrysops
Notice : Antenna is longer than the head Medical importance : IH of Loa loa Wings : band form
Suborder Brachycera
Breeding places aquatic
Eggs are laid on vegetation overhanging water Larvae drop into water or mud and are predacious on other insect larvae Mature larvae move to drier soil and pupate
Feeding - usually near breeding sites

Female only is a blood feeder Interrupted feeding due to painful bite (host irritation) Daylight feeders only Mammals and reptiles (not birds)
Suborder Cyclorrapha Higher Dipterans

Antennae
3 segments with arista on 3rd segment
Spongiform mouthparts
Usually soft and fleshy
Labium modified into a sponging pad (labellum) Mandibles and maxillae vestigle
Blood sucking mouthparts

Labium is "hardened" and now is a piercing structure (proboscis)
Suborder Cyclorrapha
Six families of importance which are divided into 2 subgroups
Blood feeding
Family Muscidae (in part) - stable fly, horn fly, tsetse fly
Nuisance and myiasis

Family Muscidae (in part) - house fly, face fly Family Sarcophagidae - flesh fly Family Calliphoridae - bottle fly, screw worm fly Family Oestridae - sheep bot fly Family Hypodermatidae - warble fly (cattle grub)
Fam. Muscidae
1. Non blood sucking muscid

Musca domestica
Characteristics : cyclorraphous antennae, arista with hairs, retractile proboscis, thorax: 4 longitudinal strips, characteristic wing vein( vein 4 bends sharply to join the costa close to vein 3) holometabolous metamorphosis( 2
weeks)
Egg larvae (I IV) pupae adult Medical importance : - mechanical vector - Myiasis
Fannia:
Similar with M domestica Smaller than Musca domestica (67mm) The difference : - wing venation - bare arista Life cycle : 1 2 weeks
in thorax ) F. scalaris ( 2 longitudinal strips in thorax )
F. canicularis ( 3 longitudinal strips
Not tend to alight in human food not considered to be as serious medical importance
Muscina
Similar with Musca domestica, but larger. The difference : wing venation (the 4th vein is clearly separated from the 3rd at the wing margin) Life cycle : 1 month Medical importance : less significance because not so closely associated with foodstuffs, except Muscina
stabulans.
2. Blood sucking muscid

2.1 Glossina ( tsetse flies) - elongated, yellowish to blackbrown flies - forwardly projecting proboscis - characteristically wing venation - antenna : 3rd segment is banana shaped, arista caharacterised by branched hairs in upper surface - wing venation : the 4th and 5th vein described as hatchet - in resting position : the wing look like a pair of scissors
Life cycle : 2 3 months Medical importance : biological vector of Trypanosomiasis
2.2 Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly/dog fly)

Life cycle - approximately 3 weeks
Eggs laid in manure/straw, decaying vegetation (lawn clippings), sea weed Bimodal spring and fall population peaks
Feeding habits
likes light (sun) and stays outdoors Feeds 1 or 2 times a day and inflicts painful bite Interrupted feeder and both sexes feed on blood Problem where animals congregate
Barns, corrals, dairy, feedlot
Characteristics : - about same size with musca, dark grey colour flies - 4 brown longitudinal bands on the thorax -a slender, elongate, rigid , non retractile proboscis Both male and female are sucking blood Medical importance : - not transmitter of any infection - irritation caused by its biting activities
Metallic Calliphorinae
Chrysomyia:
Importance species : Chrysomyia bezziana: 8 12mm Green or blue green metallic flies Colour of face : yellow Squama: hairly The dorsal bristle on the thorax (-) Larvae: cause myiasis (Obligate parasit of the living tissues )
Lucillia:

Green bottles Colour of face : white Squama: bare The dorsal bristle on the thorax (+) Larvae : not obligatory parasite of living tissue,normally breed in carrion,some species have been reported as infesting wounds of human (L.serricata, L.cuprina)
Callitroga :
C.americana,C.macellaria
- An obligatory parasite of living tissue New world Screw worm - Blue to blue green flies - Dorsal bristle of thorax is poorly - Squamae is hairlylike Chrysomyia bezziana
Subfamily Sarcophaginae:
Large grey flies (8 15 mm) 2 genus :Wohlfahrtia
Parasarcophaga
Longitudinal black markings on the thorax Chess pattern on the abdomen Larviparous Occasionally cause myiasis Usually breed in carrion or in human and animal excreta

Brachycera 08

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Blood sucking flies Non-blood sucking flies Myiasis

Order Diptera - Flies

Suborder Nematocera Suborder Brachycera Suborder Cyclorrhapha

Pupa free or enclosed in puparium Adult large Antennae short

1. Tabanus (Horse fly, Deer fly)

Feeding - usually near breeding sites

Suborder Cyclorrapha Higher Dipterans

Blood sucking mouthparts

Nuisance and myiasis

1. Non blood sucking muscid

in thorax ) F. scalaris ( 2 longitudinal strips in thorax )

F. canicularis ( 3 longitudinal strips

2. Blood sucking muscid

Life cycle : 2 3 months Medical importance : biological vector of Trypanosomiasis

2.2 Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly/dog fly)

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