Scribd
Upload
64 views

Complex2 Functions

The document defines and discusses functions of a complex variable. It provides: 1) The definition of a function f of a complex variable as a rule that assigns a unique complex number w to each complex number z in its domain S. 2) Theorems on limits of functions, including limits as z approaches a point z0 or infinity. 3) Definitions of continuity for functions of a complex variable, including conditions for continuity based on the real and imaginary parts of the function. 4) Examples examining the continuity or lack thereof of specific functions at points like z=0.

Uploaded by

alienxx
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
64 views

Complex2 Functions

The document defines and discusses functions of a complex variable. It provides: 1) The definition of a function f of a complex variable as a rule that assigns a unique complex number w to each complex number z in its domain S. 2) Theorems on limits of functions, including limits as z approaches a point z0 or infinity. 3) Definitions of continuity for functions of a complex variable, including conditions for continuity based on the real and imaginary parts of the function. 4) Examples examining the continuity or lack thereof of specific functions at points like z=0.

Uploaded by

alienxx
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Function of a complex variable:

Let S be a set of complex numbers.


Then function f defined on S is a
rule that assigns to each z∈ S a
unique complex number w, and we
write
f (z) = w
The set S is called domain of
definition of f.
Let z = x+ i y &

w = u (x,y) +i v(x,y)

Then f(z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y)

Re f(z) = u(x,y) & Im f(z) = v(x,y)


• In polar coordinates,

z = x+iy = reiθ ,

f (z) = u(r, θ) + i v(r, θ).


Limit:

Let f be a function defined


at all points of z in some
deleted nbd of z 0 . Then
lim f ( z ) = w0 ⇒ given ε > 0,
z → z0

∃ a δ > 0 such that


f(z)-w0 < ε
whenever 0 < z - z 0 < δ
Theorems on limits:
Thm 1 Let f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ),
z0 = x0 + iy0 , w0 = u0 + iv0 ,
Then lim f ( z ) = w0
z → z0

⇔ (i ) lim u(x, y) = u0
( x , y ) → ( x0 , y 0 )

(ii ) lim v(x, y) = v0


( x , y ) → ( x0 , y 0 )
Thm 2 Let lim f ( z ) = w0 ,
z → z0

lim F( z ) = W0 . Then
z → z0

(i) lim [ f ( z ) ± F ( z )] = w0 ± W0 .
z → z0

(ii ) lim [ f ( z ) F ( z )] = w0 W0 .
z → z0

 f ( z )  w0
(iii ) lim   = , if W0 ≠ 0 .
z → z0
 F ( z )  W0
a) The point at infinity:
The point at infinity is denoted by
∞, and the complex plane
together with the point at infinity is
called the Extended complex
Plane.
b) lim f ( z ) = ∞ ⇒ for each ∈> 0,
z→ z0

∃ a δ > 0 such that


1
f ( z ) > whenever 0 < z - z 0 < δ
∈
1
i.e. − 0 <∈ whenever 0 < z - z 0 < δ
f ( z)
Thus,
1
lim f ( z ) = ∞ ⇔ lim = 0.
z→ z0 z→ z0 f ( z )
(c) lim f ( z ) = w0 ⇒ for each ∈> 0,
z →∞
∃ δ > 0 such that
1
f(z) - w 0 <∈ whenever z >
δ
1
i.e. f   − w0 <∈
z
whenever 0 < z < δ
Thus,
 1
lim f ( z ) = w0 ⇔ lim f   = w0
z→ ∞ z→ 0  z 
(d ) lim f ( z ) = ∞ ⇒ for each ∈> 0,
z →∞
∃ a δ > 0 such that
1 1
f ( z ) > whenever z >
∈ δ

1
i.e. − 0 <∈ whenever 0 < z − 0 < δ
1
f 
z
Thus,
1
lim f ( z ) = ∞ ⇔ lim =0
z→ ∞ z→ 0  1 
f 
 z
Sec 14. Continuity

1. A function f(z) is said to be


continuous at a point z 0 if
lim f ( z ) = f ( z0 )
z → z0

i.e. for each ∈ > 0, ∃ δ > 0 such that


f(z) - f(z 0 ) < ∈ whenever 0 < z − z0 < δ .
• The function f(z) is said to be
continuous in a region R if it is
continuous at all points of the
region R.
2.
If f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv( x, y ), then
f ( z ) is continuous iff
Re f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) and
Im f ( z ) = v( x, y )
are continuous.
3. If f(z) and g(z) are continuous, then
(a) f ( z ) ± g ( z )
(b) f ( z ) g ( z )
f ( z)
(c ) , g ( z) ≠ 0
g ( z)
are all continuous
4.Composition of two continuous map
is continuous
Qs. Let f (z) is continuous at z0

and f(z0) ≠ 0. Then show that f


(z) ≠ 0 throughout in some nbd
of z0.
• Solution: f (z) is continuous at
z0

⇒ For each ∈>0, ∃ a δ>0 s.t.


f (z) – f(z0) < ∈

whenever  z-z0  < δ. (1)


Since f (z 0 ) ≠ 0 & (1) is valid for
each ∈ > 0.
1
Let ∈= f ( z 0 ) > 0.
2
If possible, let
∃ z = z ∈ N(z 0 , δ ) : z - z 0 < δ
s.t. f (z) = 0
Then (1) gives
1
f(z) - f(z 0 ) < f ( z0 ) ,
2
whenever z − z0 < δ
1
⇒ f ( z0 ) < f ( z0 )
2
whenever z − z0 < δ
a contradiction
∴ f ( z ) ≠ 0 ∀ z ∈ N ( z0 , δ )
Result: Every continuous function
in a closed & bounded region is
bounded.
Let f (z) is continuous in a closed &
bounded region R
⇒ ∃ M > 0 s. t f(z)≤ M ∀ z ∈R.
z
Ex1. If f ( z ) = , then
z
lim f ( z ) does NOT exist.
z →0

Soln : Use two path test.


2
z
Ex2. If f ( z ) =   , then
z
lim f ( z ) does NOT exist.
z →0

Soln : Use two path test.


Ex 3. Discuss the continuity of f (z) at z =
0 if Re z
(i ) f (z) =
1+ z

−1
(ii ) f (z) = z Re z
Re z
Sol. (i) f(z) =
1+ z
x
=
1+ x + y
2 2
x
∴lim f ( z ) = lim
z →0 ( x , y ) →( 0 , 0 )
1+ x + y
2 2

= 0 = f (0)
⇒ f ( z ) is continuous at z = 0
Re z x
(ii) f(z) = =
z x + iy
We have
x
lim f ( z ) = lim
z →0 ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) x + iy
x
⇒ lim f ( z ) = lim ,
z →0 ( x , y ) →( 0 , 0 ) x + imx
(along y = mx)
1
=
1 + im
which is not unique
⇒ f(z) is not continuous at z = 0

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy