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    Cell Theory

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    حفيظو عبدالله
    - Cells are the basic unit of life and all living things are made of one or more cells. New cells are formed through cell division of pre-existing cells and cells contain genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring. - Cells can be unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, consisting of many cells organized into tissues and organs that work together in organ systems. - There are two main categories of cells - prokaryotes which lack nuclei and organelles, and eukaryotes which have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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    Cell Theory

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    حفيظو عبدالله
    587 views26 pages
    - Cells are the basic unit of life and all living things are made of one or more cells. New cells are formed through cell division of pre-existing cells and cells contain genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring. - Cells can be unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, consisting of many cells organized into tissues and organs that work together in organ systems. - There are two main categories of cells - prokaryotes which lack nuclei and organelles, and eukaryotes which have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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    All about biology...

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    - Cells are the basic unit of life and all living things are made of one or more cells. New cells are formed through cell division of pre-existing cells and cells contain genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring. - Cells can be unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, consisting of many cells organized into tissues and organs that work together in organ systems. - There are two main categories of cells - prokaryotes which lack nuclei and organelles, and eukaryotes which have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    587 views26 pages

    Cell Theory

    Uploaded by

    حفيظو عبدالله
    - Cells are the basic unit of life and all living things are made of one or more cells. New cells are formed through cell division of pre-existing cells and cells contain genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring. - Cells can be unicellular, consisting of a single cell, or multicellular, consisting of many cells organized into tissues and organs that work together in organ systems. - There are two main categories of cells - prokaryotes which lack nuclei and organelles, and eukaryotes which have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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    A cell is the basis unit of life.

    The modern cell theory states that :

    (a) All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.

    (b) New cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells.

    (c) Cells contain genetic material of an organism which is passed from parent to daughter cells. (d) All metabolic reactions take place within cells.

    A cell consists of protoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane (cell surface membrane).


    Some organisms are unicellular, they are made up of just one cell.

    Other organisms are multicellular and consists of many cells.

    A tissue consists of a group of cells which generally have a similar embryonic origin and differentiation, and carry out a particular common function or functions.

    An organ consists of a number of different tissues working together as a functional unit. E.g the heart. Different organs work together as organ systems, e.g the circulatory system.

    All the different systems work together to form a multicellular organism.

    Margulis and Schwartz in 1982 proposed the five-kingdom classification.

    The five kingdoms are Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae.

    The prokaryotes which include the bacteria and cyanobacteria, have DNA not enclosed by nuclear membranes and lack organelles bounded by a double membrane.

    The eukaryotes which include the protoctists, fungi, animals and plants have chromosomes surrounded by well-defined nuclear membranes. Animal and plant cells are examples of eukaryotic cells.

    Examples are bacteria and cyanobacteria.


    Average diameter of cell 0.5 5um

    Genetic material is circular double strand of DNA, not surrounded by double-membraned nuclear envelope. Some bacteria have small circular DNA plasmids.

    Few organelles. No double membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. No mitosis or meiosis. No spindle formation.

    Ribosomes are smaller, 70S ribosomes occur as free particles in cytoplasm.

    Rigid cell walls containing murein (peptidoglycan).

    Mesosomes in bacteria and plasma membrane of cyanobacteria contain respiratory enzymes. No mitochondria.

    Some prokaryotes are photoautotrophs. Photosynthetic membranes not stacked into grana.

    No chloroplasts.

    Flagella, if present, contain flagellin and lack microtubules.

    Some prokaryotic cells have enzymes that can fix atmospheric nitrogen for use in amino acid synthesis.

    Examples are protoctists, fungi, animals and plants.


    Average diameter of cell 10 -100 um.

    Most DNA are associated with histone proteins to form chromosomes.


    Chromosomes are surrounded by a a double-membraned nuclear envelope. Circular DNA are present in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

    Plasmids are absent. Many organelles. Presence of double membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts in plants and algae.

    Mitosis, meiosis or both can occur. There is spindle formation. Ribosomes are larger, 80S ribosomes occur as free particles in cytoplasm or are bound to endoplasmic reticulum.

    Cell walls of plants and algae contain cellulose, fungi contain chitin and animal cells have no cell wall. There are no mesosomes. Mitochondria function as sites for cellular respiration to produce ATP.

    Chloroplasts containing grana.

    Flagella, if present, have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.


    Eukaryotic cells do not contain enzymes that can fix atmospheric nitrogen.

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