CHAPTER 7: SUPPORTING TECHNIQUES

Lecturer: Ms. Hasyiya Karimah Adli

Email: hasyiya@umk.edu.my Office Phone No: 09-9477116 ext.2116

1. Method/motion (work study) and work measurement (time study). 2. Definition: Body of knowledge concerned with the analysis of the work methods The equipment used in performing a job The design of an optimum work method and the standardization of proposed work methods.
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Concept of Work Study and Development of Production Standard

Areas of application Method study: Study of methods and technique of production for increasing efficiency. Work Study
Steps in method study: 1. Select 2. Record 3. Examine 4. Development 5. Install 6. Maintain

Time study: Study and analysis of the time taken in the performance of a specific task.

Involves: 1. Time study 2. Work sampling 3. Synthetic standard Higher Productivity

What is Quality?
According to the Oxford Dictionary (2003), quality is defined as being
the degree of excellence of a thing; relative nature or kind or character of a thing; class or grade of something determined by this;

Oxford Learners Dictionary

8 dimensions of quality: 1. Performance (Product or Service Characteristics) 2. Reliability (Consistency of Performance over Time) 3. Durability (A measure of product life) 4. Serviceability (Ease of Repair) 5. Aesthetics (Sensory Characteristics-How a product looks, feels, sounds, tastes, or smells ) 6. Features (Added Features/Secondary Characteristics) 7. Perceived quality/reputation (Past Performance) 8. Conformance to Standards
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Statistical Quality Control (SQC)

Statistical quality control refers to the use of statistical methods in the monitoring and maintaining of the quality of products and services. Effective management of quality o Quality planning o Quality assurance o Quality control and improvement

Total Quality Management

Total quality management can be summarized as a management system for a customer-focused organization that involves all employees in continual improvement. It uses strategy, data, and effective communications to integrate the quality discipline into the culture and activities of the organization.

TQM basic principles

To be successful implementing TQM, an organization must concentrate on the eight key elements: Ethics Integrity Trust Training Teamwork Leadership Recognition Communication
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4 groups of TQMs principle: I. Foundation It includes: Ethics, Integrity and Trust. II. Building Bricks It includes: Training, Teamwork and Leadership. III. Binding Mortar It includes: Communication. IV. Roof It includes: Recognition

ISO 9000
Family of standards related to quality management systems and designed to help organizations ensure that they meet the needs of customers and other stakeholders.

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Evolution of ISO 9000 standard

Three 'models' for quality management systems in 1987 version of ISO 9000: 1) ISO 9001:1987 Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation, and servicing was for companies and organizations whose activities included the creation of new products. 2) ISO 9002:1987 Model for quality assurance in production, installation, and servicing had basically the same material as ISO 9001 but without covering the creation of new products.
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Evolution of ISO 9000 standard

3) ISO 9003:1987 Model for quality assurance in final inspection and test covered only the final inspection of finished product, with no concern for how the product was produced.

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Advantages ISO 9000

Creates a more efficient, effective operation. Increases customer satisfaction and retention. Reduces audits. Enhances marketing. Improves employee motivation, awareness, and morale. Promotes international trade. Increases profit. Reduces waste and increases productivity. Common tool for standardization.

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BIS PUBLICATION
Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) Is a founder member of ISO (International Organization for Standardization). Governing act in India for the preparation and enforcement of standard. Bureau of Indian Standard renamed of India for promoting and nurturing the standardization movement in the country. Operating various Management System Certification Scheme. Has adopted these ISO 9000 standards and has numbered them as IS/ISO 9000:2000; IS/ISO 9001:2000; IS/ISO 9004:2000; and IS/ISO 19011:2002. These standards published by BIS are exact replica of ISO 9000 standards.
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 Licenses are granted for various industry and services organization: o Quality Management System Certification Scheme IS/ISO 9001 ( QMS) o Environmental Management System Certification Scheme - IS/ISO 140001 ( EMS ) o Occupational Health and Safety Management System - IS 18001 ( OHSMS ) o Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) certification

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Environmental Audit Scheme, Indian Standards and Legislations for Environmental Protection Environmental Auditing
Quantify environmental performance and environmental position
Develop method to improve on the current environmental performance and position

Management tools

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Objectives
Determine how well the environmental management systems and equipment are performing. Verify compliance with the relevant national, local or other laws and regulations. Minimize human exposure to risks from environmental, health and safety problems.

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Process

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Benefits

indicate current or potential future problems

build on good environmental performance

potential cost savings (waste minimization)

assess training programs

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Indian Standards and Legislations for Environmental Protection

Environment Standard It is formulating and enforcing by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). It takes between 12 and 28 months to issue a new standard or harmonize an existing national standard with an international one. Reviewed and updated on a regular basis.

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Important environmental standards framed under Environment (Protection) Rules: National Ambient Air Quality standards Water Quality Criteria Industrial Specific standards Ambient Air Quality Vehicular Emission standards Fuel Quality specifications
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Examples of Indian Standards for Environmental Protection

1. Environmental Management Systems Certification Scheme (IS/ISO 14001) to demonstrate the organization's capability for compliance to the legislative and regulatory requirements protection of the environment prevention of pollution and for continual improvement in environmental performance 2. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) (IS 15000) process control system designed to identify and prevent microbial and other hazards in food production
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Environment and Pollution Control Related Legislations 1. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 2. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 3. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 4. Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 5. The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991

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ISO 14001:2004 Environmental management systems -Requirements with guidance for use. ISO 14004:2004 - Environmental management systems -- General guidelines on principles, systems and support techniques ISO 14010(1996): Guidelines for Environmental Auditing: General Principles ISO 14011(1996): Guidelines for Environmental Auditing: Audit Procedures: Auditing of Environmental Management System ISO 14012(1996): Guidelines for Environmental Auditing: Qualification Criteria for Environmental auditors ISO 14015(2001): Environmental Management Systems: Environmental Assessment of Sites and Organisations ISO 14020 (2001): Environmental Labels and Declarations: General principles ISO 14021(2001): Environmental Labels and Declarations: Selfdeclared Environmental Claims (Type II Environmental Labelling) ISO 14024 (2001): Environmental Labels and Declarations: Type I Environmental Labels: Principles and Procedures ISO 14031(2000): Environmental Management: Environmental Performance Evaluation Guidelines ISO 14032(2000): Environmental Management: Examples of 25 Environmental Performance Evaluation

ISO 14040 (1997): Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Framework

ISO 14041(1998): Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis
ISO 14042(2000): Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Life Cycle Impact Assessment ISO 14043(2000): Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Life Cycle Interpretation

ISO 14048(2002): Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Data Documentation Format
ISO 14049(2000): Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment: Examples of Application of ISO 14041 to Goal and Scope Definition and Inventory Analysis ISO 14050(2002): Environmental Management Vocabulary ISO 14061 (1998): Information to Assist Forestry Organisations in the Use of Environmental Management System Standards ISO 14001 and ISO 14004 ISO 19011(2002)- Guidelines for Quality and/or Environmental 26 Management Systems Auditing

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Key Aspects of the International Standard ISO 14001

1996, the International Organization for Standardization published standard 14001 on Environmental Management Systems. It was created for businesses looking to identify, measure and improve their environmental impact ISO 14001 is a set of loose guidelines based on the Plan, Do, Check, Act methodology. It prescribes controls for those activities that have an effect on the environment.

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There are three distinct requirements : 1) The organization must identify the environmental aspects of its products, services and/or activities. 2) The organization shall identify the specific aspects that can be controlled, and over which it can be expected to have influence. 3) The organization must arrive at a list of significant aspects based upon the individual impact of each aspect.

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 Potential list of environmental aspects: 1. releases of material to the air, water and/or soil 2. disposal of wastes 3. energy and natural resource consumption 4. noise levels 5. transportation and/or storage of materials 6. manufacturing processes The purpose is to create a complete listing of how the organization interacts with the environment

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Environmental aspect: An element of a facilitys activities, products, or services that can or does interact with the environment. These interactions and their effects may be continuous in nature, periodic, or associated only with events, such as emergencies. Environmental impact: Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, resulting from a facilitys activities, products, or services.

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 Implementing an Environmental Management System is a systematic way to discover and control the effects your company has on the environment. Cost savings can be made through improved efficiency and productivity. Detecting ways to minimize waste and dispose of it more effectively. Learning how to use energy more efficiently.

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THANK YOU

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