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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO RADIOGRAPHY KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS
RADIOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS
RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES SELECTION OF RADIATION SOURCES SELECTION OF IQI FILM PROCESSING
PHOTOGRAPHS OF WELD DEFECTS

INTERPRETATION OF RADIGRAPHS SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
INTRODUCTION TO RADIOGRAPHY
X-Ray Generator
Penetrating Radiation
Section View of Welded Specimen
Flaw Weld Film

Flaw Image
A Flaw such as a slag inclusion will allow more radiation to pass through the flaw area of the weld than the surrounding areas creating a shadow image on the film.
KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS

DENSITY : IT IS THE AMOUNT OF RADIATION EXPOSED ON THE FILM. INDICATION :A DENSITY CHANGE APPEARING ON RADIOGRAPH SENSITIVITY : IT IS SMALLEST DEFECT VISIBLE ON THE RADIOGRAPH. CONTRAST : THE DENSITY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO FILM AREAS IS KNOWN AS CONTRAST. DEFINITION : THE SHARPNESS OF THE FILM IMAGE. EXPOSURE TIME : IT IS THE TIME REQUIRED TO PRODUCE THE RADIOGRAPH OF REQUIRED DENSITY. ARTIFACTS : A SPECIFIC TYPE OF FALSE INDICATION RELATED TO THE IMPROPER HANDLING OF RADIOGRAPHIC FILM. HALF LIFE : TIME REQUIRED FOR ONE HALF QUANTITY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL TO DECAY.
RADIOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS :
1. As per NTD.C.261-99 Radiographic checking should be carried out with X-ray devices. Gammagraphy may be used only in case it is technically not possible to use the X-ray photography. 2. Each radiography shall have location markers i.e. drg no,seam no, part no, system no, segment no & welder no, etc.
RADIOGRAPHY REQUIREMENTS :
3).Optical density shall be between 2.0 to 3.5 4) Density variation should be within the limits.
5) Required wire shall be visible to meet the sensitivity as per the table of OST.5.9095-77.
A) ELLIPTICAL IMAGE
B) SUPER IMPOSE
REF : OST.5.9095-77
THICKNESS OF METAL EXPOSED TO RADIATION (IN MM)
RADIATION SOURCE
MAIN PERMISSIBLE SUBSTITUTE
THULIUM -170
UPTO 5 INCL.
X-RAY UNIT
BETWEEN 5&20 INCL.
X-RAY UNIT, THULIUM-170 X-RAY UNIT, IRIDIUM -192
IRIDIUM -192
BETWEEN 20&50 INCL.
COBALT -60
REF : OST.5.9095-77
THICKNESS OF METAL EXPOSED TO RADIATION (IN MM)

UPTO 5 INCL.
RADIATION SOURCE
MAIN
X-RAY UNIT
PERMISSIBLE SUBSTITUTE
BETWEEN 5&10 INCL.

BETWEEN 10&40 INCL. ABOVE 40
X-RAY UNIT,
X-RAY UNIT, THULIUM-170 X-RAY UNIT, IRIDIUM -192
THULIUM-170
IRIDIUM -192 COBALT-60
REF : OST.5.9095-77
THICKNESS OF METAL EXPOSED TO RADIATION (IN MM) UPTO 5 INCL. RADIATION SOURCE MAIN X-RAY UNIT PERMISSIBLE SUBSTITUTE -------
BETWEEN 5&40 INCL.

ABOVE 40
X-RAY UNIT,
X-RAY UNIT
THULIUM-170
IRIDIUM 192,THULIUM-170
REF : ASME SEC V

ASTM SET WIRE IDENTITY
1 2 3 4 5 6
WIRE DIAMETER
0.08 0.1 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.33 0.40 0.51 0.64 0.81
ASTM SET
WIRE IDENTITY
11 12 13 14 15 16
WIRE DIAMETER
0.81 1.02 1.27 1.60 2.03 2.50 2.50 3.20 4.06 5.1 6.4 8.00
6 7 8 9 10 11
16 17 18 19 20 21
REF : OST.5.9095-77
THICKNESS OF METAL EXPOSED TO RADIATION
UPTO 5 INCL.
MAXIMUM SENSITIVITY
0.1
WIRE IDENTITY OF ASTM SET

2
BETWEEN 5 TO 12 INCL.
BETWEEN 12 TO 20 INCL. BETWEEN 20 TO 30 INCL.
0.2
0.3 0.4
5
7 8
0.5
0.6
9
10 11
REF : OST.5.9095-77
THICKNESS OF METAL EXPOSED TO RADIATION
UPTO 5 INCL. BETWEEN 5 TO 9 INCL. BETWEEN 9 TO 12 INCL. BETWEEN12 TO 20 INCL. BETWEEN 20 TO 30 INCL.
MAXIMUM SENSITIVITY
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
WIRE IDENTITY OF ASTM SET

2 5 7 8 9
0.6
0.8
10
11
RADIOGRAPHY FILM PROCESSING

1. DEVELOPING. 2. STOP BATH.
3. FIXING.
4. WASHING. 5. DRYING.
RADIOGRAPHY FILM PROCESSING

PRECAUSIONS DURING PROCESSING :
MAINTAIN CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS, SOLUTION TEMPERATURES AND PROCESSING TIMES WITH IN PRESCRIBED LIMITS. USE EQUIPMENT, TANKS, TRAYS, HOLDERS, ETC THAT WITH STAND THE CHEMICAL ACTION OF THE PROCESSING SOLUTIONS WITH CONTAMINATING THE SOLUTION. EQUIP THE DARK ROOM WITH SUITABLE SAFE GUARDS AND LIGHTING CONTROLS TO AVOID FOGGING FILM. MAINTAING CLEANLINESS.
Weld Defects Surface Porosity on a Tee Joint
Weld Defects Porosities in the Weld bead
Weld Defects Incomplete fusion of Side wall
Weld Defects Incomplete Inter-run Fusion
Weld Defects Solidification Crack
Weld Defects
Slag Inclusion due to Poor bead - Convex
Weld Defects
Radiographic Appearance:
White spots near the weld.
Weld Defects
Fine dark line, straight or wandering in direction running across the width of the weld image.
Weld Defects
Dark continuous or intermittent line in the center of the weld.
Weld Defects
Elongated parallel or single darker density lines sometimes with darker density spots dispersed along the LOF lines which are very straight in the lengthwise direction and not winding like elongated slag lines.
Weld Defects
Rounded or Slightly Elongated Dark Spots Occurring in Clusters.
Weld Defects
Sharply defined dark shadows of rounded contour.
Weld Defects
Darker density lines, irregular in width and parallel to the edge of the weld.
Weld Defects
Irregular lower density spots randomly located in the weld image.
Weld Defects
Localised darker density with fuzzy edges in the center of the weld image.
Weld Defects
Elongated parallel or single darker density lines sometimes with darker density spots dispersed along the LOF lines which are very straight in the lengthwise direction and not winding like elongated slag lines.
Weld Defects
An irregular dark density line following the edge of the weld image.
Weld Defects
An irregular dark density near the center of the weld image and along the edge of the root pass image.
Weld Defects
Abrupt change in film density across the width of the weld image.
Weld Defects
Elongated parallel, or single darker density lines, irregular in width.
Weld Defects
A lighter density in the center of the weld image, can occur either extended along the weld or in isolated circular drops.
Weld Defects
White spots near the weld.
RADIATION SAFETY
ALL RADIATION WORKERS SHOULD WEAR TLD BADGES AND DOSIMETER. RADIOGRAPHY CAMERAS MUST BE OPERATED ONLY BY CERTIFIED RADIOGRAPHERS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF A SITE-INCHARGES/RSOS WHO ARE ALSO PERMITTED TO OPERATE THE CAMERAS. AS FAR AS POSSIBLE, FIELD RADIOGRAPHY SHOULD BE CARRIED OUT DURING NIGHT TIME. AN APPROPRIATE AREA AROUND THE RADIATION SOURCE MUST BE CORDENED OFF DURING FIELD RADIOGRAPHY. THE RADIATION LEVELS ALONG THE CORDEN MUST BE MONITERED BY A SUITABLE AND CALIBRATED RADIATION SURVEY METER.
RADIATION DOSE LIMITS

APPLICATION OCCUPTIONAL
WHOLE BODY: 20 msv per year averaged over (EFFECTIVE DOSE) defined period of 5 years,with no more than 30 msv in a single year.
DOSE LIMITS PUBLIC

1 msv in a year ,averaged over 5 years.
PARTS OF BODY
LENS OF EYE 150 msv per year 15 msv per year
SKIN
500 msv per year
50 msv per year
HANDS AND FEET
500 msv per year
SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RADIATION EXPOSUSE

DOSE
1msv/y 5msv/y 10msv 20msv/y
PART OF BODY
Whole body Whole body Whole body Whole body
EFFECTS
Limit for non-radiation workers Average occupational exposure Risk of cancer mortality, about 5 per 10000 exposed Limit for radiation workers
150msv/y
500msv/y 100msv 1sv 1sv 2-3 sv 3-5 sv >6 sv
Eye
Partial body Whole body Whole body Reproductive system Whole body Whole body Partial body
Limit for eye lens

Limit for skin and extremities Detectable increase in chromosome aberrations. No detectable injury or sickness Threshold for radiation sickness [ Nausea , Vomiting , Diarrhea ] (5-10% of exposed individuals) Temporary sterility in men Threshold for epilation , cataract. Radiation sickness in most individuals. LD 50/60 for human beings Threshold dose of skin erythema. Permanent loss of hair.
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What are the main terms defined in radiography?

What are the main terms defined in radiography?

What are the requirements for performing radiography?

What are the requirements for performing radiography?

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO RADIOGRAPHY KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS

PHOTOGRAPHS OF WELD DEFECTS

Flaw Weld Film

KEY TERMS & DEFINITIONS

BETWEEN 5&20 INCL.

X-RAY UNIT, THULIUM-170 X-RAY UNIT, IRIDIUM -192

BETWEEN 20&50 INCL.

THICKNESS OF METAL EXPOSED TO RADIATION (IN MM)

BETWEEN 5&10 INCL.

BETWEEN 5&40 INCL.

REF : ASME SEC V

WIRE IDENTITY OF ASTM SET

WIRE IDENTITY OF ASTM SET

RADIOGRAPHY FILM PROCESSING

RADIOGRAPHY FILM PROCESSING

Weld Defects Surface Porosity on a Tee Joint

Weld Defects Porosities in the Weld bead

Weld Defects Incomplete fusion of Side wall

Weld Defects Incomplete Inter-run Fusion

Weld Defects Solidification Crack

RADIATION DOSE LIMITS

DOSE LIMITS PUBLIC

500 msv per year

50 msv per year

HANDS AND FEET

500 msv per year

SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RADIATION EXPOSUSE

Limit for eye lens

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