Sludge Dewatering

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The key takeaways are that sludge dewatering removes water from sludge, reducing costs of disposal and transportation. Common methods include belt filters, centrifuges, frame filter presses, vacuum filtration and drying beds.

Sludge dewatering is the physical process of removing water from sludge, which is the final step in industrial wastewater treatment processes and plants.

It is important to dewater sludge because most producers pay for sludge disposal by weight, so removing water makes the sludge lighter and cheaper to dispose of. It also reduces storage and transportation costs.

SLUDGE DEWATERING

NORZIHAN NABILAH BINTI ABU BAKAR NOR FARHANA NABILA BINTI YUSOFF NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI ROSLEE NOR AKHMA BINTI YAZID SUZIELA BINTI ASMAN ZULINA BINTI YUSOF PREPARED FOR: PUAN JURINA BINTI JAAFAR

What is Sludge Dewatering?


The physical process of removing the water content from

sludge. the final step for industrial wastewater treatment processes and plants.

Why Dewater Sludge?


Most producers pay for sludge disposal by weight, and water is heavy. So if you remove as much water as possible, your dewatered sludge is lighter and thus costs less to dispose of your sludge and increases the number of recycling options and reduces risk of outlet availability. The bottom line is that effective Sludge dewatering can save you money. reduction of storage place and transportation costs

Methods of sludge dewatering

Belt filter

Centrifuge

Frame filter press

Vacuum filtration

Drying bed

What is the most effective solution for Sludge Dewatering?


This is not easily answered without a comprehensive evaluation of your specific needs including the final disposition of your sludge cake including whether you will be applying the sludge to land applications, landfill disposal, alternative fuels, further processing and so on. Analyzing each situation is critical to optimize the wastewater sludge aspect of your municipal wastewater treatment processes.

CENTRIFUGE DECANTOR
use centrifugal force to accelerate solid-liquid seperation. centrifuge is a conical cylinder decantor that turns horizontally

on its axis with a clarified water overflow dewatered sludge being removed by an Archimedean screw.

ADVANTAGES High capacity Low space requirement High capital cost

DISADVANTAGES

High maintenance cost High speed of operation Vibration phenomena High level of technical expertise required from operational personnel Noize levels exceeding 85dB(A)

Continuous dewatering in an enclosed unit

Unmanned operation

High operational cost High level of technical expertise required from operational personnel High power consumption
Operation -the dewatering process is not visible

Approx. 4% higher DS than achieved than with a belt press Suitable for all sludge types (including oily/fatty sludges)

High polyelectrolyte consumption

BELT FILTER PRESS


Belt filter presses are used to remove water from liquid

wastewater residuals and produce a non-liquid material referred to as cake. A belt filter dewaters by applying pressure to the sludge to squeeze out the water Sludge sandwiched between two tensioned porous belts are passed over and under rollers of various diameters Increased pressure is created as the belt passes over rollers which decrease in diameter

Divided into three zones


1.

gravity zone
free draining water is drained by gravity through a porous belt.

2. wedge zone where the solids are prepared for pressure application 3.

pressure zone
where medium, then high pressure is applied to the conditioned solids

Diagram of a belt filter

Sludge in the feed hopper is sandwiched between two filter cloths (shown green and purple). Fluid is extracted initially by gravity, then by squeezing the cloth through rollers. Filtrate exits through a drain, while solids are scraped off into a container.

Advantages
Maintenance is relatively simple and

Disadvantages
Odors may be a problem

can usually be completed by a wastewater treatment plant maintenance crew Belt presses can be started and shut down quickly compared to centrifuges, which require up to an hour to build up speed There is less noise associated with belt presses

Wastewater solids with higher

concentrations of oil and grease can result in blinding the belt filter and lower solids content cake Wastewater solids must be screened and/or ground to minimize the risk of sharp objects damaging the belt

FRAME FILTER PRESS DEWATERING


Also called a filter press, the operating principle is filtration.

A filter press is composed of a series of hollow vertical frames with filter cloths stretched on both sides.
These frames are hung next to each other and pressed together

with a hydraulic jack. A filter chamber is formed between the plates. Filter presses operate applying very high pressures to the cake (from 5 to 15 bars and sometimes even more).

PLAN VIEW

FILTRATION CYCLE
Filling phase: At the start of the cycle, the conditioned sludge is injected in the filtration chambers by a high-pressure pump. The sludge fills each chamber and the water starts to seep out.

Filtration phase: Once all the chambers are filled, the sludge continues to be pumped in and the pressure increases to reach up to 15 bars. The filtrate flows into the channels placed in each frame and is evacuated in a main pipe. The sludge injection flow reduce when the pressure increases. Very often, two separate off-centre-screw pumps are used: a high flow/low pressure pump for the beginning of the cycle and a low flow/high pressure pump for the end.

Opening phase: Several parameters may be used to signal the end of the cycle (stopping the injection pump): maximum pressure, filtration time, filtrate volume. Once the press has stopped, the central core is purged of the liquid sludge inside. The jack that presses the frames together is released. The chambers are opened sequentially and the cake falls below into a skip or on to a conveyor.

Membrane Filter Presses Recently developed to obtain higher cake dryness than on regular Frame Filter Press. Every second plate is made of a membrane that can be shaped by air or water pressure (7-10 bars). This extra pressure is applied at the end of the injection phase, once the cake is formed.

Filtration capacity The production capacity of a filter press is somewhere between 1.5 and 10 kg of solid per m2 of filtering surface. For every the filter press model the chamber volume and the filtering surface depend on the number of plates in the filter.

cake thickness

compressibility coefficient.

FILTRATION TIME

sludge concentration

specific resistance

VACUUM FILTRATION
Vacuum filters involve creating a vacuum to draw out water from solids. The filter consists of a drum over which the filtering medium is laid. The drum is set in a tank with one quarter submerged in the cake or sludge. Valves and pipes are arranged so that a vacuum is applied to the inner side of the filter medium as the drum rotates slowly, causing water to be drawn from the sludge. Once the drum has lifted the sludge into the atmosphere, a water

layer has been drawn to the top of the cake and the cake is subsequently removed by a stationary knife blade.

Operating cost is higher

Independent of seasons and weather conditions


Dry solids enough to eliminate subsequent steps such as digestion or heat treatment before disposal, incineration, or usage
Need small area

Rated in pounds per hour dry solids filtered per area of filter surface.

Run as continuous process

DRYING BED
Traditional method. Commonly used in dry regions where land area is not at a

premium. Generally used for dewatering of well digested sludge. Attempts to air dry raw sludge usually result in odor problems.

Advantages

Disadvantages

No chemicals required
Ease of operation

High capital cost


Labour intensive Mechanical equipment required for removal/handling Hard labour required

High dry solid %

Weather sensitive; not effective in wet weather

No expert is need in order to operate the drying bed process

Possibility of odor

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