An Introduction to Airport Engineering

Prepared by: Jigar Patel (09BCL018) Nandil Shah (09BCL064) & Damor .()

 What is airport? An airport is a location where aircraft such as fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, and blimps take off and land. Aircraft may be stored or maintained at an airport.

Airport @ glance

Aircraft

Blimps

Helicopter

Why do we need airport? Or what is importance of airport?

Economic:
Increased speed of trade (due to faster means of transportation). Possible increase in amount of imports & exports (due to faster means of transportation, e.g. maybe some perishable goods could not be imported before). Passenger transportation Commencement of tourism industry Increase in local employment opportunities

Social:
Bring in foreign culture Promote local culture to visitors Faster & possibly more communication with the West More information inflow & outflow

 Increase in peoples mobility (i.e. people can find jobs out of country) Education opportunities outside of country.

Political:
From Political view also.

Military:
Establish army base. Establish flying school.

Airport can be divided into two parts

1) Airside: Airside areas include accessible to aircraft, runways, taxiways and ramps.

all areas including

2) Landside: Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads.

Airside Landside Distinction

Components of the airport

Runway Taxiway Windsock Weigh bridge Ramp Aircraft stands Apron Fire station Terminal building Gates

Runways
Primary Runway(s) the runway that is oriented into the prevailing winds Crosswind Runways(s) the runway that is oriented toward the most common crosswind direction.

Runway

Runways
Single Runway Parallel Runways Open V Runways Intersecting Runways

Main runway should be oriented as closely as possible to the direction of the prevailing winds. Runways should be oriented so aircraft may be landed atleast 95% of the time with a crosswind component not exceeding 13 knots.

 Runways are defined/identified by their orientation with respect to magnetic north (e.g. 270 degree runway is Runway 27) When the same runway is used from opposite directions the runway is identified by both orientations (e.g. Runway 09/27) Runway length and width are determined by the type of aircraft using the airport and their requirements. Runways are typically constructed from gravel, snow, ice, grass, asphalt or concrete. Most commercial runways are asphalt or concrete.

Runway Classifications
1. Non-Instrument Visual Approach procedures only 2. Non-Precision instrument approach with only horizontal guidance straight-in non precision instrument approaches only. 3. Precision Instrument approach utilizing Instrument Landing System (ILS), Microwave Landing System (MLS) or GPS.

Runway Markings

Runway Threshold Stripes

Lighting
On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Along taxiways, blue lights indicate the taxiway's edge, and some airports have embedded green lights that indicate the centerline.

Runway Lighting

Taxiways
I. Parallel Taxiways II. Entrance Taxiways III. Bypass Taxiways IV. Exit Taxiways All taxiways should have centerline markings and runway holding position markings whenever they intersect a runway Taxiway lighting is provided at many airports to facilitate the movement of aircraft at night or in poor visibility conditions. Taxiway edge lights are used to outline the edges of the taxiway and emit light blue light. Taxiway centerline lights emit a green light

Taxiway

Direction sign at taxiway

WindSock
A tough, brightly colored canvas sock measuring approximately 2m long and suspended off a pole 5m into the air. Important for the pilot to check speed and gusting of the wind prior to takeoff.

Weigh Bridge

A weighbridge is used to weigh aircraft before takeoff if load sheet values are unsatisfactory, as well as to check below maximum permissible takeoff weight. A weighbridge must therefore be stationed adjacent or enroute to the start of a runway, prior to takeoff.

Ramp
Ramp is an area where pre-flight activities were done

Ramp

Aircraft Stands
It is a place where the aircraft are parked when there is time for the flight to depart.

Apron
The airport apron is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, re-fueled, or boarded. The use of the apron may be controlled by the apron management service (apron control or apron advisory) to provide coordination between the users.

Apron

Fire Station

The fire station is a legally required aircraft component that must be within easy access of any constantly used section of the airfield, in particular the runways and adjacent to the passenger terminal building.

Terminal Building
An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft. Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through security. The buildings that provide access to the airplanes (via gates) are typically called concourses. However, the terms "terminal" and "concourse" are sometimes used interchangeably, depending on the configuration of the airport.

Basic layout plan of terminal building

1. Passenger sitting 2.gates 3.security check 4.lugguage check 5.bording pass counter

Terminal building at glance

Gates
A gate in aviation is a long, movable, "bridge" that allows passengers to embark and disembark their aircraft. The gates may be in form of jetways or mobile safety steps.

Mobile safety steps

Jetway Bridges

Geometric Standard for Design of Airports

Length of Runway Width
30m to 45m

Transverse Gradient Runway Clearance Runway Intersection Sight Distance

Any two points should be mutually visible for a distance equal to half the length of the runway.

Orientation
During take off the cross wind components should not exceed 25kmph,95% of the time.

Role of ATC
Provide for the safe and efficient operations of aircraft.
Concept of Positive Control: For aircraft flying at higher altitudes in poor visibility weather conditions, and around high traffic areas at low altitudes near the busiest airports. Under positive control, the air traffic controller determines the appropriate altitude, direction and speed at which the aircraft should travel. If a pilot wishes to deviate from course, altitude, or speed ,permission must be granted by ATC before any deviations can be made.

Aircraft Flight Rules

1. Visual Flight Rules: Under weather conditions where the visibility is sufficient to see and avoid other aircraft, and the pilot can keep sufficiently clear of clouds, the pilot may operate under visual flight rules (VFR). Under VFR rules the pilot may or may not fly under ATC positive control. 2. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR): When visibility is insufficient or a pilots route takes the aircraft through clouds, the aircraft must fly under IFR.

Air Traffic Control & Airports

1. Partners with the Airport in providing safe operating conditions for aircraft and passengers 2. Control the airport operating services and the airspace within a 5 to 10 km radius of the airport 3. Coordinate in conjunction with airport operations staff the maintenance of the airport surfaces and equipment (snow removal, ice control, airport lighting, etc) 4. Integral part in the execution of the airport emergency plans (aircraft crash, bomb threat, hi-jacking, etc.)

Advantages
Its save traveling time:-On account of high speed, it is the quickest mode of transportation. Comfortable travel Accessibility:-Inaccessible regions can be reached. Continuation of Journey:-Obstacles en-route over any terrain are negotiated in spite of high peaks and water strength area.

Limitation
Weather Condition:-Unconditional weather limit the flight. Capacity:-Limit over luggage carrying capacity as well as accommodating number of people. Operating Expensive:1. High cost of air vehicle 2. Traffic Control System 3. Limited seating capacity 4. Limited luggage capacity

Growth of Indian Aviation Industry

The 9th largest aviation market in the world is India. Taking the help of the statistics from the Ministry of Civil Aviation, approximately 29.8 million passengers traveled to/from India in 2008, showing a surge of 30% from 2007. The prediction stated that international passengers will touch 50 million by 2015. More opportunities in the aviation industry in India are likely to make way for about 69 foreign airlines from 49 countries.

Questions
1. 2. Define Airport. Also, discuss the need of Airways. Draw diagram and explain the distinct between airside and landside activities at Airport. Draw the neat sketch of Airport layout and enlist the different components of airport. Draw the neat sketch of Airport terminal building and enlist the different components of the same. Explain the functions of following;
Ramp Apron Aircraft stand Weigh bridge

3.
4. 5.

THANK YOU