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    Lecture Notes-Growth Kinetics - Growth Phases

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    bioenviron
    - Bacterial growth in batch culture occurs in four phases: lag, exponential, deceleration, and stationary. The exponential phase shows balanced, rapid growth where the growth rate is independent of nutrient concentration. - As nutrients are depleted and waste builds up, growth enters the deceleration phase then stationary phase where the growth and death rates are equal. - Yield coefficients quantify the relationship between biomass, substrate, and oxygen consumption during growth.

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    Lecture Notes-Growth Kinetics - Growth Phases

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    bioenviron
    289 views24 pages
    - Bacterial growth in batch culture occurs in four phases: lag, exponential, deceleration, and stationary. The exponential phase shows balanced, rapid growth where the growth rate is independent of nutrient concentration. - As nutrients are depleted and waste builds up, growth enters the deceleration phase then stationary phase where the growth and death rates are equal. - Yield coefficients quantify the relationship between biomass, substrate, and oxygen consumption during growth.

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    Cell Growth Kinetics

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    lecture notes-growth kinetics--growth phases.ppt

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    - Bacterial growth in batch culture occurs in four phases: lag, exponential, deceleration, and stationary. The exponential phase shows balanced, rapid growth where the growth rate is independent of nutrient concentration. - As nutrients are depleted and waste builds up, growth enters the deceleration phase then stationary phase where the growth and death rates are equal. - Yield coefficients quantify the relationship between biomass, substrate, and oxygen consumption during growth.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    289 views24 pages

    Lecture Notes-Growth Kinetics - Growth Phases

    Uploaded by

    bioenviron
    - Bacterial growth in batch culture occurs in four phases: lag, exponential, deceleration, and stationary. The exponential phase shows balanced, rapid growth where the growth rate is independent of nutrient concentration. - As nutrients are depleted and waste builds up, growth enters the deceleration phase then stationary phase where the growth and death rates are equal. - Yield coefficients quantify the relationship between biomass, substrate, and oxygen consumption during growth.

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    Cell Growth Kinetics

    - Introduction - Growth patterns and kinetics in batch culture - growth phases - effect of factors: oxygen supply - heat generation - Growth kinetics (Monod Equation) - Growth in continuous culture (ideal chemostat)

    Growth Kinetics
    Introduction
    - Autocatalytic reaction: The rate of growth is directly related
    to cell concentration substrates + cells extracellular products + more cells S + X P + nX S: substrate concentration (g/L); X: cell mass concentration (g/L); P: product concentration (g/L); n: increased number of biomass. Net specific growth rate (1/time): t: the time

    1 dX net X dt

    Growth Kinetics
    Introduction
    Net specific growth rate (1/time):

    net g kd
    g :
    Gross specific growth rate (1/time)
    The rate of loss of cell mass due to cell death or endogenous metabolism

    kd :

    Endogenous metabolism: during the stationary phase, the cell catabolizes cellular reserves for new building blocks and for energy-producing monomers.

    Growth Kinetics
    Introduction
    Net specific replication rate (1/time):

    1 dN N dt
    R

    R
    N

    ' R

    kd

    '

    : Cell number concentration (cell number /L) : Gross specific replication rate (1/time) The rate of cell death (1/time)

    kd :

    Growth Kinetics
    Introduction - Quantifying cell concentration:
    - direct: no suspended solid and interference compounds.

    cell mass concentration preferred dry weight, optical density (turbidity) (600-700nm Wave Length) cell number density: Petroff-Hausser slide (hemocytometer), plate counts,
    etc.

    Growth Kinetics
    - Quantifying cell concentration: - indirect: direct method is inapplicable. (mold solid state fermentation) Cell mass can be determined by measurement of protein, DNA or ATP. e.g. 1mg ATP/g dry weight bacterial cell. If 100 mg ATP/L is measured, then the cell mass: 100 mg (ATP/L)/1 mg ATP/g dry cells=100 (g dry weight cells/L)

    Growth Kinetics
    - Growth patterns and kinetics in batch culture - growth phases In batch culture: - lag phase - logrithmic or exponential growth phase - deceleration phase - stationary phase - death phase

    Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Lag phase
    A period of adaptation for the cells to their new environment
    New enzymes are synthesized. A slight increase in cell mass and volume, but no increase in cell number Prolonged by low inoculum volume, poor inoculum condition (high % of dead cells), age of inoculum, nutrient-poor medium Multiple lag phases: (diauxic growth) medium contains more than one carbon source

    Diauxic growth

    Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

    Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Exponential growth phase In this phase, the cells have adjusted to their new environment and multiply rapidly (exponentially)
    Balanced growth all components of a cell grow at the same rate.

    Growth rate is independent of nutrient concentration, as nutrients are in excess.

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Exponential growth phase
    The balance of cell mass in a batch culture gives:
    dX net X , X X 0 at t 0 dt Integration of the above equation y ields: X ln nett , or X X 0e nett X0 X and X 0 are cell concentrat ions at tim e t and t 0

    The slope net is constant.

    Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Exponential growth phase
    net R m
    m is the maximumspecific growth rate (1/tim e)
    Doubling time of cell mass: the time required to double the microbial mass:

    ln X / X 0

    net

    ln 2

    net

    0.693

    net

    Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Deceleration growth phase Very short phase, during which growth decelerates due to either:

    Depletion of one or more essential nutrients


    The accumulation of toxic by-products of growth (e.g. Ethanol in yeast fermentations) Period of unbalanced growth: Cells undergo internal restructuring to increase their chances of survival

    Typical growth curve for a bacterial population

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Stationary Phase:
    With the exhaustion of nutrients (S0) and build-up of waste and secondary metabolic products
    - The growth rate equals the death rate.

    - There is no net growth in the organism population.


    - Cells may have active metabolism to produce secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are growth-related: ethanol by S. cerevisae. Secondary metabolites are non-growth-related: antibiotics, pigments.

    Kinetic Pattern of Growth and Product Formation

    Growth-associated Mixed-growth-associated Non growth-associated

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Stationary phase
    - Cell lysis may occur and viable cell mass may drop. A second growth phase may occur and cells may grow on lysis products of lysed cells (cryptic growth) - Endogenous metabolism occurs by catabolizing cellular reserves for new building blocks and energy-producing monomer (maintenance energy). The rate describing the conversion of cell mass into maintenance energy or the loss of cell mass due to cell lysis:

    dX kd X dt k d is the rate constant for endogenous metabolism .

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Death Phase: The living organism population decreases with time, due to a lack of nutrients and toxic metabolic byproducts.

    The rate of death usually follows:

    dN ' k d N dt ' kd is the first - order death rate constant.

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Yield coefficients: defined based on the amount of consumption of another material.
    X Growth y ield: Y X / S S P Product y ield: Y P/S S Growth y ield based on consum ption of oxy gen: Y
    X / O2

    X O2

    S S assim ilation S assim ilation S growth energy S m aintenanc e into biom ass into an energy extracellu lar product

    Batch Growth Kinetics


    Yield coefficients: defined based on the amount of consumption of another material. For most bacteria and yeast: Yx/s =0.4-0.6 g/g glucose Yx/O2=0.9 1.4 g/g O2
    At the end of the batch growth period, the measured yields are apparent as of endogenous metabolism occurring, Kd > 0, which changes the metabolic pathways of the substrate. e.g. M App

    YX / S YX / S

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