BENTEX CONTROL & SWITCHGEAR CO.

Under Guidance of Mr. R.K. Nautiyal Presented by Pankaj Kumar

COMPANY PROFILE. WHAT IS ENERGY METER? TYPES OF ENEGY METER.

FUTURE OF ENERGY METER.

TESTING OF ENERGY METER . TAMPERING OF ENERGY METER. MCBS AND CEILING FANS.

OMPANY PROFILE COMPANY PROFILE

BENTEX started 50years back at Delhi with manufacturing of

electrical items like AC ENERGY METERS ,M.C.B,CEILING FANSetc.

Later on Chopra Brothers Mr.Satish Chopra,Mr.Kapil Chopra

&Mr.Nishit Chopra has promoted the group.and it is so named SKN-BENTEX GROUP.

The Group have been certified for ISO-9001 and products are also ISI MARKED& BSI REGISTERED.

Besides manufacturing with various electrcal item now the company is engaged infield of LPG REGULATORS ,BUILDING CONSTRUCTION and EXPORT ACTIVITIES.

ENERGY METER is a device that measures the

amount of electrical energy consumed by residence or commercial unit over a period of time. Energy=Power X Time The most common unit of measurement on the electricity meter is the kilowatt hour, which is equal to the amount of energy used by a load of one kilowatt over a period of one hour, or 36,00,000joules.

TYPES OF ENERGY METERS

The energy meter fall into two basic categories : ELECTRO-MECHANICAL.

ENERGY METER

PAST

ELECTRONIC

ENERGY METER

CURRENT

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ENERGY METER

The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the

revolutions of an aluminum disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power
The number of revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage.

It consumes a small amount of power, typically around 2watts. Theft detection is poor

ERRORS IN ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ENERGY METER

Friction error: -produced in roter bearing and gearing system causes slower the meter speed, and shows incorrect energy measurements. Creeping error: - Moving of disc without passing current through current coil at no load due to excitation of potential coil. Temperature error: - In this type Temperature change the resistance of instruments in the discwhich reduces driving torque and causes the wrong reading.

Speed error: - This error is produced due to wrong adjustment of breaking magnet, so causes low or high speed of meter.
Calibration error: - Newly made meters are calibrated by comparison with a completely accurate meter so if there is any error in later the whole calibration will go wrong. Miscellaneous errors: - Wear and tear, mishandling and installing of meter without proper angle also affect the mechanical working of meter and thus produces multiple errors

ELECTRONIC ENERGY METER

Electronic meters operates on semiconductor or digital circuit on a P.C.B which

registers the power consumed on L.C.D

. In addition to measuring energy used, electronic meters can also record other parameters of the load and supply such as:Maximum demand Power factor Remote meter reading Advanced billing Can measure power less than 1 watt Easily calibrated Accurate reading Anti-tampering

FUTURE ENERGY METERS

AMR (Automatic Meter Reading and RMR (Remote Meter Reading) describe various systems that allow meters to be checked without the need to send a meter reader out An electronic meter can transmit its readings by telephone line or radio to a central billing office.
Automatic meter reading can be done with GSM

(Global System for Mobile Communications) modems, one is attached to each meter and the other is placed at the central utility office.

How AMR works ?

Remotely reads customer meters and then transfers the data into the

billing system Reduce the need for meter readers to manually gather utility meter readings each month.

Critical Benefits from AMRS

Ability to detect tamper events and outage occurrences. Remotely Connect/ Disconnect power supply through meter. Calculate transformer loading and sizing from interval data 15 minute interval data gives accurate load information for supply scheduling, switching operations, planning etc Monitor voltage at each premise to know conditions when to operate capacitor switches or regulators Consistent and granular data for improved accuracy

SMART METER OR PREPAID ENERGY METERS

Smart meters go a step further than simple AMR (automatic meter

reading).

They offer additional functionality:

Real-time or near real-time reads Power outage notification Power quality monitoring. They allow price setting agencies to introduce different prices for consumption based on the time of day and the season.

APPRATUS REQUIRED FOR TESTING OF ENERGY METER:1.TESTING BENCH 2.COMPUTER CONTROLED SOFTWARE(CCS) SYSTEM 3.PHANTOM LOAD 4. HIGH-FREQUENCY STANDARD METER

TESTING OF ENERGY METER

TESTS TO BE PERFORMED ON METERS

NO LOAD(CREEP) TEST STARTING TEST REPATIBILTY ERROR TEST EARTH (GROUND )TEST

DIAL TEST
ROUTINE TEST

1.AT 5% OF MARKED CURRENT WITH UNITY POWER FACTOR 2.AT 100% OR 200% OF MARKED CURRENT UNITY POWER FACTOR 3.AT MARKED CURRENT AND 0.5LAGGING POWER FACTOR

TAMPERING OF ENERGY METER AND THEIR REMEDIES

1. A common method of tampering on older meters is to attach magnets to the outside of the meter. These magnetically saturate the coils or current transformers, preventing the alternating current from forming eddy currents in the rotor, or inducing voltages in the current transformer.
But modern electronic energy meter have sensor that can report magnetic anomalies. 2. Rectified DC loads cause mechanical rotating coils of meters to under-register. But electronic meter does not have a rotating part so it measures the accurate reading

3. Connecting the neutral terminal from source to load inside the meter, make the meter to stop for taking the readings. However, modern tamper-resistant meters can detect it and bill it at standard rate 4. Now electronics energy meter can also be tampered by placing a 35KV EHT inside the meter thus reducting the speed of rotation of the disc. But model digital meter immediately record this type of tampering by senors placed inside the modern digital meter 5. Due to digital circuitry, digital meter has the flexibility of change. To add new functions, all that has to be done is to change the software or interface new digital hardware

A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical

switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and then interrupting the continuity of electrical flow until the fault becomes over. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)The commonly-available preferred values for the rated current are 5 A, 10 A, 13A, 16A, 20 A, 25 A, 32 A, 40 A, 50 A, 63A, 80 A and 100 A not more than 100A each having different tripping time.

TYPES OF M.C.Bs
There are mainly three types of M.C.Bs are available

consumer related (Type-B COLOUR-BLACK) and commercial or industrial related (Type-C&D COLOUR-GREY) Type B - trips between 3 and 5sec when fault is occurred. Type C - trips between 5 and 10 sec when fault is occurred. Type D - trips between 10 and 20 sec when fault is occurred.

1. Actuator lever - used to manually trip and reset

the circuit breaker. Also indicates the status of the circuit breaker (On or Off/tripped). Most breakers are designed so they can still trip even if the lever is held or locked in the "on" position. This is sometimes referred to as "free trip" or "positive trip" operation.

2. Actuator mechanism - forces the contacts together or apart.

3. Contacts - Allow current when touching and break the current when moved apart.
4. Terminals 5. Bimetallic strip. 6. Calibration screw - allows the manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip current of the device after assembly. 7. Solenoid 8. Arc divider/extinguisher

TESTING OF M.C.Bs
Over-load test (due to bimetallic strip)
Tripping time test Current charactertic test Short circuit test (due to magnetic block)

A ceiling fan is a device suspended from the ceiling of a room, which employs hub-mounted rotating paddles to circulate air.
Ceiling fans incorporate power and performance, safety and durability, comfort and style and offer both decorative and economy models to suit individual needs.

How to select the right sweep of ceiling fan for your room
For small shops, cabins and low ceilings : 600 mm For the following room sizes : Below 7 sq.m. :900 mm 7 to 10 sq.m. :1050 mm 10 to 12 sq.m.: 1200 mm 12 to 14 sq.m.: 1400 mm For large halls, auditoriums, offices : 1500 mm or two or more ceiling fans with a space of 2-3 sweep diameter between the fans Use of fans in air conditioned environments helps improve uniform air circulation resulting in energy conservation.

PARTS OF A CEILING FAN

The key components of a ceiling fan are the following: An electric motor (see Types of ceiling fans below for descriptions) One to six paddles (called "blades"); usually made of wood, MDF, metal, or plastic; which

mount under, on top of, or on the side of the motor. The majority of residential ceiling fans have either four or five blades, while most industrial ceiling fans have three. However, a very few specialized art fans (fans made more for artistic appearance than functionality) have other numbers of blades, such as one, or eight or more. Metal arms, called blade irons (alternately blade brackets, blade arms, blade holders, or flanges), which connect the blades to the motor. Flywheel, a metal or tough rubber double-torus which is attached to the motor shaft, and to which the blade irons may be attached. The flywheel inner ring is locked to the shaft by a lock-screw, and the blade irons to the outer ring by bolts that feed into tapped metal inserts. Older flywheels may become brittle and break, a common cause of fan failure. Replacing the flywheel requires disconnecting wiring and removing the switch housing to gain access to the shaft lock-screw. Rotor, alternative to blade irons. First patented by industrial designer Ron Rezek in 1991, the one-piece die cast rotor receives and secures the blades and bolts right to the motor, eliminating most balance problems and minimizing exposed fasteners.

MECHANISM FOR MOUNTING THE CEILING FAN

Some fans mount using a "ball-and-socket" system. With this system, there is a metal or plastic hemisphere mounted on the end of the downrod this hemisphere rests in a ceiling-mounted metal bracket and allows the fan to move freely (which is very useful on vaulted ceilings). Some companies have come up with slight modifications of this design. Some fans mount using a "J-hook" (also known as a "claw-hook") system. In this system, a metal hook (which comes in a variety of configurations) secures to a ceiling-mounted metal bolt (again, available in a variety of configurations). Usually, there is a rubber bushing inserted between the hook and the bolt as a noise-reduction agent. Some fans can be mounted using a Low-Ceiling Adapter, a special kit which must be purchased from the fan's manufacturer. This eliminates the need for a downrod, and is therefore useful in rooms with low ceiling clearance. In recent years, it has become increasingly common for a ball-and-socket fan to be designed such that the canopy (ceiling cover piece) can optionally be screwed directly into the top of the motor housing; then the whole fan can be secured directly onto the ceiling mounting bracket. This is known as a "close-to-ceiling" mount.

Other components, which vary by model and style, can include: A downrod, a metal pipe used to suspend the fan from the ceiling. Downrods come in many lengths. A decorative encasement for the motor (known as the "motor housing"). A switch housing (also known as a "switch cup"), a metal cylinder mounted below and in the center of the fan's motor. The switch housing is used to conceal and protect various components, which can include wires, capacitors, and switches; on fans that require oiling, it often conceals the oil reservoir which lubricates the bearings. The switch housing also makes for a convenient place to mount a light kit. Blade badges, decorative adornments attached to the visible underside of the blades for the purpose of concealing the screws used to attach the blades to the blade irons. Assorted switches used for turning the fan on and off, adjusting the speed at which the blades rotate, changing the direction in which the blades rotate, and operating any lamps that may be present. Lamps

Uplights, which are installed on top of the fan's motor housing and project light up onto the ceiling, for aesthetic reasons (to "create ambiance") Downlights, often referred to as a "light kit", which add ambient light to a room and can be used to replace any ceiling-mounted lamps that were displaced by the installation of a ceiling fan Decorative light bulbs mounted inside the motor housing - in this type of setup, the motor housing often has glass panel sections which allow light to shine though

TESTING OF CEILING FANS

NO-LOAD TEST
BLADE TEST SPEED(R.P.M) TEST STARTING CURRENT TEST