Synchros and Resolvers

SYNCHROS AND RESOLVERS
Jenny
Synchros
It is the name given to a variety of rotary, electromechanical, position-sensing devices. a variable coupling transformer. Functions
supplying data by positioning dials and pointers control devices in servo systems.
Types
Torque synchro
to move light loads such as dials, pointers, or similar indicators.
Control synchro
designed to move heavy loads such as gun directors, radar antennas, and missile launchers,machine tools.
Torque synchros include transmitters (CG), differentials (CD) and receivers (CR). Control synchros include transmitters (CG), differentials (CD) control transformers (CT), resolvers (CS), linear transformers (LT) and the two hybrid units: transolvers (CSD) and differential resolvers (CDS).
Construction of synchro transmitterreceiver

Each synchro contains a rotor, similar in appearance to the armature in a motor, and a stator, which corresponds to the field in a motor. The synchro stator is composed of three Y-connected windings (S1, S2, and S3). The rotor is composed of one single winding (R1 and R2).
TRANSMITTER The magnitude of the induced voltage depends on the angle between the rotor fields and the resultant axis of the coils forming that stator phase. VS1-3 = KVR2-1 sin VS3-2 = KVR2-1 sin (+ 120) VS2-1 = KVR2-1 sin ( + 240) where K is the maximum coupling transformation ratio (TR), which is defined as TR=Vout(max.)/Vin is the rotor position angle. VS1-3 is the voltage from the S1 terminal to the S3 terminal. The transmitter, therefore, supplies information about the rotor position angle as a set of three output voltages. RECEIVER An instrument which will measure the magnitude of these voltages, examine their time-phase relationships, and return them to their original form: a shaft position. Such a device is the synchro receiver (CR). These two units form the most basic synchro system.
Torque in receiver
The torque developed in a synchro receiver results from the tendency of two electromagnets to align themselves The strength of the magnetic field produced by the stator determines the torque. The field strength depends on the current through the stator coils. As the current through the stator is increased, the field strength increases and more torque is developed Synchro torque receivers, commonly called synchro receivers, are electrically identical to torque transmitters of the same size except for the addition of some form of damping The rotor is connected to the same ac source as the transmitter and assumes a position determined by the interaction of its magnetic field with the magnetic field of the stator.
BASIC SYNCHRO SYSTEM OPERATION
TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL SYNCHRO SYSTEMS
TX-TDX-TR
TX-TDR-TX
Control synchros
Control synchros by themselves cannot move heavy loads. These devices are used for providing and dealing with control signals in servo systems where accurate angular transmission to a mechanical load is required. There are three types of control synchros: the CONTROL TRANSMITTER (CX), the CONTROL TRANSFORMER (CT), and the CONTROL DIFFERENTIAL TRANSMITTER (CDX).
Working
The Control Transmitter is really a high impedance version of the Torque Transmitter . A Control Transformer is a high impedance version of the Torque Receiver with the rotor winding aligned at 90 degrees from that of a TR. The output voltages from the CX are normally fed to a Control transformer (CT) to form a Control Chain. If the control transformer rotor angle is not the same as that of the transmitter, a voltage proportional to the sine of the angular difference appears on the control transformer rotor.
Synchros in machine tools
Working
Servo system using control chain
Synchros are more commonly used in machine tools than resolvers A single synchro can represent an angular rotation unambiguously in very narrow range(4-6mm) A number of synchros are coupled with gears having reduction ratio 10:1 As the table moves,the switching system switches from one to the other till only fine control works
Digital synchro
Resolver
The Resolver is a form of synchro (Resolvers are very often called Synchro Resolvers) in which thewindings on the stator and rotor are displaced mechanically at 90 The Resolver therefore exploits the sinusoidal relationship between the shaft angle and the output voltage. The simplest Resolver would have a rotor with a single winding and a stator with 2 windings at 90 to each other.
If we assume that the rotor is excited by an AC reference voltage:

A Sin t
Then the voltages appearing on the stator terminals will be:

S1 to S3 = V Sin t Sin and S4 to S2 = V Sin t Cos , is resolver shaft angle
These voltages are known as Resolver format voltages
Resolver with two rotor windings

Either one of rotor windings or one of stator windings shorted. Known as Data Transmission Resolvers, Control chain
a Resolver Transmitter (Symbol TX) and a Resolver Control Transformer (Symbol RC)
Resolver control chain
Application in machine tools

If rotor is coupled to the lead screw of machine tool, the voltages in stator indicate angle of rotation and hence displacement of table. Selsyn transducer-3 stator windings
Difference between synchro and resolver

Synchro Resolver
3 stator winding Stators 120 deg apart Output taken from stator
2 stator winding Stators 90 deg apart Output taken from stator or rotor
Comparison with other angular transducers

Cost ,in descending order
Absolute optical Encoders Synchros and Resolvers Potentiometers Contact Encoders
Resolution and Accuracy

High accuracy
Static and Dynamic Mechanical Loading

Less in the case of the optical encoders and the Synchros and Resolvers than in the case of the potentiometer and the contact encoders
Environmental Considerations
The combination of synchro and its associated electronics meet more stringent temperature, humidity, shock and vibration specifications than any other shaft angle transducer. This is one of the main reasons why Synchros and Resolvers are preferred for Military and Aerospace applications.
Noise Immunity
High degree of noise immunity If true transformer isolation is used at the conversion end No 3 or 4wire long distance problem

Synchros and Resolvers

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Synchros and Resolvers

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SYNCHROS AND RESOLVERS

Construction of synchro transmitterreceiver

BASIC SYNCHRO SYSTEM OPERATION

TORQUE DIFFERENTIAL SYNCHRO SYSTEMS

Synchros in machine tools

Servo system using control chain

If we assume that the rotor is excited by an AC reference voltage:

Then the voltages appearing on the stator terminals will be:

These voltages are known as Resolver format voltages

Resolver with two rotor windings

Resolver control chain

Application in machine tools

Difference between synchro and resolver

Comparison with other angular transducers

Resolution and Accuracy

Static and Dynamic Mechanical Loading

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