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    Flows in Micro-Fluidic Systems: Xiangyu Hu Technical University of Munich

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    Anand Raj
    This chapter discusses microfluidic systems and flows at the microscale. It defines microfluidic systems as those manipulating fluids in channels less than 100 micrometers. Microfluidic systems aim to integrate total analysis on a single chip for portability. Flows at the microscale differ from the macroscale due to low Reynolds and capillary numbers. This results in laminar, surface-tension dominated flows. Peclet numbers are also high, meaning diffusion effects are slow. Numerical modeling of microfluidic systems is challenging due to their multi-physics, multi-scale, multi-phase nature involving complex fluids and geometries.

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    Flows in Micro-Fluidic Systems: Xiangyu Hu Technical University of Munich

    Uploaded by

    Anand Raj
    178 views26 pages
    This chapter discusses microfluidic systems and flows at the microscale. It defines microfluidic systems as those manipulating fluids in channels less than 100 micrometers. Microfluidic systems aim to integrate total analysis on a single chip for portability. Flows at the microscale differ from the macroscale due to low Reynolds and capillary numbers. This results in laminar, surface-tension dominated flows. Peclet numbers are also high, meaning diffusion effects are slow. Numerical modeling of microfluidic systems is challenging due to their multi-physics, multi-scale, multi-phase nature involving complex fluids and geometries.

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    MEMS and Microfluidics

    Original Title

    Microfluidics

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    This chapter discusses microfluidic systems and flows at the microscale. It defines microfluidic systems as those manipulating fluids in channels less than 100 micrometers. Microfluidic systems aim to integrate total analysis on a single chip for portability. Flows at the microscale differ from the macroscale due to low Reynolds and capillary numbers. This results in laminar, surface-tension dominated flows. Peclet numbers are also high, meaning diffusion effects are slow. Numerical modeling of microfluidic systems is challenging due to their multi-physics, multi-scale, multi-phase nature involving complex fluids and geometries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    178 views26 pages

    Flows in Micro-Fluidic Systems: Xiangyu Hu Technical University of Munich

    Uploaded by

    Anand Raj
    This chapter discusses microfluidic systems and flows at the microscale. It defines microfluidic systems as those manipulating fluids in channels less than 100 micrometers. Microfluidic systems aim to integrate total analysis on a single chip for portability. Flows at the microscale differ from the macroscale due to low Reynolds and capillary numbers. This results in laminar, surface-tension dominated flows. Peclet numbers are also high, meaning diffusion effects are slow. Numerical modeling of microfluidic systems is challenging due to their multi-physics, multi-scale, multi-phase nature involving complex fluids and geometries.

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    Chapter 01:

    Flows in micro-fluidic systems


    Xiangyu Hu
    Technical University of Munich
    What is a micro-fluidic system?
    A system manipulating fluids in channels having cross section
    dimension on less than 100 micro-meters
    Smallest micro-channel: Nano-tube
    Micro-channels
    Nano-tubes
    The objectives of micro-fluidic systems
    Micro-Total-Analysis-Systems
    (TAS)
    One system to provide all of
    the possible required analyses
    for a given type problem
    All processing steps are
    performed on the chip
    No user interaction required
    except for initialization
    Portable bedside systems
    possible
    Lab-on-a-chip
    Micro-fluidics in nature
    Aveoli (Lung bubbles)
    Micro-fluidics is Interdisciplinary
    Micro-Fabrication
    Chemistry
    Biology
    Mechanics
    Control Systems
    Micro-Scale Physics and Thermal/Fluidic Transport
    Numerical Modeling
    Simulation of micro-flows
    Material Science

    The fluids in micro-fluidic system
    Simple fluids
    liquids and gases
    Complex fluids
    immersed structures,
    surfactants, polymers, DNA
    Injection of a droplet into a micro-channel.
    Polymer flow in a micro-channel
    Cells in a micro-channel.
    Typical fluidic components
    Micro-channels and channel-
    circuit
    Functional structures
    Micro-pump and switches
    Mixing and separating devices
    Channel-circuit
    Typical functional structre
    Electroosmotic Pumping
    Length scales in micro-fluidic systems
    Micro-channel
    1mm
    100m
    10m
    1m
    100nm
    10nm
    Cellular scale
    Radius of Gyration of DNA
    Microstructure and micro-drops
    Extended lenght of DNA
    Typical size of a chip
    Colloid and polymer molecular size
    Deviations from continuum hypothesis for
    micro-fluidics
    I: gas microflows
    Deviations from continuum hypothesis for micro-
    fluidics
    II: simple liquid micro-flows
    How small should a volume of fluid be so that we can assign it mean properties?
    Nano-meter scale
    At what scales will the statistical fluctuations be significant?
    Nano-meter scales
    Deviations from continuum hypothesis for micro-
    fluidics
    II: simple liquid micro-flows
    Slip at wall in nano-scale?
    High shear rate
    Hydrophobic surface
    Deviations from continuum hypothesis for micro-
    fluidics
    III: micro-flows with complex fluids
    Detailed modeling can not use
    continuum model
    Nano-Scale
    DNA molecule stretched by flow
    Nanowires deformed under shearing
    Polymer molecules in a
    channel flow
    Conclusion on continuum hypothesis for
    micro-fluidics
    Dependent on length scales
    Nano-meter scales: NO
    Micro-meter scales: Yes, but NO for Gas
    Influence on numerical method
    Nano-meter scales: non- continuum
    Micro- and meso-copic methods
    Micro-meter scales: continuum
    Macroscopic methods
    Micro-meter scales for gas: non- continuum
    Micro- and meso-copic methods
    Nano- to micro-meter scales
    Multi-scale modeling
    Other flow features for micro-fluidics
    Low Reynolds number flow
    Large viscous force
    Low Capillary number flow
    Large surface force
    High Peclet number flow
    Disperse and diffusion
    Slow diffusion effects
    Special transport mechanism
    Mixing: chaotic mixing
    Separation: particle, polymer and DNA
    Low Reynolds number flow (Stokes flow)
    Reynolds number (Re) is the ratio between inertial force
    to viscous force


    Scaling between intertial force and viscous force in NS
    equation
    Length scale L
    Velocity scale U



    Flow classification based on Re
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbDscDSUAg4&feature=channel_page
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ghBUcQG1lQ&feature=channel_page
    u u u
    u
    2
    1
    V + V = V +
    c
    c
    v

    p
    t
    Low Reynolds number flow (Stokes flow)
    In micro-fluidics, Re<1
    Laminar flow
    the viscous force dominant the inertial force
    Inertial irrelevance
    Purcell 1977
    http://www.youtube.com/user/Swimmers1
    Low Capillary number flow
    Capillary number (Ca) is the ratio between viscous force
    to surface force


    What is surface tension?
    Stretch force along the material interface
    o
    U
    Ca =
    Low Capillary number flow
    Capillary number (Ca) is the ratio between viscous force
    to surface force


    Scaling between viscous force and surface force in NS
    equation
    Length scale L
    Velocity scale U
    o
    U
    Ca =
    ( )
    S S
    p
    t
    o o ok

    V + + V + V = V +
    c
    c
    n u u u
    u 1 1
    2
    Low Capillary number flow
    In micro-fluidics, Ca <<1
    Surface force dominant flow
    Wetting effects
    Micro-fluidic pin-ball: routing
    High Peclet number flow
    Peclet number (Pe) is the ratio advection rate of a flow to
    its diffusion rate


    Advection, diffusion and dispersion
    Advection : transport that is due to flow
    Diffusion: results from movement of particles along
    concentration gradients
    Dispersion: transport that describes local mixing, which results
    in locally varying fluid flow velocity
    D
    LU
    Pe =
    http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/run.cgi?SolidDiffusion.591.481
    High Peclet number flow
    In most of the liquid flow, also
    in micro-fluidics, Pe >>1
    Strategy for faster mixing
    increase the length of mixing
    layer
    Long channel
    Long trajactory line: Chaotic
    mixing (Use of disperseion)
    Chaotic Mixing
    Stretching and folding the
    mixing layer by localized flows
    Different approaches
    Geometric structure
    Surface tension effects
    Electrohydrodynamically-
    driven

    Micro-fluidics crystallization system.
    Electrohydrodynamically-driven
    microfluidic mixing
    Separation in micro-fluidics
    External force used to move
    the solute
    Separating particle on different
    mobility
    Large mass, small velocity
    Dielectric properties
    Separating long DNAs
    Long DNAs
    Same mobility
    Mechanism of separation
    Weissenberger number:
    relaxation time to shear
    rate or flow time scale



    Longer chain, longer
    relaxation time
    Longer chain, less diffusion
    coefficient

    = Wi
    Separating long DNAs (1)
    Separating long DNAs (1)
    Numerical Modeling Challenges
    Multi Physical Phenomenon
    Thermal, Fluidic, Mechanical, Biological, Chemical, Electrical
    Multi-scale
    Continuum and atomistic modeling may coexist
    Multi-phase
    Gas, liquid
    Complex fluids
    Particle, nano-structures, polymer, DNA
    Complex geometry

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