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    Memory: DR Wan Norhaida Wan Abdullah

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    Rhomizal Mazali
    Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. There are three main stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information moves between these stages through encoding, storage and retrieval processes. Short-term memory lasts around 20 seconds while long-term memory can store information essentially indefinitely. Forgetting occurs due to interference, decay, or retrieval failures from long-term memory. Emotional events are often better remembered due to rehearsal, flashbulb memories, and context effects.

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    Memory: DR Wan Norhaida Wan Abdullah

    Uploaded by

    Rhomizal Mazali
    52 views33 pages
    Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. There are three main stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information moves between these stages through encoding, storage and retrieval processes. Short-term memory lasts around 20 seconds while long-term memory can store information essentially indefinitely. Forgetting occurs due to interference, decay, or retrieval failures from long-term memory. Emotional events are often better remembered due to rehearsal, flashbulb memories, and context effects.

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    Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. There are three main stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information moves between these stages through encoding, storage and retrieval processes. Short-term memory lasts around 20 seconds while long-term memory can store information essentially indefinitely. Forgetting occurs due to interference, decay, or retrieval failures from long-term memory. Emotional events are often better remembered due to rehearsal, flashbulb memories, and context effects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    52 views33 pages

    Memory: DR Wan Norhaida Wan Abdullah

    Uploaded by

    Rhomizal Mazali
    Memory involves encoding, storing, and retrieving information over time. There are three main stages of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information moves between these stages through encoding, storage and retrieval processes. Short-term memory lasts around 20 seconds while long-term memory can store information essentially indefinitely. Forgetting occurs due to interference, decay, or retrieval failures from long-term memory. Emotional events are often better remembered due to rehearsal, flashbulb memories, and context effects.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    MEMORY

    DR WAN NORHAIDA WAN ABDULLAH

    12 DEC 2010

    CONTENTS
    INTRODUCTION STAGES OF MEMORY DISORDERED OF MEMORY

    Introduction
    Memory is a process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved Memory is intrinsically linked to learning and involves:

    The learning of associations The learning of skills The storage of information The learning of new information (anterograde memory) The recall of previously learnt information (retrograde memory)

    Stages of memory
    Encoding/registration
    Visual coding Phonological Coding Semantic coding Sensory memory Short term memory Long term memory

    Storage

    Retrieval

    Recall recognition

    Encoding/registration
    The initial processing of information enabling it to be assimilated (requires attention)

    Information is encoded in the form of: 1. Visual code


    Based on a mental picture of the object Based on the sound and names of the object Based on a meaningful association that the objects have

    2. Phonological code
    3. Semantic code

    Storage
    1) Sensory memory
    Characteristics 1. Contains all information initially acquired by the organ senses:
    1. 2. 3.

    Echoic-auditory Iconic-visual Haptic-touch

    2. Short lasting 0.5 sec (visual), 3 sec (auditory) 3. Only attended stimuli are transferred into the next storage

    Maximum number of immediately

    recallable item is called span of apprehension

    How many items can you recall? Typically 3 or 4 items Maybe larger, but hard to ascertain due to

    measurement difficulty

    Storage
    2)Short term memory Primary/working memory Characteristics 1. Contains conscious information 2. Lost in about 20-30 seconds 3. Information rehearsed/elaborated will be transferred to long term memory

    Encoding in STM require selective attention Many STM problems are related to lapse of attention Information in STM are encoded in the form of:
    1. Visual code
    2. Phonological code

    Information stored in STM lasted in about 20 seconds The capacity of STM to store information is very limited (7+2) Information in STM is lost due to
    1. Natural decay 2. Displacement of old item with the new ones

    Retrieval of information from STM require

    serial search
    Serial search refers to a search in which

    items are examine one at a time


    STM can be boosted by the process of

    chunking

    Chunking refers to combining bits of

    information into meaningful units


    Read the following BGI TAE LTE GDO THE Can you recall the information

    Now try again

    THE EAT DOG BIG LET


    Easier isnt it? Try this one

    LET THE BIG DOG EAT


    A lot easier isnt it, that explains chunking i.e. combining bits of information into

    meaningful units

    Long term memory


    Secondary memory Permanent store

    Characteristics 1. Information are stored via elaboration process from short term memory

    Elaboration refers to a variety of processes that facilitate information retention (eg. Transforming an object into visual image; associating an object with a meaning ect)

    2. The size of LTM is unlimited 3. Information retrieved from long term is

    placed back in STM


    Information are encoded in long term memory

    using semantic code Information are stored by adding a meaningful connection to the objects

    Following registration needs few minutes for

    consolidation Coding in LTM can be visual, acoustic and semantic ..requires motivation LTM can be
    Declarative ( knowing that) Declarative can be episodic ( knowing when) Semantic (knowing about)

    Procedural (knowing how)

    Declarative episodic: LTM for event and

    places-autobiographical memory that is clear and explicit Declarative semantic: explicit LTM of meaning of words Procedural: Implicit LTM concerning skills

    Retrieval
    Recall information from LTM-STM Explicit : memories are recalled completely

    with subjective temporal awareness Implicit: no conscious recollection or temporal awareness.

    Forgetting
    The loss of information from memory-

    retrieval failure Unlike STM, Forgetting in LTM usually results from a lost access to information In STM, forgetting is due to? Have you experience an inability to recall a point in examination and only to have it once you get out of exam room?

    Interference The learning and recall of an item is influenced by new learning in between as this disrupt consolidation of original item
    Can impair retrieval Recall that we stored information in LTM by adding meaningful association (cue or keyword)

    Interference cont Many times the same cue is used for several objects
    If we try to use that cue to recall an items,

    other objects may be activated and interfere with information retrieval

    Decay theory :
    With time memories faded. Forgetting is time-

    dependent

    LTM retrieval is facilitated by 1. Organization of information into categories


    2. Context in which the information was

    encoded

    Memory and Emotion


    1. Rehearsal 2. Flashbulb memories 3. Retrieval interference via anxiety 4. Context effects 5. Repression

    Rehearsal
    Human tendency to repeat, talk, think

    about emotionally charged situation (positive and negative) than the neutral one
    Rehearsal facilitate transfer from STM to LTM

    Flashbulb memories
    A vivid and relatively permanent record of

    the circumstances during which one learned an emotionally charged situation


    Tsunami victims

    Anxiety
    Severe anxiety can hinder information

    retrieval
    Imagine yourself in an exam room
    You are unable to answer the initial question

    which carry half of the total mark You may likely to find yourself unable to answer the subsequent questions

    Context effects
    Context facilitate memory retention

    Recall is best when the emotional states during which the information is retrieved match that during encoding
    When you encode an information in a

    happy mood, its easier to retrieve the information when you are in a happy mood.

    Repression
    Based on the Freuds theory of the

    unconscious
    Storing a traumatic experience in the

    unconscious i.e. intentional forgetting


    Allowing such experience to enter

    consciousness would cause the individual overwhelmed by anxiety

    Test of memory
    Recall of past personal life event Recall of recent personal event STM: recall of simple name and adress after 5

    minutes, repeating sentence, digit span General knowlegde test

    Disordered of memories
    Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia

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