Schrödinger Representation - Schrödinger Equation

Schrdinger Representation Schrdinger Equation
2
2
classical
p
H V
m
= +
Hamiltonian kinetic potential
energy energy
Sum of kinetic energy and potential energy.
Time dependent Schrdinger Equation
( , , , )
( , , , ) ( , , , )
x y z t
i H x y z t x y z t
t
c
c
u
= u
Developed through analogy to Maxwells equations and knowledge of
the Bohr model of the H atom.
The potential, V, makes one problem different form another H atom, harmonic oscillator.
Q.M.
2 2
2
(x)
2m x
H V
c
c
= +
2
2
( , , )
2
H V x y z
m
= V +
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
x y z
c c c
c c c
V = + +
one dimension
three dimensions
p i
x
c
=
c
recall
Copyright Michael D. Fayer, 2007
Getting the Time Independent Schrdinger Equation
( , , , ) x y z t u
wavefunction
( , , , ) ( , , , ) ( , , , ) i x y z t H x y z t x y z t
t
c
c
u = u
( , , , ) ( , , ) ( ) x y z t x y z F t | u =
If the energy is independent of time ( , , ) H x y z
Try solution
product of spatial function and time function
Then
( , , ) ( ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( ) i x y z F t H x y z x y z F t
t
c
| |
c
=
( , , ) ( ) ( ) ( , , ) ( , , ) i x y z F t F t H x y z x y z
t
c
| |
c
=
independent of t independent of x, y, z
divide through by
F | u =
( )
( , , ) ( , , )
( ) ( , , )
dF t
i
H x y z x y z
dt
F t x y z
|
|
=
depends only
on t
depends only
on x, y, z
Can only be true for any x, y, z, t if both sides equal a constant.
Changing t on the left doesnt change the value on the right.
Changing x, y, z on right doesnt change value on left.
Equal constant
dF
i
H
dt
E
F
|
|
= =
dF
i
H
dt
E
F
|
|
= =
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) H x y z x y z E x y z | | =
Both sides equal a constant, E.
Energy eigenvalue problem time independent Schrdinger Equation
H is energy operator.
Operate on | get | back times a number.
|s are energy eigenkets; eigenfunctions; wavefunctions.
E Energy Eigenvalues
Observable values of energy
Time Dependent Equation (H time independent)
( )
( )
dF t
i
dt
E
F t
=
( )
( )
dF t
i E F t
dt
=
( )
.
( )
dF t i
E dt
F t
=
ln
i Et
F C = +
/
( )
i Et i t
F t e e
e
= =
Time dependent part of wavefunction for time independent Hamiltonian.
Time dependent phase factor used in wave packet problem.
Integrate both sides
/
( , , , ) ( , , )
i E t
E E
x y z t x y z e |

u =
Total wavefunction
E energy (observable) that
labels state.
Normalization
* * / / * i Et i Et
E E E E E E E E
d e e d d t | | t | | t
+
u u = u u = =
} } }
Total wavefunction is normalized if time independent part is normalized.
Expectation value of time independent operator S.
* * / / i Et i Et
E E E E
S S S d e S e d t | | t
= u u = u u =
} }
/ i Et
e
S does not depend on t, can be brought to other side of S.

*
E E
S S d | | t u u =
}
Expectation value is time independent and depends only on the
time independent part of the wavefunction.
Equation of motion of the Expectation Value in the Schrdinger Representation
Expectation value of operator representing observable for state S
A S A S =
P S P S = example - momentum
In Schrdinger representation, operators dont change in time.
Time dependence contained in wavefunction.
?
P
P
t
c
c
=
Want Q.M. equivalent of
time derivative of a classical dynamical variable.
P P
classical momentum goes over to momentum operator
want Q.M. equivalent of time derivative
Definition: The time derivative of the operator , i. e.,
is defined to mean an operator whose expectation in
any state is the time derivative of
the expectation of the operator .
A
A
A
S
Want to find
d A
S A S
dt t
c
c
=
H S i S
t
c
c
= Use time dependent Schrdinger equation.
S A S S A S S A S
t t t
c c c
c c c
| |
= +
|
\ .
product rule
time independent derivative is zero
i
S S H
t
c
c
| |
=
|
\ .
S H i S
t
c
c
=
Use the complex conjugate of the Schrdinger equation .
(operate to left)
Then
, and from the Schrdinger equation
i
S H S
t
c
c

=
i
S A S S H A S S AH S
t
c
c
( =

From complex conjugate of Schrdinger eq.
From Schrdinger eq.
Therefore
d A
i
S H A AH S
dt
=
[ , ]
i
A H A =
This is the commutator of H A.
The operator representing the time derivative of an observable is
times the commutator of H with the observable.
/ i
Solving the time independent Schrdinger equation
The free particle
momentum problem
P P p P =
1
( )
2
i kx
p
x e
t
=
p k = / k p =
2
2
P
H
m
=
Free particle Hamiltonian no potential V = 0.
Commutator of H with P
3 3
[ , ] 0
2 2
P P
P H
m m
= =
3
P S PPP S =
and P H commute Simultaneous Eigenfunctions.
H P E P =
2 2
2
2
H
m x
c
c
=
Free particle energy eigenvalue problem
2 2
2
1
2
2
i kx
H P e
m x
c
c
t
| |
=
|
\ .
Use momentum eigenkets.
2
2
( )
2 2
i kx
ik e
m t
=
2 2
1
2
2
i kx
k
e
m
t
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
p
P
m
=
energy eigenvalues
2
2
p
E
m
= Therefore,
Energy same as classical result.

Schrödinger Representation - Schrödinger Equation

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Schrödinger Representation - Schrödinger Equation

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Schrdinger Representation Schrdinger Equation

S does not depend on t, can be brought to other side of S.

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