Heat Exchangers

Heat Exchangers
Flow Patterns
Parallel Flow
Counter Current Flow
Shell and Tube with baffles
Cross Flow
Temperature Profiles
T = Approach Temperature
Heat
Exchanger
Temperature
Profiles
Flow Structure
Q=U A F T
lm-counter
( )
( )
( )
( )
in cold in hot
in cold out cold
in cold out cold
out hot in hot
T T
T T
S
T T
T T
R
R R S
R R S
R
RS
S
R
F
=
(
(
+ + +
+ +
+
=
1 1 2
1 1 2
ln 1
1
1
ln 1
2
2
2
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Series of Resistances
Basis
Inside
Outside
() () || ()
1
, ,
1 ) ln( 2 1 ) 1 (

(
+ + + + =
o f o i o o w i i o
i
o
i f o
R h D D D k h D D
A
A
R U
Inside
Tubes
R
f
=fouling factors, inside and outside
See table 18.5 for range of U values for different cases.
Heat Transfer inside a tube
Turbulent 000 , 10 Re
700 , 16 Pr 7 . 0
e smooth tub , 60 /
Pr Re 027 . 0
14 . 0
3 / 1 8 . 0
>
< = <
>
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
f
p
w
b
f
k
C
D L
k
hD
Nu
Also other correlations valid over wider ranges

Heat Transfer outside of Tube
000 , 100 Re 40
300 Pr 67 . 0
2 . 5 25 . 0
Pr ) Re 06 . 0 Re 4 . 0 (
25 . 0
4 . 0 3 / 2 5 . 0
< <
< = <
< <
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = =
f
p
w
b
w
b
f
k
C
k
hD
Nu
Also other correlations valid over wider ranges

Thermal Conductivity
What Temperature Approach
Heuristic 26.
Near-optimal minimum temperature approaches
in heat exchangers depend on the temperature
level as follows:
10F or less for temperatures below ambient,
20F for temperatures at or above ambient up to 300F,
50F for high temperatures,
250 to 350F in a furnace for flue gas temperature above
inlet process fluid temperature.
Where are the Heat Exchangers?
What is happening in each

Octane Reaction
2C
2
H
4
+ C
4
H
10
C
8
H
18
P= 20 psia, T=93C,
X=98% Conversion

T
BP
C
2
H
4
103.7 C
C
4
H
10
+0.5 C
C
8
H
18
+125.52 C
Where are the Heat Exchangers?
Heat Transfer With Phase
Change
Tricky Problems
Examples
Reboiler on Distillation Unit
Condenser on Distillation Unit
Flash Units
Boilers
A Word About Steam
Simulator Assumptions
Inlet Saturated Vapor
Pressure
100% Vapor
Outlet Saturated Liquid
Liquid Only Leaves via steam trap
Pressure = P
in
- P (1.5 psi, Heuristic-31)
100% Liquid
Where are the Tricky
Heat Exchangers?
Condensation Heat Transfer
Drop Wise Condensation
Special Case
Very High Heat Transfer
5 to 10 x Film Condensation
Film Condensation
Laminar
4 / 1
3
) ( 4
) (
(
(
A
= =
x T T
k H g
k
x h
Nu
w v l
l vap v l l
l
x
x

Laminar to Turbulent Condensate
Flow
Boiling Heat Transfer Coefficient
Various correlations depending upon boiling mechanism
Highest Heat
Transfer Coef.
But hard to
control HX
operating here
Heuristic 28
Boil a pure liquid or close-boiling liquid
mixture in a separate heat exchanger, using
a maximum overall temperature driving
force of 45 F to ensure nucleate boiling and
avoid undesirable (low h) film boiling.
Effective
Flow
Conditions
with
Boiling in
Thermo
siphon
Kettle (Re)Boiler Design
Aspen - Zone Analysis
ProMax Heat Release Increments
Heuristic 29.
When cooling and condensing a stream in a heat exchanger, a zone
analysis, described in Section 18.1, should be made to make sure
that the temperature difference between the hot stream and the cold
stream is equal to or greater than the minimum approach
temperature at all locations in the heat exchanger. The zone
analysis is performed by dividing the heat exchanger into a number
of segments and applying an energy balance to each segment to
determine corresponding stream inlet and outlet temperatures for
the segment, taking into account any phase change. A process
simulation program conveniently accomplishes the zone analysis.
Pressure Drop
& Flow Rate
Laminar vs. Turbulent
Heuristic 31.
Estimate heat-exchanger pressure drops as follows:
1.5 psi for boiling and condensing,
3 psi for a gas,
5 psi for a low-viscosity liquid,
7-9 psi for a high-viscosity liquid,
20 psi for a process fluid passing through a furnace.
Controlling P in Simulator
Shell side
Nozzle diameter
Inlet and Outlet
Number of Baffles
Tubes
Number, diameter, pitch, No. passes
Tube side
Nozzle diameter
Inlet and Outlet
Tubes
Number, diameter, pitch, No. passes
Note interactions!
Shell Heads, Shell Type
See ProMax Help/index Shell, types
HX Cost
Size Factor HX Area
C
Base(6-2000)
=exp[11.0545-0.9228*ln(A)+0.09861*ln(A)
2
]
Purchase Price
C
P-fob
=F
P
(P)*F
Material
(A)*F
L
(L)*C
Base
*(CPI/394)
C
BM
=F
BM
*C
P-fob
C
BM
=3.17*C
P-fob
Cost depends on HX Area
Pumping Cost
Work = Q*P
Controlling A in Simulator
A = N
tubes
D
tubes
L
tubes

Shell
Shell Diameter and pitch determines N
tubes
Tubes
D
tubes
L
tubes
Tube pitch-The transverse pitch is the shortest distance
from the center lines of two adjacent tubes.
Tube pitch ratio 1.25 to 1.5 typically

Controlling U in a Simulator
For a given heat duty and geometry - U determines the HX
area
Steps
Identify the controlling heat transfer resistance
h
o
-Manipulate the shell side Reynolds number
Shell diameter
Tube pitch
Number of baffles
h
i
-Manipulate the tube side Reynolds number
Tube diameter
Number of tubes (shell diameter and tube pitch)
Number of passes
If odd things happen check to see that you have the same controlling heat
transfer resistance
Note interactions!
Other Issues
Materials of Construction
Strength at temperature, life time, heat conduction,
fouling
Design layout
Tube pitch, baffles, tube and shell diameters

Heat Exchanger
Problems
Temperatures Cross Each
Other
Non-functioning Exchanger
To solve increase approach T
Condensation/Evaporation
Heat transfer with multiple heat
transfer coefficients in a single
apparatus
Various regimes of boiling
Various regimes of condensation

Heat Exchangers

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Heat Exchangers

Also other correlations valid over wider ranges

Also other correlations valid over wider ranges

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