Universe: Presented By: Faeza Shams Muneeba Zafar

UNIVERSE
Presented by:
Faeza Shams
Muneeba Zafar
Introduction
• The word universe derives from the Old
French word univers, which in turn derives
from the Latin word universum.
• Interpretation of universum is "everything

rotated as one" or "everything rotated by
one".
The Universe
• The Universe is defined as everything
that physically exists: the entirety of space
and time, all forms of matter, energy and
momentum, and the physical laws and
constants that govern them.
• The universe consists of millions of
galaxies and billions of stars, planets,
black holes etc
• The universe is believed to be 15 billion

years old and 156 billion light years wide.
What is Cosmology?
The Study of the Universe: its structure, origin,

evolution, and destiny
Our View of the Cosmos - the story of scientific models
Astronomy has seen 3 scientific revolutions in cosmology
2nd Century: Claudius Ptolemy (Physics of Aristotle)

Model: Earth-centered Cosmology
Big Idea: Different laws for Earth and the cosmos
16th Century: Nicolaus Copernicus (Physics of

Newton) Model: Sun-centered Cosmology
Big Idea: Universal physics; same laws everywhere
0th Century: Edwin Hubble (Physics of Einstein)

Model: Big Bang Cosmology
Big Idea: Universe is changing, evolving
Origin of the Big Bang Theory
• Origin of the Big Bang theory can be credited to
Edwin Hubble.
• Hubble observed that universe is continuously
expanding.
• He discovered that a galaxies velocity is
proportional to its distance.
• Galaxies that are twice as far from us move
twice as fast.
• Another consequence is that the universe is
expanding in every direction.
Expansion over time
• This observation means that it has taken
every galaxy the same amount of time to
move from a common starting position to
its current position. Just as the big bang
provided the foundation of the universe.
Evidence for Big Bang
• Red Shift- as light from distant galaxies approach earth
there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy,
which leads to wavelength being stretched.
• In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, discovered a
noise of extraterrestrial origin that came from all directions
at once- radiations left over from the Big Bang.
• In June 1995, scientists detected primordial helium in the
far reaches of the universe- consistent with an important
aspect of the Big Bang theory that a mixture of hydrogen
and helium was created at the beginning of the Universe
Using the Doppler Effect to
Measure Velocity
Early History of the Universe
• Matter as we know it did not exist at the time of the
Big Bang, only pure energy. Within one second,
the 4 fundamental forces were separated
– gravity - the attraction of one body toward
another
– electromagnetic force - binds atoms into
molecules, can be transmitted by photons
– strong nuclear force - binds protons and
neutrons together in the nucleus
– weak nuclear force - breaks down an atom’s
nucleus, producing radioactive decay
Early History of the Universe
• After 3 minutes, photons
and neutrons began to fuse
to form the nuclei of
hydrogen and helium atoms
• About 300,000 years later,
temperatures were cool
enough for complete
hydrogen and helium atoms
to form
• Photons escaped from
matter about the same time,
and light existed for the first
time
Changing Composition of
the Universe
• 200 million years later, with expansion still occurring, stars
and galaxies began forming from leftover matter - hydrogen
and helium
– nuclear fusion in stars has reduced the original
composition of 100% H and He to 98%
– when a dying star explodes, the heavier elements created
by fusion are blown into space to be recycled by newly
forming stars
– the overall composition of the galaxies is gradually
changing to the heavier elements
The Solar System - Its Origin
and Early Development
■ Our solar system,
part of the Milky
Way galaxy,
consists of the
Sun, nine planets,
64 known moons,
many asteroids,
millions of
comets and
meteorites, as
well as
interplanetary
dust and gases
General Characteristics of
the Solar System
• Planetary orbits and rotation
– planet and satellite orbits are in a common plane
– nearly all planet and satellite orbital and spin motions
are in the same direction
– rotation axes of nearly all planets and satellites are
roughly perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic
General Characteristics of
the Solar System
• Chemical and physical properties of the planets
– the terrestrial planets are small, have a high density, and are
composed of rock and metallic elements
– the Jovian planets are large, have a low density, and are
composed of gases and frozen compounds
• Slow rotation of the Sun
• Interplanetary material
– existence and location of
asteroid belt
– distribution of interplanetary
dust
Meteorites -
Visitors from Outer Space
• Meteorites are believed to be

pieces of material that originated
in the formation of the Solar
System about 4.6 billion years
ago
Discovering the Galaxies
• During early 1900’s astronomers were unaware that
there were other galaxies outside our own Milky way
Galaxy. When they saw
a small fuzzy patch in the sky
through their telescope, they called
it nebula.
When examined closely ,some of the nebulae had a
spiral shape. so astronomers called these “spiral
nebulae”. These nebulae were believed to be part of
our Galaxy, our community of stars.
• Edwin Hubble studied the “spiral nebulae”
and found that they were composed of
stars. These nebulae were not nebulae at
all, but other communities of billions of
stars held together by gravity – galaxies.
Types of Galaxies
• Spiral
• Elliptical
• Irregular
Spiral Galaxy
• A Spiral Galaxy is
shaped like a disk,
usually with a bulge in
the center and with
arms that spiral
outwards as the galaxy
rotates.
• Spiral galaxies tend to
contain more middle-
aged stars along with
clouds of gas and dust.
Elliptical Galaxy
• Elliptical Galaxies
contain older stars
and very little gas and
dust.
• They can be different
shapes ranging from
round, to flattened,
elongated spheres.
Irregular Galaxy
• An irregular galaxy
has an undefined
shape and has lots
of young stars,
dust and gas.
ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF
CREATION OF UNIVERSE
• God is the Creator of everything; is the One, the Omnipotent.
(13: 16)
• Originator of Heaven and Earth, and whenever He decrees

something, He says to it: ‘Be’ and it is.
(2: 117)
• Do they not see how God initiates the creation, and then
reproduces it? Surely that is easy for God. Say: ‘travel in the
earth and see how God initiated the creation’. Then God will
create another creation; surely God has power over all things.
(29:19-20)
Universe, Earth, and Heavens
According to The Quran is that this universe—Earth and
Heavens—has definite life period and has some definite
objectives like other creations.
Sura No 46, Ayah No 3 says:
•“We created not the heavens and the earth and

all between them but for just ends and for a term
appointed: but those who reject faith turn away
from that whereof they are warned”.
Formation of Galaxies and
Stars
• The Quran hints at the formation of the heavens and the
earth from the gaseous matter in Sura No 41 Ayah 11-12
Moreover He Comprehended in His design the sky and it had

been (as) smoke: He said to it and to the earth: "Come ye
together willingly or unwillingly." They said: "We do come
(together) in willing obedience. So He completed them as
seven firmaments in two Days and He assigned to each
heaven its duty and command. And We adorned the lower
heaven with lights and (provided it) with guard. Such is the
Decree of (Him) the Exalted in Might Full of knowledge."
Uniformity of the Universe
on large scale
• Sura 67 Ayah No 3 says
• He Who created the seven heavens one above

another; no want of proportion wilt thou see
in the Creation of (Allah) Most Gracious so
turn thy vision again: Seest thou any flaw?
Conclusion
• If we compare the Islamic concept of creation of
universe appears in The Quran and Current Big
Bang theory, we can see that there are some
features of Big Bang theory that are closely
similar to the Islamic concept of Creation of
Universe, for example, creation out of
nothingness, initial singularity, concept of
formation of galaxies from primordial gases, and
uniformity of universe on large scale.

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What are the different types of galaxies?

How did the Big Bang theory originate?

UNIVERSE

• Interpretation of universum is "everything

• The universe is believed to be 15 billion

The Study of the Universe: its structure, origin,

Astronomy has seen 3 scientific revolutions in cosmology

2nd Century: Claudius Ptolemy (Physics of Aristotle)

16th Century: Nicolaus Copernicus (Physics of

0th Century: Edwin Hubble (Physics of Einstein)

• Meteorites are believed to be

• Originator of Heaven and Earth, and whenever He decrees

Sura No 46, Ayah No 3 says:

•“We created not the heavens and the earth and

Moreover He Comprehended in His design the sky and it had

• He Who created the seven heavens one above

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