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    Electrophysiological Properties of Cardiac Myocytes

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    The document discusses several key electrophysiological properties of cardiac myocytes: 1) Automaticity - the ability of the heart to initiate its own beat, with the sinoatrial node acting as the normal pacemaker. Abnormal automaticity can occur from ectopic pacemakers. 2) Conductivity - how electrical signals are normally conducted through the specialized conduction system but can be blocked abnormally. 3) Excitability - the refractory periods that prevent premature stimulation and summation, and how extrasystoles can occur during the relative refractory period. 4) Contraction - how the muscle cells contract during systole and relax during diastole. It also defines electrocardi

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    Electrophysiological Properties of Cardiac Myocytes

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    api-19916399
    301 views39 pages
    The document discusses several key electrophysiological properties of cardiac myocytes: 1) Automaticity - the ability of the heart to initiate its own beat, with the sinoatrial node acting as the normal pacemaker. Abnormal automaticity can occur from ectopic pacemakers. 2) Conductivity - how electrical signals are normally conducted through the specialized conduction system but can be blocked abnormally. 3) Excitability - the refractory periods that prevent premature stimulation and summation, and how extrasystoles can occur during the relative refractory period. 4) Contraction - how the muscle cells contract during systole and relax during diastole. It also defines electrocardi

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    The document discusses several key electrophysiological properties of cardiac myocytes: 1) Automaticity - the ability of the heart to initiate its own beat, with the sinoatrial node acting as the normal pacemaker. Abnormal automaticity can occur from ectopic pacemakers. 2) Conductivity - how electrical signals are normally conducted through the specialized conduction system but can be blocked abnormally. 3) Excitability - the refractory periods that prevent premature stimulation and summation, and how extrasystoles can occur during the relative refractory period. 4) Contraction - how the muscle cells contract during systole and relax during diastole. It also defines electrocardi

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    301 views39 pages

    Electrophysiological Properties of Cardiac Myocytes

    Uploaded by

    api-19916399
    The document discusses several key electrophysiological properties of cardiac myocytes: 1) Automaticity - the ability of the heart to initiate its own beat, with the sinoatrial node acting as the normal pacemaker. Abnormal automaticity can occur from ectopic pacemakers. 2) Conductivity - how electrical signals are normally conducted through the specialized conduction system but can be blocked abnormally. 3) Excitability - the refractory periods that prevent premature stimulation and summation, and how extrasystoles can occur during the relative refractory period. 4) Contraction - how the muscle cells contract during systole and relax during diastole. It also defines electrocardi

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that the heart has the ability to initiate its own beat (automaticity), conduct electrical impulses, become excited by stimuli, and contract. The specialized conducting system helps coordinate the heartbeat.

    The components of the specialized conducting system are the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, left and right bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.

    The three phases of the cardiac action potential are the effective refractory period, relative refractory period, and supernormal period.

    Electrophysiological Properties

    of Cardiac Myocytes

    1) Automaticity
    2) Conductivity
    3) Excitability
    4) Contraction
    1) Automaticity
    i. Normal:
    • Automaticity is the ability to initiate its own beat.
    • High to low rhythmicity:
    Sinus node, interatrial tract, internodal tract, atrial-ventricular
    node, intraventricular tracts, purkinje cells.

    • Pacemaker: SA node ,which has the highest rhythmicity.


    ii. Abnormal:

    • Ectopic pacemaker: other regions of the heart that


    initiate beats under special circumstances are called ectopic
    pacemaker.

    • When:
    a. Their own rhythmicity becomes enhanced;
    b. The rhythmicity of the higher order becomes depressed;
    c. Conduction pathways with a higher degree of rhythmicity
    become blocked.
    2) Conductivity

    i. Normal:

    • Specialized conducting system: consists of


    SA node, interatrial tracts, internodal tract, atrial-

    ventricular node, intraventricular tracts, purkinje cells.


    Normal AP Conduction in
    Sino-Atrial (SA) the Heart
    Node Atrio-Ventricular
    (AV) Node

    Bundle
    of HIS

    Left Bundle
    Right Bundle Branch
    Branch

    Electrical Pathways Purkinje fibers


    ii. Abnormal:

    • Conduction block:

    a. Sinoatrial block;

    b. Atrioventricular block;
    3) Excitability

    i. Normal:

    •Refractory of Cardiac myocytes

    a. Effective refractory period


    b. Relative refractory period
    c. Supernormal period
    a. Effective refractory period

     phase 0 to –60mV.

    No matter how

    strong the stimulus

    is, it cannot produce

    action potential.
    b. Relative refractory period:

     -60mV to –80mV.
    With a stronger
    stimulus than
    normal an action
    potential may be
    evoked.
    c. Supernormal period

    -80 to –90mV. The

    threshold for

    excitaiton is slightly

    lower than normal.


    Long refractory (250ms) overlays with
    almost total duration of contraction
    Significance:

    The long refractory period means that cardiac


    muscle cannot be restimulated until contraction is
    almost over & this makes summation of cardiac
    muscle impossible. This is a valuable protective
    mechanism because pumping requires alternate
    periods of contraction & relaxation.
    ii. Abnormal:

    • premature systole
    • Compensatory pause
    Premature systole: If the cardiac muscle is
    stimulated by an extra stimulus given in the
    relative refractory period, it can contract earlier.
    This contraction is called premature systole.
    During the contraction, premature systole can

    not be evoked by the electric stimulus because

    of the effective refractory period.


    Compensatory pause: The extra stimulus
    did not disturb the natural rhythm of the
    normal pacemaker and a prolonged
    interval, the compensatory pause,
    followed the extrasystole.
    The reason for the compensatory pause after
    a extrasystole is that the cardiac impulse
    from the normal pacemaker is blocked by the
    refractory period of the ventricle induced by
    the extrasystole, and the following ventricular
    contraction does not occur. After the
    compensatory pause, the normal pacemaker
    resumes its control.
    4) Contraction

    Most of the muscle cells in the heart are

    contractile cells, which can make the atria and

    ventricle to systole and diastole.


    The Beat of a Single Cell
    3.Electrocardiogram (ECG)

    1) Definition
    2) Normal ECG
    1) Definition

    With an electrocardiograph, electrical activity


    of the heart can be recorded from the surface of
    the body. This electrical activity is called
    electrocardiogram(ECG). That is to say, ECG is
    the record of spread of electrical activity through
    the heart .
    At any instant of the cardiac cycle the ECG
    indicates the net electrical field that is the
    summation of many weak elcetrical fields being
    produced by individual cardiac cells at that
    instant. When a large number of cells are
    simultaneously depolarizing or repolarizing ,large
    voltages are observed on ECG.
    2)Normal ECG
    P wave = caused by atrial depolarization
    QRS complex = caused by ventricular depolarization
    T wave = caused by ventricular repolarization
    ECG = useful in diagnosing abnormal heart rates,
    arrhythmias, & damage of heart muscle .
    Start of ECG Cycle
    Early P Wave
    Later in P Wave
    Early QRS
    Later in QRS
    S-T Segment
    Early T Wave
    Later in T-Wave
    Back to where we started
    Abnormal EKGs

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