Intelligent Design

Robert C. Newman
What is Intelligent Design?
Design an underlying scheme that governs
functioning, developing, or unfolding
Intelligent not here intended to contrast with
stupid but with apparent or accidental
The combination intelligent design is used as a
term to describe a movement in the evolution
controversy which maintains that design in nature
implies a mind that produced this result rather than
being a mere appearance of design produced by
selection effects in a mindless universe.
Some Historical Background
Evolution came to be
seen as a replacement
for a Designer in
biology after 1859.
Darwin made it possible to be
an intellectually fulfilled
atheist. (Richard Dawkins)
Mutation and natural selection
are seen to be the cause of all
apparent design.
But what about
apparent design in
inanimate nature?
Design in Inanimate Nature
Design in inanimate nature had been noticed
and discussed a number of times before
Darwin: in William Paleys Natural Theology
(1802), and especially in a series of books
The Bridgewater Treatises (1833-40).
After Darwin, the problem surfaced again in
the 1913 book by Lawrence J. Henderson,
The Fitness of the Environment, which
noticed many strange features of chemistry
that are quite necessary for life to exist.
Design in Inanimate Nature
Fine-tuning in
the laws of
physics:
Paul Davies, Accidental
Universe (1982)
Barrow & Tipler, The
Anthropic Comological
Principle (1986)

Design in Inanimate Nature
Fine-tuning in
Earths
environment:
Hugh Ross, The
Creator and the
Cosmos (1995)
Ward & Brownlee, Rare
Earth (2000)

Historical Background, cont.
Meanwhile, in the US, a pair of court
decisions (1982, 1985) had struck down state
laws which required teaching of creation
alongside evolution. The US Supreme Court
upheld these decisions in 1987.
But a number of observers felt these
decisions were flawed because they used:
A very narrow definition of creation
A narrow definition of science
Historical Background, cont.
Narrow definition of creation:
Creation is religious, but evolution is not.
Narrow definition of science:
Only naturalistic explanations are allowed.
The really crucial problem is this second one,
as it rules out all versions of creation without
considering the evidence.
This led rather quickly to the intelligent design
movement.
The Rise of the ID Movement
Usually marked as
beginning with the
publication of Darwin on
Trial (1991) by Phillip
Johnson, Professor of
Law at the University of
California at Berkeley,
who was aroused by the
problematic nature of the
legal argumentation.
The Rise of the ID Movement
This was followed in 1996
by the publication of
Darwins Black Box,
authored by Michael J.
Behe, Associate
Professor in the
Department of Biological
Sciences at Lehigh
University, who raised the
problem of irreducible
complexity.
Darwins Black Box
Behe gave a number of
examples of a common
feature in living things,
one that does not look
like it can be produced
by mutation & natural
selection.
He called this feature
irreducible complexity.

Irreducible Complexity
A feature is irreducibly
complex when:
It consists of a number
of parts
none of which can be
removed without
destroying the function
of the feature.
A common example is
the mousetrap.
Irreducible Complexity
Behe finds many such
in living things.
His examples are:
The rotary
flagellium of the E
coli bacterium
Blood clotting
Intra-cell transport
The immune system
Vision
Natures Destiny
A striking example of
irreducible complexity
that spans the universe
from large to small is
described in the book
by microbiologist
Michael Denton,
Natures Destiny
(1998).
Natures Destiny
Denton discusses the
fitness (relative to life)
of:
Water
Light
Elements & Earth
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
DNA
Nanomolecules
Metals
The Cell
He gives even more
examples in the
appendix of his book.
Dentons Summary
We may not have final proof that the cosmos is uniquely fit for life as it
exists on earth because the possibility of alternative life forms cannot yet
be entirely excluded but there is no doubt that science has clearly shown
that the cosmos is supremely fit for life as it exists on earth. For as we
have seen, the existence of life on earth depends on a very large number
of astonishingly precise mutual adaptations in the physical and chemical
properties of many of the key constituents of the cell: the fitness of water
for carbon-based life, the mutual fitness of sunlight and life, the fitness of
oxygen and oxidations as a source of energy for carbon-based life, the
fitness of carbon dioxide for the excretion of the products of carbon
oxidation, the fitness of bicarbonate as a buffer for biological systems, the
fitness of the slow hydration of carbon dioxide, the fitness of the lipid
bilayer as the boundary of the cell, the mutual fitness of DNA and proteins,
and the perfect topological fit of the alpha helix of the protein with the large
groove of the DNA. In nearly every case these constituents are the only
available candidates for the biological roles, and each appears superbly
tailored to that particular end. (381)
In nearly every case these constituents are
the only available candidates for the
biological roles, and each appears superbly
tailored to that particular end.
Evolution Dissected
Physician Frederic
Nelson has written an
excellent book (2003)
which seeks to provide
numbers to test the
claim that life and its
diversity can have
arisen by purely natural
processes.
Stubborn Physical Limits
Time no more than 14 billion years are available,
4.42 x 10
17
seconds.
Matter no more than 10
80
baryons, i.e. 10
80
nuclei
or atoms, in our universe.
Proteins thus, no more than 3.1 x 10
91
proteins
can have contributed to the naturalistic formation of
life, less than 10
81
in any one galaxy, less than 10
50

on Earth.
Chances no more than 10
50
tries to bring about
every step of naturalistic evolution on Earth.
Calculating Probabilities
To assemble a functional 100-amino-acid
protein with complex enzymatic activity,
about 1 chance in 10
65
per try.
So, with 10
50
tries, the chance of success is
one in 10
15
, one in a million billion.
To assemble a protein of 80-amino-acid
residues with even minimal enzymatic
activity, there is only about one chance in
10
11
per try.
More Probabilities
For multiple-enzyme systems, the probability
would be far less than 1 in 10
11
per try for
each enzyme.
Glycolysis (10 enzymes): < 1 in 10
110
ADP assembly (9): < 1 in 10
99

Histidine assembly (9): < 1 in 10
99

DNA polymerase (6): < 1 in 10
66

RNase (13): < 1 in 10
143

Transcription factors (10): < 1 in 10
110





Summary
We are not taking into account the problem of
left- and right-handed amino acids
nor the problem of the needed enzymes
finding each other
nor of competing reactions destroying the
needed components.
The naturalistic biochemical evolution of the
first cell and naturalistic macroevolution are
both highly irrational scientific hypotheses.
The Cambrian Explosion
Walter L. Starkey, retired
professor of mechanical
engineering at Ohio State
University and a frequent
expert witness in lawsuits
related to causes of
mechanical failure,
analyzes the origin of
animals from a
mechanical engineering
perspective (1999).
Evidences of a Designer
Starkey sees the following
as evidence:
Ordered arrays of
materials
Shapes of parts
Refined materials
Manufacturing
processes
Multipart systems

Complex mechanical
systems
Complex chemical
systems
Complex electrical
systems
Artistic patterns, colors
& shapes
Clever, novel,
patentable devices
All of these are present in
animals from the beginning,
the Cambrian Explosion
Some Other Books
on Intelligent Design
Show Me God
Science writer Fred
Heeren has put
together a fascinating
popular-level book
subtitled What the
Message from Space
is Telling Us About
God (1995).
Contents
Part III God & the Origin of Everything
Chap 4 Is the Bibles God the Best Explanation?
Chap 5 The Non-God Explanations
Chap 6 Scientific Pointers to Creation
Chap 7 the Big Bang Theory
Chap 8 The Bible & the Big Bang
Part IV Evidence of Divine Design
Chap 9 Evidence of Design
Chap 10 Alternative Explanations to Design
Chap 11 Implications of Design
Contents
Includes interviews with:
Alan Guth (father of
inflationary theory)
Stephen Hawking
Robert Jastrow
John Mather (chief
scientist for COBE)
Jeremiah Ostriker (co-
discoverer of dark
matter)
Arno Penzias (co-
discoverer of cosmic
black body radiation)
George Smoot (leader
of COBE team)
James Truran (early
galaxy formation)
Robert Wilson (co-
discoverer of cosmic
black body radiation
Introduction
This cutting-edge book explores creation where science
and religion ask the same questions and think the same
thoughts . an engaging and stimulating book that
probes the frontier of science and faith, showing how
they reconcile. This ground-breaking book shows that
Bible believers and scientists can have a healthy and
for both uplifting dialogue, a thing I have long felt
crucial for humanity.
George F. Smoot, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Computer Viruses, Artificial
Life and Evolution
Computer scientist
Mark Ludwig, author of
The Little Black Book of
Computer Viruses,
suggests that computer
viruses are more like
life than anything else
humans have ever
made (1993).
Formation of
Computer Viruses
Ludwig sponsored the 1
st
International Virus
Writing Contest in 1993.
The purpose was to design the smallest
possible virus having a certain minimal
functionality.
The winning entry was 101 bytes in length.
If every elementary particle in the universe
were a PC generating a 101-byte file every
10
-26
sec from the big bang until now, the
chance they would have produced this one is
less than one chance in 10
109
.

Mere Creation
These collected papers,
edited by philosopher-
mathematician William
Dembski, were presented
at a conference held at
Biola University in 1996.
Authors are scholars and
scientists who reject
naturalism as an adequate
framework for doing
science and identify with
an intelligent design
paradigm.
Contents
Sections on:
Unseating Naturalism
Design Theory
Biological Design
Philosophy and Design
Design in the Universe
Chapter Titles

Mere Creation William Dembski
Nature: Designed or Designoid Walter Bradley
Unseating Naturalism Jonathan Wells
You Guys Lost Nancy Pearcy
Redesigning Science William Dembski
The Explanatory Power of Design Stephen Meyer
Applying Design Within Biology Paul Nelson
Chapter Titles
ID Theory as a Tool for Analyzing Biochemical
Systems Michael Behe
Basic Types of Life Siegfried Scherer
Apes or Ancestors? Sigrid Hartwig-Scherer
Evolutionary Accounts of Altruism & the Problem of
Goodness by Design Jeffrey Schloss
The Explanatory Relevance of Libertarian Agency
as a Model of Theistic Design JP Moreland
Design, Chance & Theistic Evolution Del Ratzsch
God of the Gaps John Mark Reynolds
Chapter Titles
Design & the Cosmological Argument
William Lane Craig
Big Bang Model Refined by Fire Hugh Ross
Design in Physics & Biology Robert Kaita
Gdels Question David Berlinski
Artificial Life & Cellular Automata Robert
Newman
How to Sink a Battleship Phillip Johnson
Obtaining These Books

All of the books
mentioned in
this talk are
currently
available on
Amazon.com
Intelligent Design
Something Worth Thinking About