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    Tumor Immunity: DR. Mejbah Uddin Ahmed

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    Tumors arise from abnormal cell growth and can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. Tumor cells express antigens that can be recognized by the immune system. The immune system uses mechanisms like natural killer cells, killer T cells, macrophages and antibodies to target tumor cells. However, tumors can also evade immune surveillance through various mechanisms. Immunotherapy seeks to harness the immune system to target tumors, such as through monoclonal antibodies tagged with anticancer drugs or cytokines that activate immune cells. Immunodiagnosis utilizes tumor antigens to detect cancers.

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    Tumor Immunity: DR. Mejbah Uddin Ahmed

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    api-19969058
    109 views21 pages
    Tumors arise from abnormal cell growth and can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. Tumor cells express antigens that can be recognized by the immune system. The immune system uses mechanisms like natural killer cells, killer T cells, macrophages and antibodies to target tumor cells. However, tumors can also evade immune surveillance through various mechanisms. Immunotherapy seeks to harness the immune system to target tumors, such as through monoclonal antibodies tagged with anticancer drugs or cytokines that activate immune cells. Immunodiagnosis utilizes tumor antigens to detect cancers.

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    Tumor immunity

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    Tumors arise from abnormal cell growth and can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. Tumor cells express antigens that can be recognized by the immune system. The immune system uses mechanisms like natural killer cells, killer T cells, macrophages and antibodies to target tumor cells. However, tumors can also evade immune surveillance through various mechanisms. Immunotherapy seeks to harness the immune system to target tumors, such as through monoclonal antibodies tagged with anticancer drugs or cytokines that activate immune cells. Immunodiagnosis utilizes tumor antigens to detect cancers.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    109 views21 pages

    Tumor Immunity: DR. Mejbah Uddin Ahmed

    Uploaded by

    api-19969058
    Tumors arise from abnormal cell growth and can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. Tumor cells express antigens that can be recognized by the immune system. The immune system uses mechanisms like natural killer cells, killer T cells, macrophages and antibodies to target tumor cells. However, tumors can also evade immune surveillance through various mechanisms. Immunotherapy seeks to harness the immune system to target tumors, such as through monoclonal antibodies tagged with anticancer drugs or cytokines that activate immune cells. Immunodiagnosis utilizes tumor antigens to detect cancers.

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    Tumor

    Immunity
    DR. Mejbah Uddin
    Ahmed
    What is a
    Tumor?
    • Neoplasia means “New growth” and a new
    growth is called a neoplasm.
    • “A neoplasm” is an abnormal mass of tissue,
    the growth of which exceeds and is
    uncoordinated with that of normal tissues
    and persists in the same excessive manner
    after cessation of the stimuli which evoked
    the change.
    Causes malignant
    transformation
    I. Hereditary
    A. Gene rearrangement
    B. Random mutation
    II. Acquired
    A. Physical carcinogens e.g. X-ray, UV ray.
    B. Chemical carcinogen.
    C. Oncogenic viruses e.g. EB virus, Hepatitis
    B &C viruses, Retrovirus etc.
    Properties of
    tumor cells
    • Monoclonal origin
    • Autonomous growth
    • Many tumors have known abnormalities in
    genes controlling the cell cycle:
    – oncogenes
    – tumor suppressor genes
    • A few slow-growing tumors have
    abnormalities in genes controlling
    programmed cell death
    Tumor
    antigen
    • Tumor cells express a wide range of
    antigens in course of malignant
    transformation.

    Tumor antigens are of two types:

    a)Tumor specific antigen

    b) Tumor associated antigen


    Tumor
    antigen
    • Tumor specific antigens: -
    -Not present in normal cells.
    -Present only on tumor cells.
    -Oncogenic viruses and some chemical
    carcinogen induced proteins act as
    tumor specific antigens.
    Tumor
    antigens
    Tumor associated antigens: Are common
    and found on tumor cells, normal cells
    during fetal life and after birth (Onco-fetal
    antigens) in selected organs at low conc.
    Two major onco-fetal antigens are
    -alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and
    -carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA ).
    Alpha-
    fetoprotein:
    • Normal range is 0-20 ng/ml.
    • This level rises considerably in patients
    with hepatomas and non-seminal
    testicular carcinoma.
    • May also raised in some non-malignant
    conditions such as- cirrhosis, in hepatitis
    and other forms of liver damage.
    Carcinoembryonic
    antigen
    • -Normal range up to 2.5 ng/ml,
    -Increase significantly particularly in colo-
    rectal cancers.
    -May also rise in chronic cirrhosis,
    pulmonary emphysema and heavy
    smoking.
    Immune
    surveillance
    • Immune system continuously
    recognizes and eliminates tumor cells.
    – When a tumor escapes immune
    surveillance and grows too large for the
    immune system to kill, cancer is the
    result.
    Immunity
    against tumor
    • All components of immune system take
    part.
    – NK cells
    – Killer cell
    – CTL
    – Macrophage play predominant role
    – B lymphocyte
    Natural Killer
    •
    (NK) Cells
    Provide first line of cell-mediated defense.
    – NK cells destroy tumors in a nonspecific
    fashion.
    – NK cells attach to cells that lack class-1
    MHC antigens.
    – Release perforins and granzymes.
    • Do not require prior exposure.
    • Stimulated by interferon.
    • Killer cells:
    - mediate ADCC

    •T cells:
    -It exert cytotoxic effect either by direct
    killing when it recognizes Tumor antigens
    along with self class I MHC molecule
    -or antigen presented by antigen
    presenting cells to T helper cells.
    •B cells:
    -Tumor antigens frequently elicit antibody
    production that might control Tumor
    growth.
    -It takes part in complement mediated lysis
    of Tumor cells.
    -ADCC
    -Opsonisation
    •Macrophages :
    -As APC
    -Activated macrophage can cause lysis of Tumor
    cells by :
    • Lysosomal products
    • Superoxide
    • Neutral proteases
    • Tumor necrosis factor
    Immune
    evasion
    1. Tumors may not express immunogenic
    neo-antigens.
    2. May fail to express co-stimulatory
    molecules.
    3. Certain tumors are known to lack or be
    poor expressers of MHC antigen.
    4. During early development of a tumor, the
    amount of antigen may be too small to
    stimulate the immune system.
    Immune
    evasion
    5. Immune system may be overwhelmed due
    to rapid proliferation of tumor.
    6. Some tumors may evade the immune
    system by secreting immunosuppressive
    molecules.
    7. Some tumors shed antigens and block
    antibodies and T cells from reacting with
    malignant cells.
    Use of tumor neo-antigens in
    patient management

    • Immuno-diagnosis
    • Immunotherapy
    Use of tumor antigens in
    Immuno-diagnosis
    1. Monoclonal antibodies labeled with
    radioisotope used for detection of
    relatively small tumor foci.
    2. Tumor marker antigens
    CEA- Gastrointestinal cancers.
    AFP- Hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Myeloma & Bene Jones protein- Plasma
    cell tumors.
    Immunotherapy for
    Cancer
    1. Monoclonal antibodies tagged with anticancer
    agents.
    2. Interleukin-2 activates both killer T and B
    lymphocytes.
    3. Gamma interferon is used to treat particular
    forms cancer: Lymphomas, renal
    carcinomas, melanoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma.
    4. Antitumor Vaccine.
    Use of monoclonal
    antibodies in
    immunotherapy
    • Monoclonal (magic bullet)have
    anti-tumor antibodies been
    used
    -for the treatment of cancer,
    -either because of their direct effect or as
    vehicles to target anti-cancer drugs, toxins and
    the non-specific components of the host's
    immune system to the site of tumor.

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