PORTLAND CEMENT

Portland Cement Gypsum+Portland Cement

Clinker (pulverizing)

Portland Cement Clinker Calcareous &
Clayey Materials (burning)

Paste P.C. + Water

Mortar P.C. + Water + Sand

Concrete P.C. + Water + Sand + Gravel
RAW MATERIALS OF P.C.
1) Calcareous Rocks (CaCO
3
> 75%)
Limestone
Marl
Chalk
Marine shell deposits

2) Argillocalcareous Rocks (40%<CaCO
3
<75%)
Cement rock
Clayey limestone
Clayey marl
Clayey chalk
3) Argillaceous Rocks (CaCO
3
< 40%)
Clays
Shales
Slates

Portland cement is made by mixing
substances containing CaCO
3
with
substances containing SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3

and heating them to a clinker which is
subsequently ground to powder and
mixed with 2-6 % gypsum.
CLINKER GYPSUM
PRODUCTION STEPS
1) Raw materials are crushed, screemed &
stockpiled.
2) Raw materials are mixed with definite
proportions to obtain raw mix. They are
mixed either dry (dry mixing) or by water (wet
mixing).
3) Prepared raw mix is fed into the rotary kiln.
4) As the materials pass through the kiln their
temperature is rised upto 1300-1600 C. The
process of heating is named as burning. The
output is known as clinker which is 0.15-5
cm in diameter.
5) Clinker is cooled & stored.

6) Clinker is ground with gypsum (3-6%) to
adjust setting time.

7) Packing & marketting.
REACTIONS IN THE KILN
~100C free water evaporates.

~150-350C loosely bound water is lost from
clay.

~350-650Cdecomposition of
claySiO
2
&Al
2
O
3

~600Cdecomposition of MgCO
3
MgO&CO
2

(evaporates)

~900Cdecomposition of CaCO
3
CaO&CO
2

(evaporates)
~1250-1280Cliquid formation & start of
compound formation.

~1280Cclinkering begins.

~1400-1500Cclinkering

~100Cclinker leaves the kiln & falls into a
cooler.

Sometimes the burning process of raw materials
is performed in two stages: preheating upto
900C & rotary kiln
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF P.C.
Portland cement is composed of four
major oxides (CaO, SiO
2
, Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3

90%) & some minor oxides. Minor refers
to the quantity not importance.
Oxide Common Name Abbreviation Approx. Amount (%)
CaO Lime C 60-67
SiO
2
Silica S 17-25
Al
2
O
3
Alumina A 3-8
Fe
2
O
3
Iron-oxide F 0.5-6
MgO Magnesia M 0.1-4
Na
2
O Soda N
0.2-1.3
K
2
O Potassa K
SO
3
Sulfuric Anhydride

1-3
CaOlimestone
SiO
2
-Al
2
O
3
Clay
Fe
2
O
3
Impurity in Clays
SO
3
from gypsumnot from the clinker
S
The amount of oxides in a P.C. Depend on the
proportioning of the raw materials and how well the
burning is done in the kiln. The chemical composition is
found by chemical analysis.
A typical analysis of O.P.C.
Insoluble residue=0.2
Loss on ignition=1.4
C 63.6
S 20.7
A 6
F 2.4
2.1
M 2.6
N 0.1
K 0.9
Free C 1.4
Total 99.8
CaO (C), SiO
2
(S), Al
2
O
3
(A) & Fe
2
O
3
are the
major oxides that interact in the kiln & form the
major compounds.

The proportions of these oxides determine the
proportions of the compounds which affect the
performance of the cement.

SO
3
comes largely from gypsum

P.C. alone sets quickly so some gypsum is
ground with clinker to retard the setting time.
If too much gypsum is included it leads to
distruptive expansions of the hardened
paste or concrete.

ASTM C 150 SO
3
3% in O.P.C.

MgO+H
2
OMH
C+HCH volume expansion & cause
cracking.
ASTM C 150 M<6%
free C < 3%
Alkalies (Na
2
O & K
2
O) may cause some
dificulties if the cement is used with
certain types of reactive aggregates in
making concrete. The alkalies in the form
of alkaline hydroxides can react with the
reactive silica of the aggregate & resulting
in volume expansion after hardening. This
process may take years.

Na
2
O & K
2
O 0.6%
Insoluble Residue: is that fraction of cement
which is insoluble in HCl. It comes mainly from
the silica which has not reacted to form
compounds during the burning process in the
kiln. All compounds of P.C. is soluble in HCl
except the silica.

The amount of I.R., determined by chemical
analysis, serves to indicate the completeness of
the reactions in the kiln.

ASTM C 150 I.R. 0.75%
Loss on Ignition (L.O.I.): is the loss in
weight of cement after being heated to
1000C. It indicates the prehydration or
carbonation due to prolonged or improper
storage of cement & clinker.

If cement is exposed to air, water & CO
2

are absorbed & by heating the cement
upto 1000C loose these two substances.

ASTM C 150 L.O.I. 3% for O.P.C.
COMPOUND COMPOSITION
OF P.C. (OR CLINKER)
Oxides interact with eachother in the kiln
to form more complex products
(compounds). Basically, the major
compounds of P.C. can be listed as:
Name Chemical Formula Abbreviations
Tri Calcium Silicate 3CaO.SiO
2
C
3
S
Di Calcium Silicate 2CaO.SiO
2
C
2
S
Tri Calcium Aluminate 3CaO.Al
2
O
3
C
3
A
Tetra Calcium Alumino
Ferrite
4CaO.Al
2
O
3
.Fe
2
O
3
C
4
AF
The degree to which the potential
reactions can proceed to equilibrium
depends on:

1) Fineness of raw materials & their
intermixing.
2) The temperature & time that mix is held
in the critical zone of the kiln.
3) The grade of cooling of clinker may also
be effective on the internal structure of
major compounds.
There are also some minor compounds
which constitute few %, so they are
usually negligible. Moreover, portland
cement compounds are rarely pure.
For example in C
3
S, MgO & Al
2
O
3
replaces
CaO randomly.
C
3
SALITE & C
2
SBELITE
Ferrite Phase: C
4
AF is not a true
compound. The ferrite phase ranges from
C
2
AF to C
6
AF. *C
4
AF represents an
average.
Methods of Determining
Compound Composition
Each grain of cement consists of an intimate
mixture of these compounds.
They can be determined by:

1) Microscopy
2) X-Ray Diffraction

But due to the variabilities involved the
compound composition is usually calculated
using the oxide proportions.

3) Calculations (Bouges Equations)
Assumptions
1) The chemical reactions in the kiln
proceeded to equilibrium.
2) Compounds are in pure form such as C
3
S
& C
2
S
3) Presence of minor compounds are
ignored.
4) Ferrite phase can be calculated as C
4
AF
5) All oxides in the kiln have taken part in
forming the compounds.
%C
3
S=4.071(%C)-7.6(%S)-6.718(%A)-
1.43(%F)-2.852(%)

%C
2
S=2.867(%S)-0.7544(%C
3
S)

%C
3
A=2.650(%A)-1.692(%F)

%C
4
AF=3.043(%F)
Ex:Given the following oxide composition of
a portland cement clinker.
CaO=64.9% SiO
2
=22.2%
Al
2
O
3
=5.8% Fe
2
O
3
=3.1% MgO=4%
Using Bogues eqns calculate the
compound composition of the P.C. clinker?

C
3
S=4.071*64.9-7.6*22.2-6.718*5.8-
1.43*3.1=52.1%
C
2
S=2.876*22.2-0.7544*52.1=24.5%
C
3
A=2.65*5.8-1.692*3.1=10.1%
C
4
AF=3.043*3.1=9.4%

To see the effect of change in oxide composition
on the change in compound composition,
assume that CaO is 63.9% & SiO
2
is 23.2% and
others are the same.

C
3
S=40.4% , C
2
S=36.2% , C
3
A=10% ,
C
4
AF=9.4%
C
3
S changed from 52.1%40.4%
C
2
S changed from 24.5%36.2%

1% change in CaO & SiO
2
resulted in more than
10% change in C
3
S & C
2
S content.
Influence of Compound
Composition on Characteristics
of P.C.
P.C.+waterthe compounds in the cement
undergo chemical reactions with the water
independently, and different products result from
these reactions.

C
3
S C
2
S C
3
A C
4
AF
Rate of Reaction Moderate Slow Fast Moderate
Heat Liberation High Low Very High Moderate
Early Cementitious Value Good Poor Good Poor
Ultimate Cementitious Value Good Good Poor Poor
ASTM Type & Name
of P.C.
Average Compound
Composition
C
3
S C
2
S C
3
A C
4
AF
Type I - O.P.C. 49 25 12 8 General Purpose
Type II - Modified 46 29 6 12
For Moderate Heat of
Hydration
Type III - High Early
Strength 56 15 12 8
C
3
S&C
3
A increased, C
2
S
decreased
Type IV - Low Heat
P.C. 30 46 5 13 C
2
S increased
Type V - Sulfate
Resistant P.C. 43 36 4 12
Limit on C
3
A5%,
2C
3
A+C
4
AF25%
Hydration of P.C.
Hydration: Chemical reactions with water.

As water comes into contact with cement
particles, hydration reactions immediately
starts at the surface of the particles.
Although simple hydrates such as C-H are
formed, process of hydration is a complex
one and results in reorganization of the
constituents of original compounds to
form new hydrated compounds.
At any stage of hydration the hardened
cement paste (hcp) consists of:

Hydrates of various compounds referred to
collectively as GEL.
Crystals of calcium hydroxide (CH).
Some minor compound hydrates.
Unhydrated cement
The residual of water filled spaces pores.
As the hydration proceeds the deposits of
hydrated products on the original cement
grains makes the diffusion of water to
unhydrated nucleus more & more difficult.
Thus, the rate of hydration decreases with
time & as a result hydration may take
several years.

Major compounds start to produce:
Calcium-silicate-hydrate gels
Calcium hydroxide cement
Calcium-alumino-sulfohydrates gel
At the beginning of mixing, the paste has a
structure which consists of cement particles
with water-filled space between them. As
hydration proceeds, the gels are formed &
they occupy some of this space.

1cc of cement 2.1cc of gel

Gel Pores: 28% of the total gel volume have
diameter of 0.015-0.020 m. (very small-loss
or gain of water is difficult)
Capillary Pores: 12.5 m diameter, with varying
sizes, shapes & randomly distributed in the paste.

Volume of capillary pores decreases as hydration
takes place. Water in capillary pores is mobile,
can not be lost by evaporation or water can get
into the pores. They are mainly responsible for
permeability.

- w/c ratio
capillary porosity
- degree of hydration
C
2
S & C
3
S: 70-80% of cement is composed of
these two compounds & most of the strength
giving properties of cement is controlled by these
compounds.

Upon hydration both calcium-silicates result in the
same products.
2C
3
S+6H C
3
S
2
H
3
+ 3CH
2C
2
S+4H C
3
S
2
H
3
+ CH

Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H gel) is similar to
a mineral called TOBERMORITE. As a result it
is named as TOBERMORITE GEL
Upon hydration C
3
S & C
2
S, CH also forms
which becomes an integral part of
hydration products. CH does not contribute
very much to the strength of portland
cement.

C
3
S having a faster rate of reaction
accompanied by greater heat generation
developes early strength of the paste. On
the other hand, C
2
S hydrates & hardens
slowly so results in less heat generation &
developes most of the ultimate strength.
Higher C
3
Shigher early strength-higher
heat generation (roads, cold environments)
Higher C
2
Slower early strength-lower
heat generation (dams)

C
3
A: is characteristically fast reacting with
water & may lead to a rapid stiffening of the
paste with a large amount of the heat
generation (Flash-Set)-(Quick-Set). In order
to prevent this rapid reaction gypsum is
added to the clinker. Gypsum, C
3
A&water
react to form relatively insoluble Calcium-
Sulfo-Aluminates.
C
3
A+CH
2
+10HC
4
AH
12
(calcium- alumino-
monosulfohydrate)
C
3
A+3CH
2
+26HC
6
A
3
H
32
(calcium-alumino-
trisulfohydrate ettringite)

When there is enough gypsum ettringite forms
with great expansion

If there is no gypsumflash-set
more gypsumettringite
formation increases
which will cause cracking


Also Calcium-Sulfo Aluminates are prone (less
resistant) to sulfate attack & does not contribute
much for strength. The cement to be used in
making concretes that are going to be exposed
to soils or waters that contain sulfates should
not contain more than 5% C
3
A.

C
4
AF: The hydration of ferrite phase is not well
understand. Ferrite phase has lesser role in
development of strength. The hydration
products are similar to C
3
A. Alumina & iron
oxide occur interchangebly in the hydration
products.

C
4
AH
12
or C
4
FH
12
C
6
A
3
H
32
or C
6
F
3
H
32
HEAT OF HYDRATION
Hydration process of cement is accompanied by
heat generation (exothermic).
As concrete is a fair insulator, the generated
heat in mass concrete may result in expansion &
cracking. This could be overcome by using
suitable cement type.
It could also be advantages for cold wheather
concreting.
The heat of hydration of OPC is on the order of
85-100 cal/gr.
About 50% of this heat is liberatedwithin 1-3
days & 75% within 7 days.
By limiting C
3
S&C
3
A content heat of hydration
can be reduced.
Heat of Hydration of Pure
Compounds

Heat of
Hydration
(cal/gr)
C
3
S 120
C
2
S 62
C
3
A 207
C
4
AF 100
The amount of heat
liberated is affected by
the fractions of the
compounds of the
cement.

Heat of
Hydration(cal/gr)=120
*(%C
3
S)+62*(%C
2
S)+
207*(%C
3
A)+100*(C
4
A
F)
FINENESS OF CEMENT
As hydration takes place at the surface of
the cement particles, it is the surface area of
cement particles which provide the material
available for hydration. The rate of hydration
is controlled by fineness of cement. For a
rapid rate of hydration a higher fineness is
necessary.
However,

Higher fineness requires higher grinding
(cost )
Finer cements deteriorate faster upon
exposure to atmosphere.
Finer cements are very sensitive to alkali-
aggregate reaction.
Finer cements require more gypsum for
proper hydration.
Finer cements require more water.
Fineness of cement is determined by air
permeability methods. For example, in the
Blaine air permeability method a known
volume of air is passed through cement.
The time is recorded and the specific
surface is calculated by a formula.

Fineness is expressed in terms of specific
surface of the cement (cm
2
/gr). For OPC
specific surface is 2600-3000 cm
2
/gr.
Blaine Apparatus
Sieving
SETTING
Setting refers to a change from liquid state to
solid state. Although, during setting cement
paste acquires some strength, setting is different
from hardening.

The water content has a marked effect on the
time of setting. In acceptance tests for cement,
the water content is regulated by bringing the
paste to a standard condition of wetness. This is
called normal consistency.
Normal consistency of O.P.C. Ranges from 20-
30% by weight of cement.

Vicat apparatus is used to determine normal
consistency. Normal consistency is that condition
for which the penetration of a standard weighed
plunger into the paste is 10mm in 30sec. By trial
& error determine the w/c ratio.

In practice, the terms initial set&final set are used
to describe arbitrary chosen time of setting. Initial
set indicates the beginning of a noticeable
stiffening & final set may be regarded as the start
of hardening (or complete loss of plasticity).
Vicat Needle
Gillmore Needle
Setting can be obtained by using the vicat
apparatus.

Initial setting time>45min
ASTM C150
Final setting time<375min

Initial > 1hr (60min)
TS 19
Final < 8hr (480min)
Factors Affecting Setting Time
Temperature & Humidity
Amount of Water
Chemical Composition of Cement
Fineness of Cement (finer cement, faster
setting)

Flash-set
Abnormal Settings
False-set
Flash-Set: is the immediate stiffening of cement
paste in a few minutes after mixing with water.
It is accompanied by large amount of heat
generation upon reaction of C3A with water.

Gypsum is placed in cement to prevent flash-
set. The rigidity can not be overcome & plasticity
may not be regained without addition of water.

Amount of gypsum must be such that it will be
used upto almost hardening. Because expansion
caused by ettringite can be distributed to the
paste before hardening. More gypsum will cause
undesirable expansion after hardening.
False-Set: is a rapid development of rigidity of cement
paste without generation of much heat. This
rigidity can be overcome & plasticity can be
regained by further mixing without addition of
water. In this way cement paste restores its
plasticity & sets in a normal manner without any
loss of strength.

Probable Causes of False-Set:

1) When gypsum is ground by too hot of a clinker,
gypsum may be dehydrated into hemihydrate
(CaSO
4
.1/2H
2
O) or anhydrate (CaSO
4
). These
materials when react with water gypsum is
formed, which results in stiffening of the paste.
2) Alkali oxides in cement may carbonate
during storage. Upon mixing such a
cement with water, these alkali carbonates
will react with Ca(OH
2
) (CH-Calcium
Hydroxide) liberated by hydrolysis of C
3
S
resulting in CaCO
3
. CaCO
3
precipates in
the mix & results in false-set.
SOUNDNESS OF CEMENT
Soundness is defined as the volume stability of cement
paste.

The cement paste should not undergo large changes in
volume after it has set. Free CaO&MgO may result in
unsound cement. Upon hydration C&M will form CH&MH
with volume increase thus cracking.

Since unsoundness is not apparent until several months
or years, it is necessary to provide an accelerated
method for its determination.

1) Lechatelier Method: Only free CaO can be determined.
2) Autoclave Method: Both free CaO&MgO can be
determined.
STRENGTH OF CEMENT
Strength tests are not carried out on neat
cement pastes, because it is very difficult
to form these pastes due to cohesive
property of cement.

Strength tests are carried out on cement
mortar prepared by standard gradation (1
part cement+3 parts sand+1/2 part
water)
1) Direct Tension (Tensile Strength):

t
=P/1in
2

Difficult test procedure

P
P
1
1
2) Flexural Strength (tensile strength in bending):
f=(M*C)/I
M:maximum moment
I:moment of inertia
C:distance to bottom fiber from C.G.
P
L
4
cm
4
cm
C
3) Compression Test:

i) Cubic Sample ii)Flexural Sample after it
is broken
P
P

c
=P/A
4
cm
4
cm
4
cm

c
=P/A
A=4x4
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
Cements of different chemical composition
& physical characteristics may exhibit
different properties when hydrated. It
should thus be possible to select mixtures
of raw materials for the production of
cements with various properties.

In fact several cement types are available
and most of them have been developed to
ensure durability and strength properties
to concrete.
It should also be mentioned that obtaining
some special properties of cement may lead to
undesirable properties in another respect. For
this reason a balance of requirements may be
necessary and economic aspects should be
considered.

1) Standard Types: these cements comply with the
definition of P.C., and are produced by adjusting
the proportions of four major compounds.

2) Special Types: these do not necessarily couply
with the definiton of P.C. & are produced by
using additional raw materials.
Standard Cements (ASTM)
Type I: Ordinary Portland Cement
Suitable to be used in general concrete
construction when special properties are not
required.

Type II: Modified Portland Cement
Suitable to be used in general concrete
construction. Main difference between Type I&II
is the moderate sulfate resistance of Type II
cement due to relatively low C3A content
(%8). Since C
3
A is limited rate of reactions is
slower and as a result heat of hydration at early
ages is less. *It is suitable to be used in small
scale mass concrete like retaining walls.
Type III: High Early Strength P.C.
Strength development is rapid.
3 days f
c
=7 days f
c
of Type I
It is useful for repair works, cold weather & for
early demolding.
Its early strength is due to higher C
3
S & C
3
A
content.

Type IV: Low Heat P.C.
Generates less heat during hydration & therefore
gain of strengthis slower.
In standards a maximum value of C
3
S&C
3
A& a
minimum value for C
2
S are placed.
It is used in mass-concrete and hot-weather
concreting.
Type V: Sulfate Resistant P.C.
Used in construction where concrete will be
subjected to external sulfate attack chemical
plants, marine & harbor structures.
i) During hydration C
3
A reacts with gypsum &
water to form ettringite. In hardened cement
paste calcium-alumino-hydrate can react with
calcium&alumino sulfates, from external
sources, to form ettringite which causes
expansion & cracking.
ii) C-H and sulfates can react & form gypsum
which again causes expansion & cracking.
* In Type V C
3
A is limited to 5%.
Type IA, IIA, IIIA: Air Entrained Portland
Cement
Only difference is adding an air-entraining
agent to the cement during manufacturing
to increase freeze-thaw resistance by
providing small sized air bubbles in
concrete.
SPECIAL CEMENTS
Portland Pozzolan Cement (P.P.C.)
By grinding & blending P.C.
Clinker+Pozzolan+Gypsum
P.P.C. Produces less heat of hydration &
offers higher sulfate resistance so it can
be used in marine structures & mass
concrete.
However, most pozzolans do not
contribute to strength at early ages.
The early strength of PPC is less.
Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (P.B.F.S.C.)
By intergrinding B.F.S.+P.C. Clinker+Gypsum
This cement is less reactive (rate of gain of strength
& early strength is less but ultimate strength is
same)
High sulfate resistance
Suitable to use in mass concrete construction
Unsuitable for cold weather concreting

Both P.P.C.&P.B.F.S.C. Are called blended cements.
Their heat of hydration & strength development are
low in early days. Because upon adding water C
3
S
compounds start to produce C-S-Hgels & CH. The
Ch & the pozzolanic material react together to
produce new C-S-H gels. Thats why the early
strength is low but the ultimate strength is the same
when compared to O.P.C.
White Portland Cement
W.P.C. s made from materials containing
a little iron oxide & manganese oxide.
Fe
2
O
3
+ MnO 0.8%
To avoid contamination by coal ash, oil is
used as fuel.
To avoid contamination by iron during
grinding, instead of steel balls nickel-
molybdenum alloys are used.
High Alumina Cement
The raw materials for H.A.C. s limestone
and Bauxite (Al
2
O
3
& Fe
2
O
3
)
These raw materials are interground &
introduced in the kiln clinkered at 1600C.
Then the obtained material is ground to a
fineness of 2500-3000 cm2/gr.
The oxide composition is quite different
Al
2
O
3
40-45%
CaO 35-42%
Fe
2
O
3
5-15%
SiO
2
4-10%
Major compounds are CA & C2S
It is basically different from O.P.C. & the
concrete made from this cement has very
different properties.
It has high sulfate resistance.
Very high early strength (emergency repairs)
About 80% of ultimate strength is obtained
within 24 hours. But the strength is adversely
affected by temperature. The setting time is not
as rapid as gain of strength.
Initial setting time is 4 hrs & final setting time is
5 hrs.
STANDARD TURKISH CEMENTS
(TS 19) Cancelled
TS 19 groups them into 3
P.. 32.5 min. Compressive strength is 32.5 MPa in
28 days.
P.. 42.5
P.. 52.5
Special Cements are:
TS 20 Blast Furnace Slag Cement
C 32.5 Cruflu imento
C 42.5
TS 21 White Portland Cement BP 32.5-42.5
TS22 Masonry Cement, H 16 (Har imentosu)
TS 26 Trass Cement, T 32.5 (Trasl imento)
TS 640 Fly Ash Cement, UK 32.5 (Uucu Kll
imento)
TS EN 197-1
NEW
CEM cements
CEM I Portland Cement
CEM II Portland Composite
Cement
CEM III Portland Blast Furnace
Slag Cement
CEM IV Pozzolanic Cement
CEM V Composite Cement
27 different cements
TS EN 197-1
CEM cements :
Binding property is mainly due to hydration of
calcium-silicates
Reactive C + Reactive S > 50%
Clinker, major and minor mineral admixtures
Clinker + Major + Minor = 100% (mass) + Gypsum

Major > 5% by mass
Minor 5% by mass
TS EN 197-1
Mineral Admixtures
K : Clinker
D : Silica Fume
P : Natural Pozzolan
Q : Calcined Natural Pozzolan
T : Calcined Shale
W : Class C Fly Ash
V : Class F Fly Ash
L : Limestone (Organic compound < 0.5%)
LL : Limestone (Organic compound < 0.2%)
S : Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
TS EN 197-1
Composition
A : Lowest amount of mineral admixture
B : Mineral admixture amount is > A
C : Mineral admixture amount is > B
TS EN 197-1
Composition
CEM I : Portland Cement
95-100% K + 0-5% Minor

TS EN 197-1
Composition
CEM II : Portland Composite Cement

CEM II/A-S : Portland Slag Cement
80-94% K + 6-20% S + 0-5% Minor
CEM II/B-S : Portland Slag Cement
65-79% K + 21-35% S + 0-5% Minor
CEM II/B-P : Portland Pozzolanic Cement
65-79% K + 21-35% P + 0-5% Minor
CEM II/A-V : Portland Fly Ash Cement
80-94% K + 6-20% V + 0-5% Minor
TS EN 197-1
Composition
CEM III : Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement

CEM III/A : Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement
35-64% K + 36-65% S + 0-5% Minor
CEM III/B : Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement
20-34% K + 66-80% S + 0-5% Minor
CEM III/C : Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement
5-19% K + 81-95% S + 0-5% Minor
TS EN 197-1
Composition
CEM IV : Pozzolanic Cement

CEM IV/A : Pozzolanic Cement
65-89% K + 11-35% (D,P,Q,V,W) + 0-5% Minor
CEM IV/B : Pozzolanic Cement
45-64% K + 36-55% (D,P,Q,V,W) + 0-5% Minor
TS EN 197-1
Composition
CEM V : Composite Cement

CEM V/A : Composite Cement
40-64% K + 18-30% S + 18-30% (P,Q,V) + 0-5%
Minor
CEM V/B : Composite Cement
20-38% K + 31-50% S + 31-50% (P,Q,V) + 0-5%
Minor
Strength Classes
Name - Example
CEM II / A P 42.5 N
CEM II / A P 42.5 R